Endangered Animals

O Sistema Agroflorestal Cabruca (SAC) é um caso sui generis de lavoura compatível com o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). O presente trabalho analisa circunstâncias que envolvem a aplicação do PSA no SAC. O objetivo geral é esquematizar uma metodologia de valoração do PSA para o SAC, a fim de difundir a aplicação desses instrumentos na região produtora de cacau da Bahia. Especificamente objetiva-se identificar os serviços ambientais prestados pelo SAC que se adequam à lei de PSA do Estado da Bahia, qual seja, a Lei Estadual nº 13.223/2015; quantificar o custo de oportunidade de adoção da lavoura cacaueira pelo SAC para servir de base à metodologia de valoração do PSA; e identificar uma metodologia de valoração do PSA relativo ao SAC. A questão ambiental contemporânea é contextualizada a partir do histórico da região produtora de cacau na Bahia juntamente com a atual conjuntura. Detalha o PSA, verificando as bases teóricas e o marco legal aplicado à realidade baiana, inserindo-o no contexto de produção do cacau no SAC. Para tanto, é desenvolvida uma metodologia de valoração econômica dos serviços ambientais prestados pelo SAC que atenda à legislação pertinente e seja razoável, sob o ponto de vista econômico. A metodologia delineada refere-se ao custo de oportunidade entre a lavoura de cacau cultivada na forma do SAC e a lavoura de cacau cultivada a pleno sol. Considera como custo de oportunidade a perda de produção provocada pelo sombreamento no SAC. De acordo com a realidade aqui analisada, os serviços ambientais prestados pelo SAC se enquadram na Lei Estadual nº 13.223/2015 e podem fazer com que o SAC figure como área beneficiada por programa de PSA. Assim, foram elaborados cenários buscando-se estimar os custos e benefícios (receitas) para o agricultor que mantém serviços ambientais, com vistas a informar eventual programa de PSA. Foram estimados o valor dos serviços prestados, a transferência de renda máxima e os impactos no orçamento do Estado da Bahia, no orçamento da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado da Bahia, no PIB baiano e no PIB dos municípios produtores de cacau. Os diferentes cenários e simulações foram estruturados de forma que se possa ter uma configuração mais próxima da realidade estudada. Conclui que os valores estimados para a política de PSA são razoáveis, inclusive quanto ao preço do serviço. Os valores máximos indicaram que eventual política de PSA deve considerar a captação de recursos privados; sem olvidar a participação do orçamento público, possibilitando um fundo misto. A transferência de renda apontada melhora a competitividade do produtor, remunerando-o pelo serviço ambiental prestado, e ainda reintroduz a externalidade negativa na contabilidade da atividade degradadora. O SAC responde positivamente aos anseios locais e globais em matéria ambiental, contribui para a conservação do bioma Mata Atlântica e assume a característica de um sistema de produção sustentável.

A list of Endemic + Endangered Plants & Animals in the Philippines with photos and short descriptions.

Collection of 12 nos. - ENDEMIC Philippine Plants/ Flora & 12 nos. - ENDEMIC Philippine Animals/Fauna. (4 pages)

Collection of 12 nos. - ENDANGERED Philippine Plants/ Flora & 12 nos. - ENDANGERED Philippine Animals/Fauna. (4 pages)

This research is compiled/ updated as of Sept. 2020. Please send me a message for word/.doc file.

Endangered means threatened or endangered when a species or organism is extinct, they are rapidly disappearing, or there are too few populations to survive. Extinction means the end of the existence of a species. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), an endangered species is at risk of extinction due to an organism or population of an organism, its habitats, high mortality or changes in the environment and food-predators. Parameters. These are areas designated to expand and conserve plant species to ensure continued survival. The endangered plant species are planted in the wild and planted in gardens under human care to protect them from extinction. Other advanced methods of ex situ conservation where reproductive portions of future endangered species are stored are seed bank, gene bank, germplasm bank and in vitro storage (IUCN, 2010). There are basically five ways to determine if there is a high likelihood of wild extinction. Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian lion, Indian rhinoceros, Gaur, Lion tail macaque, Tibetan deer, Ganga river dolphin, Nilgiris, Snow leopard, Drum, Black buck, Great Indian bustard, Forest owl, White winged duck and more animals. Some of the endangered species in India are the forest owl (Athenblavitti), the steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), the Great Knot (Caliridentinorostris), the green turtle (Cheloniamatus). Many plant and animal species are endangered by habitat loss due to climate degradation and climate change, and both endangered species need adequate protection and conservation to promote their endangered species.

Endangered Turkic Languages Project
Tehlikedeki Türk Dilleri Projesi

Turkic languages are signifcant part of ‘endan-gered languages’. Turkic languages are currently spoken dominantly in the Turkic republics. The other Turkic languages are also spoken in different coun- tries, such as Tatar language in Russian Federation, Azerbaijani Turkish in Iran, Uigur language in China and Uzbek language in Afghanistan. Although these languages are not under the risk of endangerment in short-term due to the advantageous demographical status of their speakers, there also other Turkic lan- guages with less speakers. The latter group is under the the risk of endangerment in terms of their written and spoken varieties.....

In recent years, humanists and social scientists have shown increasing interest in human-animal relations – to the point where many now speak of an ‘animal turn’ in the humanities and social sciences. Across history, psychology, anthropology, literature, sociology, philosophy, and law, an interdisciplinary field of human-animal studies has been forming. Certain common themes run through this diverse field, not least the reproduction of human-animal difference, and the conditions and the implications thereof.

Despite the long history of language use as a marker of such difference, the academic quest to investigate the boundary between human and nonhuman has, somewhat surprisingly, not taken root within rhetorical studies – at least not until now. For this edited volume, we therefore call for chapters that investigate the place of nonhuman animals in the purview of rhetorical theory; what it would mean to communicate beyond the human community; how rhetoric reveals our ‘brute roots.’ In other words, this book invites contributions which enlighten us about likely or possible implications of the animal turn within rhetorical studies. Would such a turn imply, for instance, that rhetoric needs a nonanthropocentric reconfiguration? The question, perhaps, is this: What difference would it make to the discipline if we assumed that nonhuman forms of communication were as interesting as human ones?

Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A. (1991) Problems at the Species-Population Level. In: Conservation of Living Nature and Resources. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1991, p. 59-98; Chapter 4; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75376-3_5 ;

https://www.academia.edu/72306516/ ;

• Chapter 4 length: 40 pages;
• DOI  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75376-3_5

• Publisher Name:  Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg;

• Print ISBN: 978-3-642-75378-7

• Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75376-3
Problems at the Species-Population Level;
Abstract
A population is a basic elementary unit at the species-population level. In the sense of evolution genetics, as population is designated a minimum self-propagating group of single-species individual animals which inhabits a certain space for an evolutionary long period, generates a self-maintained genetic system and forms its own ecological niche. A population is always an adequately numerous group of individual animals which is isolated from other similar groups for a large number of generations.
Among keywords:
Bird Species, Butterfly Species, Vascular Plant Species, Bryophyta Species, Grey Whale , animals, fungi, procarytes, vertebrates,

Chapter 4, Species-Population Level,Conservation, Living Nature, Resources , conservation biology, nature conservation, biodiversity, protection, wildlife,



Info on  the book online:
http://www.academia.edu/782314/Conservation_of_living_nature_and_resources_problems_trends_and_prospects._book_

https://www.academia.edu/858504/Conservation_of_Living_Nature_and_Resources_Problems_Trends_and_Prospects_Book_https_www_academia_edu_858504_

https://www.academia.edu/45623432/Conservation_of_Living_Nature_and_Resources_Problems_Trends_and_Prospects_A_V_Yablokov_S_A_Ostroumov_36_Figures_34_Tables_First_11_pages_Table_of_Contents_https_www_academia_edu_45623432_

Citation of the book, examples:
https://www.academia.edu/27205616/Citation_of_book_U_S_Italy_Russia_Canada_Portugal_et_al_Yablokov_A_V_Ostroumov_S_A_Conservation_of_Living_Nature_and_Resources_Problems_Trends_Prospects_Berlin_Heidelberg_New_York_London_Paris_Tokyo_Hong_Kong_Barcelona_Budapest_https_www_academia_edu_27205616_;

Availability of the book in world libraries:


in New Yourk,
Princeton,
New Haven, Ithaca, Cambridge (MA), Washington, DC (Library of Congress),
Montreal (Canada), Chicago, lots of top famous universities,
et al.:
https://www.worldcat.org/title/conservation-of-living-nature-and-resources-problems-trends-and-prospects/oclc/22762812 ;

Using the distribution of freshwater mollusks an argument is made for the expansion of the Siskiyou National Monument in adjacent areas to the south and southeast of the monument's current boundaries and purchase of private lands inside the monument.

Endangered means threatened or endangered when a species or organism is extinct, they are rapidly
disappearing, or there are too few populations to survive. Extinction means the end of the existence of a species.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), an endangered species is at risk of
extinction due to an organism or population of an organism, its habitats, high mortality or changes in the
environment and food-predators. Parameters.
These are areas designated to expand and conserve plant species to ensure continued survival. The endangered
plant species are planted in the wild and planted in gardens under human care to protect them from extinction.
Other advanced methods of ex situ conservation where reproductive portions of future endangered species are
stored are seed bank, gene bank, germplasm bank and in vitro storage (IUCN, 2010). There are basically five
ways to determine if there is a high likelihood of wild extinction. Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian lion,
Indian rhinoceros, Gaur, Lion tail macaque, Tibetan deer, Ganga river dolphin, Nilgiris, Snow leopard, Drum,
Black buck, Great Indian bustard, Forest owl, White winged duck and more animals. Some of the endangered
species in India are the forest owl (Athenblavitti), the steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), the Great Knot
(Caliridentinorostris), the green turtle (Cheloniamatus).
Many plant and animal species are endangered by habitat loss due to climate degradation and climate change,
and both endangered species need adequate protection and conservation to promote their endangered species.
KEYWORDS: endangered, threatened, extinct, predator, habitats, IUCN, species, ex-situ, germ plasm, invitro,
gene bank.

Alien species are organisms such as birds, mammals, fish, insects, plants, molluscs or micro-organisms from other countries or regions that have been introduced into habitats where they are not naturally found, either today or in the past. (Also known as exotic or non-native species.)  More than 185 non-indigenous species have become established in the Great Lakes basin. Invasive alien species (IASs) are those which out-compete native species for food and habitat, causing native species to move to another area, weaken or die.  Fortunately, most alien species are poorly adapted to their new habitat and do not thrive. Some invasive alien species, such as the zebra mussel, sea lamprey and round goby, are aggressive, extremely adaptable and have high reproduction rates enabling them to spread.  Unchecked, some of these invaders out-compete native fish and wildlife and cause alleged "imbalances" in ecosystems.  (much debated amongst ecologists and others)  This presentation explores the historical roots of alien species invasions and the structural, economic, political and cultural barriers to coherently regulating  IASs in a federation such as Canada.

We describe a new glassfrog from Río Manduriacu Reserve, Imbabura Province, on the Pacific slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. The new species can be distinguished from most other glassfrogs by having numerous yellow spots on the dorsum and lacking membranes among fingers. Both morphological and molecular data support the placement of the species in the genus Nymphargus. We present a new mitochondrial phylogeny of Nymphargus and discuss the speciation patterns of this genus; most importantly, recent speciation events seem to result from the effect of the linearity of the Andes. Finally, although the new species occurs within a private reserve, it is seriously endangered by mining activities; thus, following IUCN criteria, we consider the new species as Critically Endangered.

Four species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) associated with Parides ascanius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) are presented. Brachymeria koehleri Blanchard and B. nigritibialis, sp. n., are recorded as hyperparasitoids through Lespesia sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae). Brachymeria mnestor (Walker) and Conura parides, sp. n., are recorded as primary parasitoids. These are the first records of parasitoid species associated with P. ascanius.

Introducción: El cocodrilo americano (Crocodylus acutus) es un depredador de alto nivel y puede ser considerado una especie clave en sus ecosistemas. Aunque la especie se ha estudiado a menudo en otros lugares, hay poca información sobre su distribución actual y estado poblacional en El Salvador. Objetivo: Actualizar la distribución geográfica y evaluar su estado de conservación en El Salvador. Métodos: Definimos un modelo de distribución potencial para nueve factores climáticos con DOMAIN, un programa de modelado bioclimático. La ubicación se recopiló a partir de la literatura; observaciones y fotografías de biólogos y guardabosques; y registros estatales. Definimos el estado con las directrices de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Resultados: El cocodrilo fue reportado en 40 localidades, incluyendo todos los departamentos de la zona costera y en embalses artificiales del centro del país. Existe una estrecha relación entre los registros y los sistemas hi...

Distribution and conservation status of the American Crocodile (Crocodylidae: Crocodylus acutus) in El Salvador" Introduction: The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a top predator and can be considered a keystone species is its ecosystems. Even though the species has often been studied elsewhere, there is little information about its current distribution and status in El Salvador. Objective: To update the geographic distribution, and to assess its conservation status, in El Salvador. Methods: We defined a potential distribution model for nine climatic factors with DOMAIN, a bioclimatic modeling program. Location was compiled from the literature; observations and photographs by biologists and rangers; and state records. We defined status with International Union for Conservation of Nature guidelines. Results: The crocodile was reported from 40 localities, including all departments of the coastal zone and in artificial reservoirs in the center of the country. There is a close relationship between the records and the hydrological systems of the Lempa, Grande San Miguel and Goascorán rivers. The sites with the highest numbers of records are Bahía de La Unión, the mouth of the Lempa River and Barra de Santiago. The potential distribution covers 29% of the country, with only 8 % in protected areas. The species is considered extirpated from Lake Güija. Many specimens are translocated to avoid accidents with humans. Conclusion: The crocodile is widely distributed in El Salvador river systems, but management is still needed and should be improved, covering research, education, and protection.

Use of molecular markers for identification of protected species offers a greater promise in the field of conservation biology. The information on genetic diversity of wildlife is necessary to ascertain the genetically deteriorated populations so that better management plans can be established for their conservation. Accurate classification of these threatened species allows understanding of the species biology and identification of

The Valley of Flowers (VOF), a most spectacular flowering bonanza from the depths of the earth to the top of the Himalayas, is included in the list of eight World Heritage Sites by UNESCO on the recommendations of the Government of India and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) with effect from 14 July 2005.

We surveyed an area of high Spider Tortoise (Pyxis arachnoids) density in southwest Madagascar in February 2012 during a cyclone event. Over a 10-day period, we recorded behavior associated with environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, and cloud and vegetation cover) of 198 Spider Tortoises. In addition, we monitored movements of six adult tortoises (3♂, 3♀) using radiotelemetry and the temperature preferences of two individuals (1♂, 1♀) using dataloggers. During this cyclone event, tortoises behaviorally thermoregulated to near 30 °C and 78% humidity, and altered their activity as the storm progressed from being buried to emerging to forage. Tortoises tended to bury themselves in areas of relatively dense vegetation cover (approx. 60%) when humidity and cloud cover were low, and were more often found on the surface, often eating, during precipitation in relatively sparse vegetated cover (approx. 45%). While subadults were typically found resting on the surface, females were usually found buried and males were found above-ground and walking. Concordantly, males moved more and used greater areas than females (mean distance moved = ♂ 256 m vs. ♀ 127 m; mean area used = ♂ 4,463 m2 vs. ♀ 1,516 m2) and behaviorally thermoregulated within a narrower temperature range (mean thermal range: ♂ 14.4 °C vs. ♀ 30.0 °C). Though limited in duration, this is the first detailed information on the behavior, thermal preferences, and ranging patterns for wild Madagascar Spider Tortoises and suggests an interplay between extreme weather and behavior in this species.

Se conoce en al menos tres localidades de la sierra de Santo Domingo, dentro del parque nacional
Sierra Nevada. No se han determinado los límites exactos de su hábitat, pero considerando la
distribución de otras especies del mismo género, pareciera estar restringida a los alrededores de las
lagunas que rodean al Pico Mucuñuque, entre los 3400 y 3600 m (Viloria et al. 2015).
Situación:
La especie se considera localmente abundante y al menos una de las poblaciones conocidas parece
mantenerse estable desde el año 2000 hasta 2015 (Ferrer-Paris 2000, Viloria et al. 2015), pero es
notable el aumento en la intensidad de la ganadería extensiva a su alrededor (Ferrer-Paris y Vitoria
[sic] 2004). De acuerdo con la descripción de su hábitat se puede estimar que ocupa un área menor
o igual a 51,0 ± 7.0 km 2 (AOO), con una extensión inferior a 550 km 2 (EOO). Su localidad está
moderadamente fragmentada, con una tendencia negativa significativa en los últimos diez años
(Ferrer-Paris MS). Con base en estos análisis se considera en la categoría EN según el criterio
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).

An effective conservation strategy for a species requires knowledge of its biology and life history.
This applies to the endangered Ma’oma’o Gymnomyza samoensis , a honeyeater endemic to the
Samoan archipelago. Now locally extinct in American Samoa, this species is currently found only
in declining numbers on the islands of Upolu and Savai’i in Samoa. Despite being endangered, the
life history and breeding behaviour of the Ma’oma’o has not been documented previously. Here
we examine Ma’oma’o nesting and breeding biology, which are unique among studied honeyeaters
and unusual for passerines in general. Ma’oma’o lay only a single egg per clutch and have
an extended breeding season that occurs outside the rainy season and peaks during budburst.
Allometric analysis of the length of the nesting period of different honeyeaters versus adult body
weight showed that Ma’oma’o remain in the nest for a longer period than expected for their body
size. The post-fledging dependency period of 2.5–3 months was also extended compared to other
honeyeater species. No Ma’oma’o were observed re-nesting after successfully raising a chick,
though pairs attempted to re-nest following breeding failure. Despite the extended breeding season,
the maximum annual reproductive capacity of Ma’oma’o is limited by their one-egg clutch and
failure to nest again after fledging one chick. We discuss how these slow life history traits can
influence conservation strategies, affect monitoring and limit recovery.

In Wales [at time of writing this article] the endangered medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis is known from only one site, near Port Talbot. This paper is to alert naturalists in Dyfed to be on alert for this species in other localities in Wales.

We surveyed an area of high Spider Tortoise (Pyxis arachnoids) density in southwest Madagascar in February 2012 during a cyclone event. Over a 10-day period, we recorded behavior associated with environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, and cloud and vegetation cover) of 198 Spider Tortoises. In addition, we monitored movements of six adult tortoises (3♂, 3♀) using radiotelemetry and the temperature preferences of two individuals (1♂, 1♀) using dataloggers. During this cyclone event, tortoises behaviorally thermoregulated to near 30 °C and 78% humidity, and altered their activity as the storm progressed from being buried to emerging to forage. Tortoises tended to bury themselves in areas of relatively dense vegetation cover (approx. 60%) when humidity and cloud cover were low, and were more often found on the surface, often eating, during precipitation in relatively sparse vegetated cover (approx. 45%). While subadults were typically found resting on the surface, females were...

Use of molecular markers for identification of protected species offers a greater promise in the field of conservation biology. The information on genetic diversity of wildlife is necessary to ascertain the genetically deteriorated populations so that better management plans can be established for their conservation. Accurate classification of these threatened species allows understanding of the species biology and identification of

The use of body-gripping traps and snares for commercial and recreational trapping is banned on public lands in California, Colorado, Massachusetts, and Arizona, but most states still allow trapping for profit and pleasure, including Montana (Reed, “Trapping”).  Montana’s Furbearer Trapping Program (MFTP), administered by the Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks (MDFWP), offers an apt example of U.S. trapping regulations and methods—and of the problems and moral issues that arise wherever trapping is legal.

Of the 28 leech taxa known from South Carolina, only a few deserve special attention. The marine skate leech Branchellion ravenelii was originally described from Charleston in 1850. It has not been reported from South Carolina since. The 'relict' salamander leech Oligobdella biannulata may be of special evolutionary significance. It has been found in only a few montane localities in South Carolina. A concern for the future of this species is that the range and population levels are unknown and a decline would go undetected. The terrestrial leech Haemopis septagon. Even though it is one of the largest terrestrial invertebrates in the United States its presence was undetected until this year. It lives in the difficult, and poorly studies lowland swamps of coastal NC, SC and VA. Only one record is known from South Carolina.  Only one record of the frog leech Macrobdella decora is known from South Carolina.

The study of a skull of Canis simensis Rueppel 1838, an endangered species endemic to the Ethiopian highlands, belonging to the old collections of the Museo Zoologico <<La Specola» of the University of Florence, gave us the starting stimulus for this research. The results of morphological and biomethrical analyses carried out on a sample of 13 skulls of this rare and little known species are reported here. Although
characterized by peculiar features, Canis simensis is closely related with jackals.

The endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, was previously widespread throughout eastern North America. In the past century numbers of this beetle have drastically declined and currently remnant populations are known from only six states despite intensive surveying efforts conducted for the last nine years. Efforts aimed at discovering and managing remnant populations have been generally limited by a