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Motion-compensated noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to monitor cardiorespiratory status during exercise
Initial calibration is a great challenge for cuff-less blood pressure (BP) measurement. The traditional one point-to-point (oPTP) calibration procedure only uses one sample/point to obtain unknown parameters of a specific model in a calm... more
Initial calibration is a great challenge for cuff-less blood pressure (BP) measurement. The traditional one point-to-point (oPTP) calibration procedure only uses one sample/point to obtain unknown parameters of a specific model in a calm state. In fact, parameters such as pulse transit time (PTT) and BP still have slight fluctuations at rest for each subject. The conventional oPTP method had a strong sensitivity in the selection of initial value. Yet, the initial sensitivity of calibration has not been reported and investigated in cuff-less BP motoring. In this study, a mean point-to-point (mPTP) paring calibration method through averaging and balancing calm or peaceful states was proposed for the first time. Thus, based on mPTP, a factor point-to-point (fPTP) paring calibration method through introducing the penalty factor was further proposed to improve and optimize the performance of BP estimation. Using the oPTP, mPTP, and fPTP methods, a total of more than 100,000 heartbeat sam...
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Heart rate (HR) as an important physiological indicator could properly describe global subject’s physical status. Photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors are catching on in field of wearable sensors, combining the advantages in costs, weight... more
Heart rate (HR) as an important physiological indicator could properly describe global subject’s physical status. Photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors are catching on in field of wearable sensors, combining the advantages in costs, weight and size. Nevertheless, accuracy in HR readings is unreliable specifically during physical activity. Among several identified sources that affect PPG recording, contact pressure (CP) between the PPG sensor and skin greatly influences the signals. Methods: In this study, the accuracy of HR measurements of a PPG sensor at different CP was investigated when compared with a commercial ECG-based chest strap used as a test control, with the aim of determining the optimal CP to produce a reliable signal during physical activity. Seventeen subjects were enrolled for the study to perform a physical activity at three different rates repeated at three different contact pressures of the PPG-based wristband. Results: The results show that the CP of 54 mmHg provi...
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Supplementary Information Files for "Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Advances: A Review of Configurations for Individuals with a Speech Disability."<br>Abstract:High-tech augmentative and alternative... more
Supplementary Information Files for "Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Advances: A Review of Configurations for Individuals with a Speech Disability."<br>Abstract:High-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods are on a constant rise; however, the interaction between the user and the assistive technology is still challenged for an optimal user experience centred around the desired activity. This review presents a range of signal sensing and acquisition methods utilized in conjunction with the existing high-tech AAC platforms for individuals with a speech disability, including imaging methods, touch-enabled systems, mechanical and electro-mechanical access, breath-activated methods, and brain-computer interfaces (BCI). The listed AAC sensing modalities are compared in terms of ease of access, affordability, complexity, portability, and typical conversational speeds. A revelation of the associated AAC signal processing, encoding, and r...
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Long wavelength (>600nm) fluorescence offers many advantages when applied to analysis, including minimal autofluorescence and scattered light from biological samples and the possibility of compact, robust, yet sensitive instruments.... more
Long wavelength (>600nm) fluorescence offers many advantages when applied to analysis, including minimal autofluorescence and scattered light from biological samples and the possibility of compact, robust, yet sensitive instruments. Modern clinical analysis has a number of specific requirements, namely specificity, sensitivity and speed, whilst the ability to monitor samples away from the laboratory is increasingly in demand. Immunoassays possess all these attributes and can be used in the following: environmental monitoring; clinical analysis; therapeutic drug monitoring. This research work describes a novel portable fluorescence spectrophotometer using long wavelength detection which can be used in all environments.
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The ability to gather physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2%) during physical movement allows to continuously monitor personal health status without disrupt their normal daily activities.... more
The ability to gather physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2%) during physical movement allows to continuously monitor personal health status without disrupt their normal daily activities. Photoplethysmography (PPG) based pulse oximetry and similar principle devices are unable to extract the HR and SpO2% reliably during physical movement due to interference in the signals that arise from motion artefacts (MAs). In this research, a flexible reflectance multi-wavelength optoelectronic patch sensor (OEPS) has been developed to overcome the susceptibility of conventional pulse oximetry readings to MAs. The OEPS incorporates light embittered diodes as illumination sources with four different wavelengths, e.g. green, orange, red, and infrared unlike the conventional pulse oximetry devices that normally measure the skin absorption of only two wavelengths (red and infrared). The additional green and orange wavelengths were found to be distinguish to the...
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Point of care testing (POCT) systems, are widely used to firstly, diagnose and secondly, monitor a number of illnesses and infectious diseases. This research aims to develop the integration between an optical fluorescence system and a... more
Point of care testing (POCT) systems, are widely used to firstly, diagnose and secondly, monitor a number of illnesses and infectious diseases. This research aims to develop the integration between an optical fluorescence system and a microfluidic chip - through the use of advanced manufacturing techniques, such as anisotropic wet etching of Silicon (Si) wafers. The fabricated Si microfluidic chips may integrate into an existing POCT system and provide a potential avenue into multiplexed detection. Zemax and OptiCAD simulation packages were used to confirm the validity of the integrated microfluidic chip design. A testable microfluidic chip, using anisotropic wet etching of a Si wafer by Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) etching solution, was fabricated. The process used a mask-less photoresist design, allowing for an easier and cost effective developmental stage in order to provide a proof of concept design. Currently, the TMAH etching process provides the required 370μm etch de...
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Although two modes of elastic tube (ET) and vascular elasticity (VE) have been well explored for cuffless continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring estimation, the initial calibration with these two models could be derived from different... more
Although two modes of elastic tube (ET) and vascular elasticity (VE) have been well explored for cuffless continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring estimation, the initial calibration with these two models could be derived from different mathematical mechanisms for BP estimation. The study is aimed at evaluating the performance of VE and ET models by means of an advanced point-to-point (aPTP) pairing calibration. The cuff BPs were only taken up while the signals of PPG and ECG were synchronously acquired from individual subjects. Two popular VE models together with one representative ET model were designated to study aPTP as a unified assessment criterion. The VE model has demonstrated the stronger correlation r of 0.89 and 0.86 of SBP and DBP, respectively, and the lower estimated BP error of − 0.01 ± 5.90 (4.55) mmHg and 0.04 ± 4.40 (3.38) mmHg of SBP and DBP, respectively, than the ET model. With the ET model, there is a significant difference between the methods of conventional ...
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Different skin pigments among various ethnic group people have an impact on spectrometric illumination on skin surface. To effectively capture photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, a multi-wavelength opto-electronic patch sensor (OEPS)... more
Different skin pigments among various ethnic group people have an impact on spectrometric illumination on skin surface. To effectively capture photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, a multi-wavelength opto-electronic patch sensor (OEPS) together with a schematic architecture of electronics were developed to overcome the drawback of present PPG sensor. To perform a better in vivo physiological measurement against skin pigments, optimal illuminations in OEPS, whose wavelength is compatible with a specific skin type, were optimized to capture a reliable physiological sign of heart rate (HR). A protocol was designed to investigate an impact of five skin types in compliance with Von Luschan's chromatic scale. Thirty-three healthy male subjects between the ages of 18 and 41 were involved in the protocol implemented by means of the OEPS system. The results show that there is no significant difference (p: 0.09, F = 3.0) in five group tests with the skin types across various activities thr...
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Analytical Chemistry, Medicine, Sensors, Humans, and 13 moreWireless Technology, Male, Heart rate, Young Adult, Exercise, Accelerometry, Artifacts, Physiological Monitoring, Adult, Optics and Photonics, Ambulatory BP monitoring, Equipment Design, and Electrical And Electronic Engineering
It is essential to obtain high values of tolerance for CPV concentrators because manufacturing process always implies some accuracy errors. This paper presents the Fresnel Köhler concentrator (FK), an advanced optical concentrator... more
It is essential to obtain high values of tolerance for CPV concentrators because manufacturing process always implies some accuracy errors. This paper presents the Fresnel Köhler concentrator (FK), an advanced optical concentrator comprising a Fresnel lens as a primary element and a refractive secondary element, both presenting free-form surfaces. This optic produces both, the desired light concentration and high tolerance (i.e. high acceptance angle), as well as an excellent light homogenization by Köhler integration simultaneously. A comparison between the FK and other current conventional Fresnel-based CPV concentrators is also presented, being our concentrator superior to its competitors in terms of tolerances, irradiance homogeneity and manufacturability.© (2010) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spontaneous expression is associated with physiological states, i.e., heart rate, respiration, oxygen saturation (SpO2%), and heart rate variability (HRV). There have yet not sufficient efforts to explore correlation of physiological... more
Spontaneous expression is associated with physiological states, i.e., heart rate, respiration, oxygen saturation (SpO2%), and heart rate variability (HRV). There have yet not sufficient efforts to explore correlation of physiological change and spontaneous expression. This study aims to study how spontaneous expression is associated with physiological changes with an approved protocol or through the videos provided from Denver Intensity of Spontaneous Facial Action Database. Not like a posed expression, motion artefact in spontaneous expression is one of evitable challenges to be overcome in the study. To obtain a physiological signs from a region of interest (ROI), a new engineering approach is being developed with an artefact-reduction method consolidated 3D active appearance model (AAM) based track, affine transformation based alignment with opto-physiological mode based imaging photoplethysmography. Also, a statistical association spaces is being used to interpret correlation of spontaneous expressions and physiological states including their probability densities by means of Gaussian Mixture Model. The present work is revealing a new avenue of study associations of spontaneous expressions and physiological states with its prospect of applications on physiological and psychological assessment.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Treatment Outcome, Medicine, Electrocardiography, Heart rate variability, and 14 moreBrain, Animals, Male, Physical sciences, Heart rate, Brain Ischemia, Organophosphorus Compounds, Cardiac Arrhythmias, Rats, Wistar Rats, Neuroprotective Agents, Asphyxia, Medical and Health Sciences, and Renyi entropy
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ABSTRACT To review literature specific to the use of AAC with adults who have severe aphasia. The authors reviewed studies involving AAC interventions for adults with severe aphasia. Published data support the use of aided and unaided AAC... more
ABSTRACT To review literature specific to the use of AAC with adults who have severe aphasia. The authors reviewed studies involving AAC interventions for adults with severe aphasia. Published data support the use of aided and unaided AAC with adults with severe aphasia in controlled treatment contexts. Reported gains in communication typically have not generalized to everyday settings. The application of AAC with persons with severe aphasia must address factors potentially limiting treatment success outside of training environments.
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The paper demonstrates the progress made in biomedical photonics engineering at Loughborough University since 1998. Research, development of concepts and innovation of products for principal use in healthcare can be traced back to the... more
The paper demonstrates the progress made in biomedical photonics engineering at Loughborough University since 1998. Research, development of concepts and innovation of products for principal use in healthcare can be traced back to the initial clinical request for a device to measure oxygen saturation in the peripheral tissues. Since then a directed path of progress, which has involved a systematic investigation of component technologies, has been followed. Latterly, the research has been directed at placing the devices developed at the point of care, which is often in the home setting rather than in a controlled clinical environ- ment. Knowledge transfer of ideas and concepts through to translational research that utilises results can also be represented via the developed innovation platform.
A non-contact reflection photoplethysmography (NRPPG) with its engineering model was created to access human physiological information. The NRPPG engineering setup with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) as a light source... more
A non-contact reflection photoplethysmography (NRPPG) with its engineering model was created to access human physiological information. The NRPPG engineering setup with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) as a light source and a high-speed PiN photodiode as a photodetector was configured based upon the principles of light-tissue interaction and Beer-Lambert's law. In this paper, we present three aspects of the NRPPG performance: (1) photonics engineering work to capture photoplethysmographic signals with a non-contact manner in an optimal setup of the NRPPG; (2) a 5-minute protocol with 22 participants to determine a good agreement between NRPPG and contact photoplethysmography (CPPG) by means of Bland-Altman statistical analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient; and (3) a physiological experiment designed for cardiac-physiological monitoring utilizing NRPPG. The experimental results suggest that clean PPG signal can be obtained between 30-110 mm. The outco...
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In capturing high-quality photoplethysmographic signals, it is crucial to ensure that appropriate illumination intensities are used. The purpose of the study was to deliver controlled illumination intensities for a multi-wavelength... more
In capturing high-quality photoplethysmographic signals, it is crucial to ensure that appropriate illumination intensities are used. The purpose of the study was to deliver controlled illumination intensities for a multi-wavelength opto-electronic patch sensor that has four separate arrays each consisting of four light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the wavelength of the light generated by each array being different. The study achieved the following: (1) a linear constant current source LED driver incorporating series negative feedback using an integrated operational amplifier circuit; (2) the fitting of a linear regression equation to provide rapid determination of the LEDs driver voltage; and (3) an algorithm for the automatic adjustment of the output voltage to ensure suitable LED illumination. The data from a single centrally-located photo detector, which is capable of capturing all four channels of back-light in a time-multiplexed manner, were used to monitor heart rate and blood oxyg...
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Abstract People who use high-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) solutions still face restrictions in terms of practical utilization of present AAC devices, especially when speech impairment is compounded with motor... more
Abstract People who use high-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) solutions still face restrictions in terms of practical utilization of present AAC devices, especially when speech impairment is compounded with motor disabilities. This study aims to explore an effective way to decode breathing patterns for AAC by the means of a breath activated dynamic air pressure detection system (DAPDS) and supervised machine learning (ML). The aim is to detect a user’s modulated breathing patterns (MBPs) and turn them into synthesized messages for conversation with the outside world. MBPs are processed using a one-nearest neighbor (1-NN) algorithm with variations of dynamic time warping (DTW) to produce synthesized machine spoken words (SMSW) at managed complexities and speeds. An ethical approved protocol was conducted with the participation of 25 healthy subjects to create a library of 1500 MBPs corresponding to four different classes. A mean systematic classification accuracy of 91.97 % was obtained using the current configuration. The implications from the study indicate that an improved AAC solution and speaking biometrics decoding could be undertaken in the future.
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Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring has a significant meaning for the prevention and early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. However, under different calibration methods, it is difficult to determine which model is better for... more
Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring has a significant meaning for the prevention and early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. However, under different calibration methods, it is difficult to determine which model is better for estimating BP. This study was firstly designed to reveal a better BP estimation model by evaluating and optimizing different BP models under a justified and uniform criterion, i.e., the advanced point-to-point pairing method (PTP). Here, the physical trial in this study caused the BP increase largely. In addition, the PPG and ECG signals were collected while the cuff bps were measured for each subject. The validation was conducted on four popular vascular elasticity (VE) models (MK-EE, L-MK, MK-BH, and dMK-BH) and one representative elastic tube (ET) model, i.e., M-M. The results revealed that the VE models except for L-MK outperformed the ET model. The linear L-MK as a VE model had the largest estimated error, and the nonlinear M-M model had a weaker ...
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A cost-effective measurement of wet-bulb temperature of air has great benefits to fulfill a growing demand of industry, cultivation agriculture, and medication. Applying an appropriate algorithm to wet-bulb temperature of air measurement... more
A cost-effective measurement of wet-bulb temperature of air has great benefits to fulfill a growing demand of industry, cultivation agriculture, and medication. Applying an appropriate algorithm to wet-bulb temperature of air measurement can effectively improve the accuracy and speed of its measurement. The study aims to research how an improved transmitter system along with the latent heat–based iteration algorithm is used to precisely measure wet-bulb temperature of air. The work consists of (1) simulation of the iteration algorithm and (2) validation via experimental protocol. The simulation results through latent heat–based iteration algorithm were in good agreement ( R2≥ 0.99) with the reference. The performance of the improved wet-bulb temperature of air transmitter system was tested by a latent heat–based iteration algorithm experimental setup. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved wet-bulb temperature of air in a good consistency with commercial wet-bulb tem...
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Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is an emerging technology used to assess microcirculation and cardiovascular signs by collecting backscattered light from illuminated tissue using optical imaging sensors. An engineering approach is... more
Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is an emerging technology used to assess microcirculation and cardiovascular signs by collecting backscattered light from illuminated tissue using optical imaging sensors. An engineering approach is used to evaluate whether a silicone cast of a human palm might be effectively utilized to predict the results of image registration schemes for motion compensation prior to their application on live human tissue. This allows us to establish a performance baseline for each of the algorithms and to isolate performance and noise fluctuations due to the induced motion from the temporally changing physiological signs. A multi-stage evaluation model is developed to qualitatively assess the influence of the region of interest (ROI), system resolution and distance, reference frame selection, and signal normalization on extracted iPPG waveforms from live tissue. We conclude that the application of image registration is able to deliver up to 75% signal-to-noise ...
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Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is an emerging technology used to assess microcirculation and cardiovascular signs by collecting backscattered light from illuminated tissue using optical imaging sensors. The aim of this study was to... more
Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is an emerging technology used to assess microcirculation and cardiovascular signs by collecting backscattered light from illuminated tissue using optical imaging sensors. The aim of this study was to study how effective smart garment fabrics could be capturing physiological signs in a non-contact mode. The present work demonstrates a feasible approach of, instead of using conventional high-power illumination sources, integrating a grid of surface-mounted light emitting diodes (LEDs) into cotton fabric to spotlight the region of interest (ROI). The green and the red LEDs (525 and 660 nm) placed on a small cotton substrate were used to locally illuminate palm skin in a dual-wavelength iPPG setup, where the backscattered light is transmitted to a remote image sensor through the garment fabric. The results show that the illuminations from both wavelength LEDs can be used to extract heart rate (HR) reaching an accuracy of 90% compared to a contact PPG...
Research Interests: Biosensors and BioSensors
One solution to the global challenge of increasing ocular disease is a cost-effective technique for rapid screening and assessment. Current ophthalmic imaging techniques, e.g. scanning and ocular blood flow systems, are expensive, complex... more
One solution to the global challenge of increasing ocular disease is a cost-effective technique for rapid screening and assessment. Current ophthalmic imaging techniques, e.g. scanning and ocular blood flow systems, are expensive, complex to operate and utilize invasive contrast agents during assessment. The work presented here demonstrates a simple retinal imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) system with the potential to provide screening, diagnosis, monitoring and assessment that is non-invasive, painless and radiationless. Time series of individual retinal blood vessel images, captured with an eye fundus camera, are processed using standard filtering, amplitude demodulation and principle component analysis (PCA) methods to determine the values of the heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR), which are in compliance with simultaneously obtained measurements using commercial pulse oximetry. It also seems possible that some information on the dynamic changes in oxygen saturation lev...
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Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems tend to rely on the interpretation of purposeful gestures for interaction. Existing AAC methods could be cumbersome and limit the solutions in terms of versatility. The study aims... more
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems tend to rely on the interpretation of purposeful gestures for interaction. Existing AAC methods could be cumbersome and limit the solutions in terms of versatility. The study aims to interpret breathing patterns (BPs) to converse with the outside world by means of a unidirectional microphone and researches breathing-pattern interpretation (BPI) to encode messages in an interactive manner with minimal training. We present BP processing work with (1) output synthesized machine-spoken words (SMSW) along with single-channel Weiner filtering (WF) for signal de-noising, and (2) -nearest neighbor () classification of BPs associated with embedded dynamic time warping (DTW). An approved protocol to collect analogue modulated BP sets belonging to 4 distinct classes with 10 training BPs per class and 5 live BPs per class was implemented with 23 healthy subjects. An 86% accuracy of classification was obtained with decreasing error rates o...
Research Interests: Biosensors and BioSensors
The aim of the present study was to identify the response of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to passive lower limb movement and to determine whether there are gender differences. The experimental sets included 5 cycles per minute... more
The aim of the present study was to identify the response of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to passive lower limb movement and to determine whether there are gender differences. The experimental sets included 5 cycles per minute (CPM5), 10 cycles per minute (CPM10) and 15 cycles per minute (CPM15) on the passive cycling machine. ANS activity was measured using heart rate variability time domain analysis (RR interval, pNN50, RMSSD and SDNN), frequency domain analysis (TF, LF, HF and LF/HF) and Poincaré plot analysis (SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio). The collected signal at rest served as the baseline (rest). Compared with the parameters at rest, the male subjects had decreased pNN50, decreased SDNN, lower TP and LF power (ms(2)), suppressed LF (n.u.), augmented HF (n.u.), suppressed LF/HF, decreased SD2 and increased SD1/SD2 ratios in response to CPM5 or CPM10 (all P < 0.05). Compared with the parameters at rest, decreased LF/HF and increased SD1/SD2 in response to CPM5 or CPM10 (...
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The demand for rapid screening technologies, to be used outside of a traditional healthcare setting, has been vastly expanding. This is requiring a new engineering platform for faster and cost effective techniques to be easily adopted... more
The demand for rapid screening technologies, to be used outside of a traditional healthcare setting, has been vastly expanding. This is requiring a new engineering platform for faster and cost effective techniques to be easily adopted through forward-thinking manufacturing procedures, i.e., advanced miniaturisation and heterogeneous integration of high performance microfluidics based point-of-care testing (POCT) systems. Although there has been a considerable amount of research into POCT systems, there exist tremendous challenges and bottlenecks in the design and manufacturing in order to reach a clinical acceptability of sensitivity and selectivity, as well as smart microsystems for healthcare. The project aims to research how to enable scalable production of such complex systems through 1) advanced miniaturisation of a physical layout and opto-electronic component allocation through an optimal design; and 2) heterogeneous integration of multiplexed fluorescence detection (MFD) for in vitro POCT. Verification is being arranged through experimental testing with a series of dilutions of commonly used fluorescence dye, i.e. Cy5. Iterative procedures will be engaged until satisfaction of the detection limit, of Cy5 dye, 1.209x10-10 M. The research creates a new avenue of rapid screening POCT manufacturing solutions with a particular view on high performance and multifunctional detection systems not only in POCT, but also life sciences and environmental applications.
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... The authors would like to express their thanks to Loughborough University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University for the financial support to carry out this study. REFERENCES ... [3] Kamal, AA, Harness, JB, Irving, G. and Mearns, AJ... more
... The authors would like to express their thanks to Loughborough University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University for the financial support to carry out this study. REFERENCES ... [3] Kamal, AA, Harness, JB, Irving, G. and Mearns, AJ "Skin photoplethysmography—a review," Comp. ...
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Photoplethysmography (PPG) based pulse oximetry devices normally use red and infrared illuminations to obtain oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings. In addition, the presence of motion artefacts severely restricts the utility of pulse... more
Photoplethysmography (PPG) based pulse oximetry devices normally use red and infrared illuminations to obtain oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings. In addition, the presence of motion artefacts severely restricts the utility of pulse oximetry physiological measurements. In the current study, a combination of green and orange illuminations from a multi-wavelength optoelectronic patch sensor (mOEPS) was investigated in order to improve robustness to subjects’ movements in the extraction of SpO2 measurement. Two experimental protocols with 31 healthy subjects were designed to determine SpO2 measurement. The datasets for the first protocol were collected from 15 subjects at rest, with the subjects free to move their hands. The datasets for the second protocol with 16 subjects were collected during cycling and running exercises. The results showed good agreements with SpO2 measurements (r = 0.98) in the both protocols. The outcomes promise a robust and cost-effective approach of physi...
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Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography (PPG) can provide physiological assessment at various anatomical locations with no discomfort to the patient. However, most previous imaging PPG (iPPG) systems have been limited by a low sample... more
Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography (PPG) can provide physiological assessment at various anatomical locations with no discomfort to the patient. However, most previous imaging PPG (iPPG) systems have been limited by a low sample frequency, which restricts their use clinically, for instance, in the assessment of pulse rate variability (PRV). In the present study, plethysmographic signals are remotely captured via an iPPG system at a rate of 200 fps. The physiological parameters (i.e., heart and respiration rate and PRV) derived from the iPPG datasets yield statistically comparable results to those acquired using a contact PPG sensor, the gold standard. More importantly, we present evidence that the negative influence of initial low sample frequency could be compensated via interpolation to improve the time domain resolution. We thereby provide further strong support for the low-cost webcam-based iPPG technique and, importantly, open up a new avenue for effective noncontact assessment of multiple physiological parameters, with potential applications in the evaluation of cardiac autonomic activity and remote sensing of vital physiological signs.
—An amalgamated concept of Internet of m-health Things (m-IoT) has been introduced recently and defined as a new concept that matches the functionalities of m-health and IoT for a new and innovative future (4G health) applications. It is... more
—An amalgamated concept of Internet of m-health Things (m-IoT) has been introduced recently and defined as a new concept that matches the functionalities of m-health and IoT for a new and innovative future (4G health) applications. It is well know that diabetes is a major chronic disease problem worldwide with major economic and social impact. To-date there have not been any studies that address the potential of m-IoT for non-invasive glucose level sensing with advanced opto-physiological assessment technique and diabetes management. In this paper we address the potential benefits of using m-IoT in non-invasive glucose level sensing and the potential m-IoT based architecture for diabetes management. We expect to achieve intelligent identification and management in a heterogeneous connectivity environment from the mobile healthcare perspective. Furthermore this technology will enable new communication connectivity routes between mobile patients and care services through innovative IP based networking architectures.