Sakboworn Tumpeesuwan

In this study, we describe a new dancing semislug from a limestone hill area in northeastern Thailand. Cryptosemelus nigersp. nov. differs from the three recognized congener species from western and southern Thailand, due to differences in their body and shell lobes coloration, appearance of penial caecum, shape and surface texture of penis and epiphallus, and radula formula and morphology.

In this correspondence, we present a summary of taxonomic names of freshwater Mollusca introduced by Dr. Nguyen N. Thach, an enthusiastic and productive malacologist from Vietnam. We show that this researcher described one new genus and 12 new nominal species of freshwater molluscs from Southeast Asia. Two of these nominal species, Sinanodonta hunganhi Thach, 2016 and Lanceolaria bogani Thach, 2016 (Bivalvia: Unionidae), were already considered junior synonyms of S. jourdyi (Morlet, 1886) and L. fruhstorferi (Dautzenberg, 1900), respectively (Do et al. 2018; Đặng and Hố 2019). Here, we propose one more synonym for the invasive Golden Apple Snail as follows: Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) [=Pomacea thachi Huber in Thach, 2020 syn. nov.] (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae). Furthermore, we establish the formal synonymy for the following taxa: Taia Annandale, 1918 [=Boganmargarya Thach, 2018 syn. nov.]; Taia shanensis (Kobelt, 1909) [=Boganmargarya huberi Thach, 2018 syn. nov.] (Gastropo...

The snorkel snail genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 is comprised of terrestrial cyclophorid snails with wide-ranging species diversity and radiation in Southeast Asia. The typical characters of the genus are a depressed shell, a detached and descending portion of the last whorl with a distinctive peristomal breathing device attached, and a calcareous cup-shaped operculum. Herein, we have revised the systematics of extant species based on shell morphology combined with COI barcoding. From these thirty recognised species, twelve are described as new to science: R. ? amarapuraensesp. nov., R. anceyisp. nov., R. breviocollarsp. nov., R. ebenozosterasp. nov., R. cheliopegmasp. nov., R. furfurosumsp. nov., R. gnomus, sp. nov., R. lannaensesp. nov., R. laoensesp. nov., R. platymorphasp. nov., R. rhothonotaphrosasp. nov., and R. tigrinasp. nov. All conchological characters are provided via illustrations of type specimens and living snails, and descriptions of the shells and radulae. Phylogenetic...

Fig. 3. Species distribution models of five Amphidromus subspecies. Darker colors represent higher probabilities of suitable habitat. Upper and lower rows are probabilities of suitable habitat in years 2000 and 2050, respectively. A and F are models of A. (A.) atricallosus atricallosus. B and G are models of A. (A.) atricallosus leucoxanthus. C and H are models of A. (A.) givenchyi. D and I are models of A. (A.) inversus annamiticus. E and J are models of A. (A.) schomburgki dextrochlorus.

<i>Landouria chloritoides</i> sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 740CA614-D17B-47A3-A719-7DFC7D2CE2D5 Figs 3D, 4D, 5D, 6J–L; Tables 1–4 <i>Landouria</i> sp.1 – Ounchareon 2015: 29–32, 44–50, 54–56, 59, 61, figs 4.2c, 4.3c, 4.4. 4.5i–l, 5.5, 5.7. <i>Landouria</i> sp.2 – Buddharaksa 2016: 37–38, 41–42, figs 4.19, 4.20, 5.1, 5.2. <i>Landouria</i> sp.4 – Yingkhamhang 2016: 25–26, 39–41, 43–45, 49–52, figs 4.7, 4.8, 4.21d, 4.22d, 5.3a, 5.4a. Diagnosis Shell shape similar to that of the genus <i>Chloritis</i> Beck, 1837 (Camaenidae), but with last whorl stout and usually slightly angular, peripheral keel blunt, suture deep, aperture oval and oblique. Flagellum small ovate, penis very large and stout compared to vagina; vagina and free oviduct short (Fig. 5D). Radula with lanceolate teeth. Etymology The specific epithet ' <i>chloritoides</i> ' refers to the conchological similarity between the shell of the new species and that of the camaenid genus <i>Chloritis</i>. Type material <b>Holotype</b> THAILAND • shell (SH = 12.0 mm, SW = 19.0 mm, AH = 7.7 mm, AW = 7.3 mm, UW = 3.9 mm); Khon Kaen Province, Chum Phae District, Wat Thep Udom Wanaram; 16°45′29″ N, 101°57′55.03″ E; alt. 406 m; 9 Jun. 2017; B. Nahok, S. Tumpeesuwan and C. Tumpeesuwan leg.; NHMSU-00029. (Fig. 3D) <b>Paratypes</b> THAILAND • 8 shells, 14 living specs; same collection data as for holotype; GenBank No. MN449404 and MZ435749; NHMSU-00030. Other material examined THAILAND • 4 shells, 8 living specs; North East, Khon Kaen Province, Chum Phae District, Pu Lup Cave; 16°49′49.78″ N, 101°59′9.97″ E; alt. 336 m; NHMSU-00031. Description SHELL (Fig. 3D, Table 1). Dextral, somewhat depressed, relatively large-sized. Whorls 6½, suture deep, apex obtuse, and moderately depressed, with low conical spire. Body whorl rounded, slightly keeled, red-brown in living specimens (Fig. 4D), empty shells are paler (Fig. 3D). Umbilicus very deep and wide. Aperture almost circular, with slightly thickened and weakly expanded lip. GENITAL SYSTEM (n = 3) (Fig. 5D, Table 4). Penis [...]

Fig. 2. Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree summarizing the phylogenetic relationships of species of Landouria Godwin-Austen, 1918 based on concatenated COI and 16S sequences. Numbers at nodes indicate branch support based on posterior probability (BI) / bootstrapping (ML) / bootstrapping (NJ). # indicates branches that received <50% ML, NJ bootstrap support. Scale bar = 0.5 substitutions/site.

Currently, the parasitic and endosymbiontic fauna of Corbicula clams remain poorly studied throughout their range. Here, using samples from the Mekong basin, we describe two Symbiocloeon species new to science: Symbiocloeon corbiculinus sp. nov. and Symbiocloeon laoensis sp. nov. Our results and a review of available published data indicate that freshwater bivalve-associated mayflies are narrow host specialists, being associated with one or a few closely related species of freshwater bivalves. The bivalve-associated mayfly larvae have several specific morphological traits compared with free-living species, which include a reduction of integument chitinization and a significant reduction of the surface structures on segments. An increase in area of the respiratory surface of larval tergalia was also recorded. The possible positive and negative effects of mayflies on the clam hosts are discussed. This study is an example of the many possible hidden associations between aquatic species...

Fig. 2. Pearsonia lamphunensis, new species. A, Type locality habitat in dolomitic limestone hill, Lamphun Province; B, Aestivating living snail in natural habitat. Paratype (NHMSU-0007); C, Female partially retracted with the operculum (op) showing; D, vaginal groove (vg) near right tentacle visible.

Fig. 5. Aenigmatoconcha sumonthai, new species, genital system of paratype (NHMSU-0016). Abbreviations: ag = albumen gland, hd = hermaphroditic duct, ut = uterus, pro = prostate gland, vd = vas deferens, ep = epiphallus, erc = epiphallic retractor caecum, p = penis, gs = gametolytic sac, v = vagina, fo = free oviduct, at = atrium.

Tram Chim is a remnant wetland of the plain of reeds that drained prior to reunification. Tram Chim was most well known for being home to the Eastern Sarus Crane (Grus antigone sharpii) and many other water birds. One of the most essential things here is how to control the water levels effectively. Keeping the water too long and the water levels too high can destroy the ecosystem in Tram Chim while drying up the water and making the area too dried cause fire problems. The first objective was to analyze the hydrology of Tram Chim through a water budget and by assessing the variability and connectivity. The second objective was to survey the types of soils present and understand the processes involved. We found the water velocity at Tram Chim was close to zero. The pH values at Tram Chim indicate that water levels at unit A4 have kept too dry for too long, causing acid soils to oxidize, creating acid water when the wet season occurs. Due to this problem, many managers at Tram Chim att...

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Tanmuangpak, Kitti, Dumrongrojwattana, Pongrat, Tumpeesuwan, Chanidaporn, Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn (2015): Sinoennea loeiensis, a new species of diapherid microsnail (Pulmonata: Streptaxoidea: Diapheridae) from Phu Pha Lom Limestone Hill, Loei Province, Northeastern Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 63: 293-300, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502341

Family Camaenidae Asian Camaenidae Pilsbry, 1895 were taxonomically separated from the family Bradybaenidae Pilsbry, 1939 on the basis of the absence of dart apparatus and mucus glands in the reproductive system (Páll-Gergely et al., 2013). Schileyko & Kuznetsov (1998) argued that the camaenid-like genitalia of <i>Landouria</i>, are the result of secondary reduction, and placed <i>Landouria</i> in the Bradybaenidae. However, the results from a study of the molecular phylogeny of the helicoid land snails indicated that AsianAustralasian camaenid and bradybaenid taxa intermingle in the same clade of the phylogenetic tree, which suggests that both taxa are confamilial (Wade et al., 2007). This opinion was followed by Gittenberger et al. (2012) and Páll-Gergely et al. (2013), who considered Bradybaenidae Pilsbry, 1939 as a junior synonym of Camaenidae Pilsbry 1895. We also agree with this opinion.

Fig. 5. Phuphania costata, new species. Radula of paratype (NHMSU-0003): A, left lateral teeth; B, central teeth (indicated by letter 'C') and lateral teeth; C, right lateral teeth; D–E, transitional from tricuspid to bicuspid lateral teeth and unicuspid marginal teeth on both left and right side of central teeth; F, left marginal teeth; G, right marginal teeth.

Fig. 4. Phuphania costata, new species. Genital system of paratype (NHMSU-0003): A, internal structure of amatorial organ gland (amg); B, genital system; C, schematic drawing of internal structure of amatorial organ gland (amg); D, genital system. (scale bar provided applies A through D).

Tumpeesuwan, Chanidaporn, Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn (2014): Phuphania costata, a new species of dyakiid land snail (Pulmonata: Dyakiidae) from Phu Pha Lom limestone area, Loei Province, northeastern Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 352-357

<i>Landouria circinata</i> sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B434E62B-9FA6-43FB-B27F-A4B1B0413225 Figs 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A–C; Tables 1–4 <i>Landouria</i> sp. – Tanmuangpak <i>et al.</i> 2012: 7, 12, fig. 5y. — Tanmuangpak 2016: 125–126, figs 4.74– 4.75. <i>Landouria</i> sp.4 – Ounchareon 2015: 40–42, figs 4.12, 4.13, 5.1, 5.7. <i>Landouria</i> sp.2 – Yingkhamhang 2016: 21–22, 39–41, 43–45, 47–48, figs 4.3–4.4, 4.21b, 4.22c, 4.23b, 5.1b, 5.2b. Diagnosis Shell brownish-corneous, periphery angular, sharply keeled. Flagellum circinate; penis cylindrical and longer than vagina; base of gametolytic sac thick and stout. Radula with unicuspid short tongue-shaped central teeth. Etymology The Latin word ' <i>circinata</i> ' refers to the coiled or curled flagellum which resembles the circinate vernation of a fern shoot. Type material <b>Holotype</b> THAILAND • shell (SH = 8.2 mm, SW = 13.8 mm, AH = 5.1 mm, AW = 5.1 mm, UW = 3.8 mm); Loei Province, Mueang District, Phu Pha Lom Forest Park; 17°33′18.03″ N, 101°52′6.71″ E; alt. 415 m; 7 Jun. 2017; B. Nahok and U. Chanlabut leg.; NHMSU-00023. (Fig. 3A) <b>Paratypes</b> THAILAND • 11 shells, 43 living specs; same collection data as for holotype; GenBank No. MN449401 and MZ435746; NHMSU-00024. Description SHELL (Fig. 3A, Table 1). Dextral, medium sized, conical-lenticular, with six slightly convex whorls. Suture shallow. Apex obtuse, depressed and low-conical. Light brown at 4 early whorls, dark brown at 2 last whorls. Sharply keeled, with pale brown band on the peripheral keel. Umbilicus very deep and wide. Aperture lip somewhat thickened, rounded rhombic. GENITAL SYSTEM (n = 3) (Fig. 5A, Table 4). Penis very long, cylindrical, and curled, divided into two portions of equal length, internally with parallel, transverse folds, containing a short, rather rounded verge. Epiphallus short cylindrical, thinner than the penis. Flagellum slightly crenated and curled up, resembling the circinate vernation of a fern shoot, with thin grooves internally and tubercles on its surface at the end, [...]

Tanmuangpak, Kitti, Dumrongrojwattana, Pongrat, Tumpeesuwan, Chanidaporn, Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn (2015): Sinoennea loeiensis, a new species of diapherid microsnail (Pulmonata: Streptaxoidea: Diapheridae) from Phu Pha Lom Limestone Hill, Loei Province, Northeastern Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 63: 293-300

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Tumpeesuwan, Chanidaporn, Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn (2019): First verified record of the genus Landouria Godwin-Austen, 1918 from Thailand (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Camaenidae) with description of a new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 298-305, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0021

<b> <i>Key to species by genitalia characters of</i> Landouria <i>species</i> <i>in northeastern Thailand</i></b> 1. Penis shorter than vagina; flagellum strobilus-like <i>............................................................................................................................................</i> <i>L. strobiloides</i> C. Tumpeesuwan & S. Tumpeesuwan, 2019 – Penis longer than vagina; flagellum non-strobilus-like.................................................................... 2 2. Flagellum circinate............................................................................................. <b> <i>L</i>. <i>circinata</i></b> sp. nov. – Flagellum like a short protrusion, ovate or elongate ovate............................................................... 3 3. Flagellum elongate ovate, slender towards tip; inner sculpture of flagellum simple....................................................................................................................................... <i>L. trochomorphoides</i> sp. nov. – Flagellum ovate or elongate ovate; inner sculpture of flagellum with longitudinal pilasters........... 4 4. Vagina shorter than free oviduct; inner penis without verge................................ <i>L. elegans</i> sp. nov. – Vagina as long or longer than free oviduct; inner penis with verge................................................. 5 5. Vagina as long as free oviduct....................................................................... <i>L. chloritoides</i> sp. nov. – Vagina longer than free oviduct........................................................................................................ 6 6. Inner wall of penis with wavy, corrugated slender longitudinal pilasters; short, hollow verge.................................................................................................................................. <b> <i>L</i>. <i>tuberculata</i></b> sp. nov. – Inner wall of penis with stout, longitudinal, zigzag, pilasters; short, rounded verge.......... [...]

Genus <i>Landouria</i> Godwin-Austen, 1918 Type species <i>Helix huttonii</i> L. Pfeiffer, 1842 (new name for <i>Helix orbicula</i> Hutton & Benson, 1838), by original designation. Type locality Himalaya near Simla, Mahasu, northern India (Hutton & Benson 1838). Distribution The genus is also reported from northeast India, west Himalaya, Nepal, Mandalay and Shan in Myanmar (Burma), Yunnan in China (Zilch 1966; Schileyko & Kuznetsov 1998; Ramakrishna <i>et al.</i> 2010; Budha <i>et al.</i> 2015). Schileyko & Kuznetsov (1998) tentatively argued that <i>Landouria</i> is restricted to northern India, Nepal, northern Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Yet, recently, species of <i>Landouria</i> have been reported from China (Páll-Gergely <i>et al.</i> 2013), Laos (Hirano <i>et al.</i> 2014), Timor-Leste (Köhler <i>et al.</i> 2018), Java in Indonesia (Nurinsiyah <i>et al.</...

Genus <i>Landouria</i> Godwin-Austen, 1918 According to Schileyko & Kuznetsov (1998), this genus is distributed in north-eastern India, Nepal, Myanmar (Mandalay and Shan), and China (Yunnan). Only the Nepalese localities have been verified by reproductive anatomy. Thus, the specific and generic identities of shells from other areas remain questionable. <b>Diagnosis.</b> The anatomical characters of some Nepalese species of <i>Landouria</i> were investigated by Schileyko & Kuznetsov (1998), comprising <i>Landouria savadiensis</i> (Nevill, 1877), <i>L. aborensis</i> Godwin-Austen, 1918, <i>L. dhaulagirica</i> Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998 and <i>L. rhododendronis</i> Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998. However, the anatomy of the type species is unknown. The important characters of the genus as suggested by Páll-Gergely et al. (2013) are: depressed shell, last whorl descending in front, and umbilicus open and b...

<b> <i>Key to species by shell characters of</i> Landouria <i>species</i> <i>in northeastern Thailand</i></b> Finally, in order to facilitate future field research, we provide a dichotomous key for the identification of the currently known <i>Landouria</i> species in northeast Thailand. 1. Shell lustrous, peripheral keel absent, brown band present............................................................................................................................................... <i>L. diplogramma</i> (Möllendorff, 1902) comb. nov. – Shell not lustrous, peripheral keel absent, brown band absent......................................................... 2 2. Peripheral keel blunt...................................................................................... <i>L. chloritoides</i> sp. nov. – Peripheral keel sharp......................................................................................................................... 3 3. Peripheral keel slightly sharp, shell surface with numerous tiny tubercles.... <i>L. tuberculata</i> sp. nov. – Peripheral keel very sharp, shell surface without tubercles.............................................................. 4 4. Shell relatively large with low spire, shell surface with radial scaly processes............................................................................................................................................... <i>L. trochomorphoides</i> sp. nov. – Shell relatively moderate in size with high spire, shell surface without radial scaly processes....... 5 5. Keel more sharp and distinct with its downward bent rim................................... <i>L. elegans</i> sp. nov. – Keel sharp, without downward bent rim........................................................................................... 6 6. Suture indented, growth line obvious................................................................................................................................................................ <i>L. strobiloides</i> C. [...]

The Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers harbor a species-rich freshwater mussel assemblage containing a large radiation of the Pseudodontini species. Members of the genera Bineurus Simpson 1900 and Thaiconcha Bolotov et al., 2020 primarily inhabit small and medium-sized tributaries of these rivers. Here, we present an integrative taxonomic review of these genus-level clades. We show that Bineurus contains four species: B. mouhotii (Lea, 1863), B. exilis (Morelet, 1866) stat. rev., B. anodontinum (Rochebrune, 1882) stat. rev., and B. loeiensis sp. nov. In its turn, Thaiconcha comprises three species: T. callifera (Martens, 1860), T. munelliptica sp. nov., and T. thaiensis sp. nov. Two species, Pseudodon ovalis Morlet, 1889 and P. thomsoni Morlet, 1884, are considered here as questionable taxa. These findings further highlight that Southeast Asia represents a significant evolutionary hotspot of freshwater mussels, which requires further international collaborative research and conservation ...

While a growing body of modern phylogenetic research reveals that the Western Indochina represents a separate biogeographic subregion having a largely endemic freshwater fauna, the boundaries of this subregion are still unclear. We use freshwater mussels (Unionidae) as a model to reconstruct spatial patterns of freshwater biogeographic divides throughout Asia. Here, we present an updated freshwater biogeographic division of mainland Southeast Asia and describe 12 species and 4 genera of freshwater mussels new to science. We show that the Isthmus of Kra represents a significant southern biogeographic barrier between freshwater mussel faunas of the Western Indochina and Sundaland subregions, while the Indian and Western Indochina subregions are separated by the Naga Hills, Chin Hills, and Rakhine Yoma mountain ranges. Our findings highlight that the freshwater bivalve fauna of Southeast Asia primarily originated within three evolutionary hotspots (Western Indochina, Sundaland, and Eas...

Macrobioerosion is a common process in marine ecosystems. Many types of rock-boring organisms break down hard substrates, particularly carbonate rocks and calcareous structures such as dead corals and shells. In paleontology, the presence of rocks with boreholes and fossil macroboring assemblage members is one of the primary diagnostic features of shallow marine paleo-environments. Here we describe a silicate rock-boring organism and an associated community in submerged siltstone rock outcrops in Kaladan River, Myanmar. The rock-boring mussel Lignopholas fluminalis is a close relative of the marine piddocks, and its borings belong to the ichnospecies Gastrochaenolites anauchen. The neotectonic uplift of the area leading to gradual decrease of the sea level with subsequent shift from estuarine to freshwater environment was the most likely driver for the origin of this community. Our findings highlight that rocks with macroborings are not an exclusive indicator of marine paleo-ecosyst...

The freshwater mussel genus Oxynaia Haas, 1911 is thought to be comprised of two geographically disjunct and morphologically variable species groups but the monophyly of this taxon has yet to be tested in any modern cladistic sense. This generic hypothesis has important systematic and biogeographic implications as Oxynaia is the type genus of the currently recognized tribe Oxynaiini (Parreysiinae) and is one of the few genera thought to cross several biogeographically important barriers in Southeast Asia. Morphological and molecular data clearly demonstrate that Oxynaia is not monophyletic, and the type species and its allies (O. jourdyi group) belong to the Unioninae, and more specifically as members of the genus Nodularia Conrad, 1853. Therefore, neither Oxynaia syn. nov. nor Oxynaiini Starobogatov, 1970 are applicable to the Parreysiinae and in the absence of an available name, Indochinella gen. nov. and Indochinellini trib. nov. are described. Several combinations are proposed a...

Southeast Asia harbors a unique and diverse freshwater fauna of Mesozoic origin, which is under severe threat of extinction because of rapid economic development and urbanization. The largest freshwater basins of the region are certainly the primary evolutionary hotspots and they attract the most attention as key biodiversity areas for conservation. In contrast, medium-sized rivers are considered low-importance areas with secondary biodiversity, whose faunas originated via founder events from larger basins during the Pleistocene, although such a scenario has never been tested by using a phylogenetic approach. In this investigation, we used freshwater mussels (Unionidae) as a model to estimate the levels of endemism within the Sittaung, a little-known remote basin in Myanmar, compared with the surrounding larger rivers (Irrawaddy, Salween and Mekong). We discovered that the Sittaung represents an exceptional evolutionary hotspot with numerous endemic taxa of freshwater mussels. On th...

The concept of long-lived (ancient) lakes has had a great influence on the development of evolutionary biogeography. According to this insight, a number of lakes on Earth have existed for several million years (e.g., Baikal and Tanganyika) and represent unique evolutionary hotspots with multiple intra-basin radiations. In contrast, rivers are usually considered to be variable systems, and the possibility of their long-term existence during geological epochs has never been tested. In this study, we reconstruct the history of freshwater basin interactions across continents based on the multi-locus fossil-calibrated phylogeny of freshwater mussels (Unionidae). These mussels most likely originated in Southeast and East Asia in the Jurassic, with the earliest expansions into North America and Africa (since the mid-Cretaceous) following the colonization of Europe and India (since the Paleocene). We discovered two ancient monophyletic mussel radiations (mean age ~51-55 Ma) within the paleo...

In this paper we present the first ecological data of Indochinese freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera laosensis populations. We also provide a comparative study of the ecology of this tropical species with populations of other Margaritiferidae. We conducted surveys in ten tributaries of the River Nam Ou (Middle Mekong Drainage, Northern Laos). Reproductively viable populations were found only in the Nam Long and Nam Pe rivers, which are two of the only three known viable populations of this species in the world. The habitats of M. laosensis include mountainous oligotrophic rivers with circumneutral pH. Optimal mesohabitats are riffles and runs with a median depth of 0.2 m and median current velocity of 0.3 ms−1. Pearl mussels were more common in gravel and fine gravel riverbed substrates. Surveys revealed 252 specimens, but only 78 (31.0%) were alive. The largest mussels observed were 110 mm in length and only 11–12 years of age. The presence of smaller-sized mussels indicates re...

Fig. 5. Aenigmatoconcha clivicola, new species, genital system of paratype (NHMSU-0014) and schematic drawing. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; at, atrium; ep, epiphallus; erc, epiphallic retractor caecum; fo, free oviduct; gs, gametolytic sac; hd, hermaphroditic duct; p, penis; pr, penial retractor; pro, prostate gland; ut, uterus; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens. Photograph and illustration: Kitti Tanmuangpak.