MEIRYANI MUTIARA SAMDI. 2019. 8143165171. Analisis Profesionalisme Pegawai PT Bank X Divisi Legal... more MEIRYANI MUTIARA SAMDI. 2019. 8143165171. Analisis Profesionalisme Pegawai PT Bank X Divisi Legal Collateral Document Management I (LCDM I). Program Studi D3 Administrasi Perkantoran. Fakultas Ekonomi. Universitas Negeri Jakarta. This paper aims to determine the professionalism of PT Bank X employee in division Legal Collateral Document Management I (LCDM I).The method used in this research is descriptive analysis, with data collection methods through observation and literature. From writing this paper result can concluded that PT Bank X in division LCDM I has employees who have the ability, education, and expertise are not enough, but it must be accompanied by having a professionalism attitude to work. The non-professionalism of employees at PT Bank X being unprofessional in their attitude while they work or when they are with leader. This results impact to performance of employee in the office not being optimal which the company should be able to achieve. Key Words : Employee, Pro...
Background: Epistaxis is one of the commonest otolaryngological emergency. The aim is to evaluate... more Background: Epistaxis is one of the commonest otolaryngological emergency. The aim is to evaluate the prevalence of epistaxis, educational status, mode of presentation, and intervention rendered patients with epistaxis at the study centre. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study of all patients presenting with epistaxis at the study centre from January 2002 to December 2012. Results: Hospital prevalence was 0.23%, minimum age at presentation was 1 year and maximum age 75 years, 70 (36.46%) were children and 122 (63.54) were adults, 106 (55.2%) males and 86 (44.8%) females. No formal education in 13% while 32.8% had tertiary education. Sixty seven (34.9%), 56(29.2%), 69(35.9%) had left, right and bilateral nasal bleeding respectively. Etiology in 84 (43.75%) patients being trauma. Sinonasal infection was more prevalent in children while trauma predominates in adults. Bleeding site was identified in 17 (8.9%), 11 (5.7%) had cauterization, 93 (48.43%) had nasal packing while 15 (7.8%) had blood transfusion in addition to other forms of treatment. Conclusion: Epistaxis in Kaduna-Nigeria, has low prevalence and the causative factor is mostly sinonasal infection in children and trauma in adults, bilateral nasal bleeding predominates, anterior nasal bleeding predominates in both children and adults, majority of the patients had tertiary education and nasal packing was found to be an effective management.
Background: Individuals with abnormal set of ears feel depressed, and this could affect their sel... more Background: Individuals with abnormal set of ears feel depressed, and this could affect their self esteem. Methods: A cross-sectional study that assessed auricular anthropometric measurements of pupils at the schools for the deaf and those in regular schools within Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna. Ethical approval was obtained from the state Ministry of Health. Consent was obtained from the parents/guardians of the pupils and assent from the pupils. Pupils were selected in a multi-staged sampling fashion. Digital Vernier Caliper was used to measure the total ear height, the ear width and the ear projection of the deaf pupils and normal pupils. The generated data was analysed with SPSS version 20. Results: Age range of subjects was 8-17 years, mean of 13.5±2.4 against 7-17 years, mean of 13.1±1.8 for controls. Mean right total ear height among subjects was 61.5±7.2mm against 61.3±4.6mm among controls. Left mean total ear height among subjects and controls was 61.6±7.2mm and 61.5±4.4 respec...
Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention.... more Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and type of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study center from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. Average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing losses, respectively, bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) on the right ear and 222 (69.2%) on the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.
Background: Hearing loss in paediatric age group may be inherited, developmental or caused by mat... more Background: Hearing loss in paediatric age group may be inherited, developmental or caused by maternal rubella. It may also be due to complications at birth or certain infections such as meningitis and measles. Ototoxicity and exposure to excessive noise also contribute significantly. Majority of hearing loss in children can be prevented primarily. We aimed to share our findings on assessing the hearing thresholds of pupils in deaf schools in Northwestern Nigeria. Participants and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which assessed the hearing threshold of pupils in deaf schools in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria. Approval was obtained from the State Ministry of Health Ethics Committee. Multi-staged sampling method was used to enrol 430 deaf pupils. Consent was obtained and a structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to generate data on the participant's biodata, history and detailed examination findings as well as pure-tone audiometry. Collated data were documented and entered into Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 20 for windows then analysed. Results: Mean pure-tone average of the right ear was 103.4 ± 8.3 and the left ear was 104.3 ± 8.9. Majority had bilateral profound hearing loss (99.0%). Severe hearing loss was seen in 0.9%, whereas the remaining 0.1% had moderate hearing loss. The hearing loss sensorineural in majority (97.6%) and the remaining 2.4% had mixed hearing loss. High-frequency hearing loss predominated (98.6%). Conclusion: Majority of the deaf pupils had bilateral, profound, sensorineural hearing loss, involving higher frequencies.
Introduction
The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults a... more Introduction The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults and 32 million children) people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. [1] Hearing loss in children may be inherited, caused by maternal rubella or complications at birth, certain infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles, chronic ear infections, use of ototoxic drugs, and exposure to excessive noise. Most of the cases of hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. [1] A study in schoolchildren in Nigeria showed that out of 1500 pupils, 35 (2.3%) had chronic suppurative otitis media and 46.9% had associated hearing loss in one or both ears. [2] Permanent hearing loss can occur at any age, but about 25% of the current burden is of childhood onset. Annually, up to 6/1000 live-born infants or 798,000 babies worldwide suffer permanent hearing loss at birth or within the neonatal period, and at least 90% of them are in developing countries. [3] Primary prevention through immunization, genetic counselling, and improved antenatal and perinatal care may help to address some environmental causes, such as birth trauma, infection, and neonatal jaundice requiring an exchange of blood transfusion but has a limited impact on genetic or hereditary etiologies, such as the connexin 26, Pendred, and Usher syndromes. [4] There is, therefore, a need to conduct this study with focus on identifying risk factors and causes of hearing impairment among children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and types of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study centre from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. The average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing loss, respectively, with bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) in the right ear and 222 (69.2%) in the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while the mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.
Annals of Indian Academy of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2017
Background: Adenotonsillar surgeries are the most common otolaryngology procedures in the pediatr... more Background: Adenotonsillar surgeries are the most common otolaryngology procedures in the pediatric age group worldwide. Aims: The aim is to evaluate the prevalence, indications, complications, and postoperative symptoms resolution after adenotonsillectomy in pediatric patients in our center. Settings and Design: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary health facility in Kaduna, Nigeria. Methodology: The medical records of all children that had surgical procedures from January 2009 to December 2012 were extracted. A total of 232 pediatric patients had adenotonsillectomy of a total of 312 who underwent surgical procedures over 4 years. Forty-eight patients did not meet criteria for inclusion in this study. Therefore, 184 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria for this study. Data were analyzed descriptively with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Results: The mean age at the time of surgery was 3.5 ± 2.43 years. There were 102 males and 82 females in a r...
International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognised as a serious public health issue due... more Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognised as a serious public health issue due to its many associated complications, including hearing loss (HL). The study aimed to determine the hearing threshold of adult patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis.Methods: This was a prospective, hospital-based study of patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis in a tertiary hospital in Kaduna, carried out between December 2017 and November 2018. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. Statistical analysis was with t test and Chi square and level of significance was set at p<0.05.Results: Thirty patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis were age and sex matched with 30 controls (CKD patients not on dialysis). Mean age for subjects and controls were 44.6±14.3 and 41.7±12.5, respectively. Mean right ear pure tone average (PTAv) among subjects and the controls were 32.7±9.6 and 25.6±6.2, respectively. Mean left ear PTAv amon...
MEIRYANI MUTIARA SAMDI. 2019. 8143165171. Analisis Profesionalisme Pegawai PT Bank X Divisi Legal... more MEIRYANI MUTIARA SAMDI. 2019. 8143165171. Analisis Profesionalisme Pegawai PT Bank X Divisi Legal Collateral Document Management I (LCDM I). Program Studi D3 Administrasi Perkantoran. Fakultas Ekonomi. Universitas Negeri Jakarta. This paper aims to determine the professionalism of PT Bank X employee in division Legal Collateral Document Management I (LCDM I).The method used in this research is descriptive analysis, with data collection methods through observation and literature. From writing this paper result can concluded that PT Bank X in division LCDM I has employees who have the ability, education, and expertise are not enough, but it must be accompanied by having a professionalism attitude to work. The non-professionalism of employees at PT Bank X being unprofessional in their attitude while they work or when they are with leader. This results impact to performance of employee in the office not being optimal which the company should be able to achieve. Key Words : Employee, Pro...
Background: Epistaxis is one of the commonest otolaryngological emergency. The aim is to evaluate... more Background: Epistaxis is one of the commonest otolaryngological emergency. The aim is to evaluate the prevalence of epistaxis, educational status, mode of presentation, and intervention rendered patients with epistaxis at the study centre. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study of all patients presenting with epistaxis at the study centre from January 2002 to December 2012. Results: Hospital prevalence was 0.23%, minimum age at presentation was 1 year and maximum age 75 years, 70 (36.46%) were children and 122 (63.54) were adults, 106 (55.2%) males and 86 (44.8%) females. No formal education in 13% while 32.8% had tertiary education. Sixty seven (34.9%), 56(29.2%), 69(35.9%) had left, right and bilateral nasal bleeding respectively. Etiology in 84 (43.75%) patients being trauma. Sinonasal infection was more prevalent in children while trauma predominates in adults. Bleeding site was identified in 17 (8.9%), 11 (5.7%) had cauterization, 93 (48.43%) had nasal packing while 15 (7.8%) had blood transfusion in addition to other forms of treatment. Conclusion: Epistaxis in Kaduna-Nigeria, has low prevalence and the causative factor is mostly sinonasal infection in children and trauma in adults, bilateral nasal bleeding predominates, anterior nasal bleeding predominates in both children and adults, majority of the patients had tertiary education and nasal packing was found to be an effective management.
Background: Individuals with abnormal set of ears feel depressed, and this could affect their sel... more Background: Individuals with abnormal set of ears feel depressed, and this could affect their self esteem. Methods: A cross-sectional study that assessed auricular anthropometric measurements of pupils at the schools for the deaf and those in regular schools within Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna. Ethical approval was obtained from the state Ministry of Health. Consent was obtained from the parents/guardians of the pupils and assent from the pupils. Pupils were selected in a multi-staged sampling fashion. Digital Vernier Caliper was used to measure the total ear height, the ear width and the ear projection of the deaf pupils and normal pupils. The generated data was analysed with SPSS version 20. Results: Age range of subjects was 8-17 years, mean of 13.5±2.4 against 7-17 years, mean of 13.1±1.8 for controls. Mean right total ear height among subjects was 61.5±7.2mm against 61.3±4.6mm among controls. Left mean total ear height among subjects and controls was 61.6±7.2mm and 61.5±4.4 respec...
Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention.... more Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and type of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study center from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. Average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing losses, respectively, bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) on the right ear and 222 (69.2%) on the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.
Background: Hearing loss in paediatric age group may be inherited, developmental or caused by mat... more Background: Hearing loss in paediatric age group may be inherited, developmental or caused by maternal rubella. It may also be due to complications at birth or certain infections such as meningitis and measles. Ototoxicity and exposure to excessive noise also contribute significantly. Majority of hearing loss in children can be prevented primarily. We aimed to share our findings on assessing the hearing thresholds of pupils in deaf schools in Northwestern Nigeria. Participants and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which assessed the hearing threshold of pupils in deaf schools in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria. Approval was obtained from the State Ministry of Health Ethics Committee. Multi-staged sampling method was used to enrol 430 deaf pupils. Consent was obtained and a structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to generate data on the participant's biodata, history and detailed examination findings as well as pure-tone audiometry. Collated data were documented and entered into Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 20 for windows then analysed. Results: Mean pure-tone average of the right ear was 103.4 ± 8.3 and the left ear was 104.3 ± 8.9. Majority had bilateral profound hearing loss (99.0%). Severe hearing loss was seen in 0.9%, whereas the remaining 0.1% had moderate hearing loss. The hearing loss sensorineural in majority (97.6%) and the remaining 2.4% had mixed hearing loss. High-frequency hearing loss predominated (98.6%). Conclusion: Majority of the deaf pupils had bilateral, profound, sensorineural hearing loss, involving higher frequencies.
Introduction
The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults a... more Introduction The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults and 32 million children) people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. [1] Hearing loss in children may be inherited, caused by maternal rubella or complications at birth, certain infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles, chronic ear infections, use of ototoxic drugs, and exposure to excessive noise. Most of the cases of hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. [1] A study in schoolchildren in Nigeria showed that out of 1500 pupils, 35 (2.3%) had chronic suppurative otitis media and 46.9% had associated hearing loss in one or both ears. [2] Permanent hearing loss can occur at any age, but about 25% of the current burden is of childhood onset. Annually, up to 6/1000 live-born infants or 798,000 babies worldwide suffer permanent hearing loss at birth or within the neonatal period, and at least 90% of them are in developing countries. [3] Primary prevention through immunization, genetic counselling, and improved antenatal and perinatal care may help to address some environmental causes, such as birth trauma, infection, and neonatal jaundice requiring an exchange of blood transfusion but has a limited impact on genetic or hereditary etiologies, such as the connexin 26, Pendred, and Usher syndromes. [4] There is, therefore, a need to conduct this study with focus on identifying risk factors and causes of hearing impairment among children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and types of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study centre from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. The average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing loss, respectively, with bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) in the right ear and 222 (69.2%) in the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while the mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.
Annals of Indian Academy of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2017
Background: Adenotonsillar surgeries are the most common otolaryngology procedures in the pediatr... more Background: Adenotonsillar surgeries are the most common otolaryngology procedures in the pediatric age group worldwide. Aims: The aim is to evaluate the prevalence, indications, complications, and postoperative symptoms resolution after adenotonsillectomy in pediatric patients in our center. Settings and Design: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary health facility in Kaduna, Nigeria. Methodology: The medical records of all children that had surgical procedures from January 2009 to December 2012 were extracted. A total of 232 pediatric patients had adenotonsillectomy of a total of 312 who underwent surgical procedures over 4 years. Forty-eight patients did not meet criteria for inclusion in this study. Therefore, 184 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria for this study. Data were analyzed descriptively with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Results: The mean age at the time of surgery was 3.5 ± 2.43 years. There were 102 males and 82 females in a r...
International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognised as a serious public health issue due... more Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognised as a serious public health issue due to its many associated complications, including hearing loss (HL). The study aimed to determine the hearing threshold of adult patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis.Methods: This was a prospective, hospital-based study of patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis in a tertiary hospital in Kaduna, carried out between December 2017 and November 2018. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. Statistical analysis was with t test and Chi square and level of significance was set at p<0.05.Results: Thirty patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis were age and sex matched with 30 controls (CKD patients not on dialysis). Mean age for subjects and controls were 44.6±14.3 and 41.7±12.5, respectively. Mean right ear pure tone average (PTAv) among subjects and the controls were 32.7±9.6 and 25.6±6.2, respectively. Mean left ear PTAv amon...
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The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults and 32 million children) people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. [1] Hearing loss in children may be inherited, caused by maternal rubella or complications at birth, certain infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles, chronic ear infections, use of ototoxic drugs, and exposure to excessive noise. Most of the cases of hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. [1] A study in schoolchildren in Nigeria showed that out of 1500 pupils, 35 (2.3%) had chronic suppurative otitis media and 46.9% had associated hearing loss in one or both ears. [2] Permanent hearing loss can occur at any age, but about 25% of the current burden is of childhood onset. Annually, up to 6/1000 live-born infants or 798,000 babies worldwide suffer permanent hearing loss at birth or within the neonatal period, and at least 90% of them are in developing countries. [3] Primary prevention through immunization, genetic counselling, and improved antenatal and perinatal care may help to address some environmental causes, such as birth trauma, infection, and neonatal jaundice requiring an exchange of blood transfusion but has a limited impact on genetic or hereditary etiologies, such as the connexin 26, Pendred, and Usher syndromes. [4] There is, therefore, a need to conduct this study with focus on identifying risk factors and causes of hearing impairment among children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and types of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study centre from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. The average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing loss, respectively, with bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) in the right ear and 222 (69.2%) in the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while the mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.
The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults and 32 million children) people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. [1] Hearing loss in children may be inherited, caused by maternal rubella or complications at birth, certain infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles, chronic ear infections, use of ototoxic drugs, and exposure to excessive noise. Most of the cases of hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. [1] A study in schoolchildren in Nigeria showed that out of 1500 pupils, 35 (2.3%) had chronic suppurative otitis media and 46.9% had associated hearing loss in one or both ears. [2] Permanent hearing loss can occur at any age, but about 25% of the current burden is of childhood onset. Annually, up to 6/1000 live-born infants or 798,000 babies worldwide suffer permanent hearing loss at birth or within the neonatal period, and at least 90% of them are in developing countries. [3] Primary prevention through immunization, genetic counselling, and improved antenatal and perinatal care may help to address some environmental causes, such as birth trauma, infection, and neonatal jaundice requiring an exchange of blood transfusion but has a limited impact on genetic or hereditary etiologies, such as the connexin 26, Pendred, and Usher syndromes. [4] There is, therefore, a need to conduct this study with focus on identifying risk factors and causes of hearing impairment among children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and types of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study centre from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. The average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing loss, respectively, with bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) in the right ear and 222 (69.2%) in the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while the mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.