Stig Enemark is Honorary President of the International Federation of Surveyors, FIG (President 2007-2010). He is Professor Emeritus of Land Management at Aalborg University, Denmark, where he was Head of School of Surveying and Planning for 15 years. He holds a M.Sc. in Surveying, Planning, and Land Management and before joining the University in 1980 he was a consultant surveyor in private practice for 12 years. He is Past President and Honorary Member of the Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors. He is a well-known international expert and consultant in the areas of land administration systems, land management and spatial planning, and related issues of education and capacity development. He has published widely in these areas and undertaken consultancies for the World Bank and the European Union especially in Eastern Europe, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. For a full list of more than 400 publications see: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/persons/100037/publications/
As a result of a resolution at the Seventh United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for th... more As a result of a resolution at the Seventh United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas (UNRCCA) held in January 2001 in New York, a Special Forum was hosted by the Government of Mexico through INEGI at their headquarters in Aguascalientes on 26 and 27 October 2004 with a theme of "The Development of Land Information Policies in the Americas". FIG was tasked with taking the lead role in planning and arranging the Special Forum. The objective of this interregional forum was to establish an awareness of the economic and social value for decision makers, of the importance of developing land policies that effectively and efficiently incorporate appropriate spatial data infrastructures, including an understanding of the value of integrating the land administration/cadastre/land registration function with the topographic mapping function. This paper presents an overview of the profile and the outcome of the special forum in terms of the "Aguascalientes Statement" which is tabled at the Eighth UNRCC-A, June 2005 in New York.
The issue of informal development was discussed in details at the joint FIG Com 3 and UNECE/WPLA ... more The issue of informal development was discussed in details at the joint FIG Com 3 and UNECE/WPLA workshop in Sounio, Greece, March 2007. Emphasis was given to the scale of the problem in Southern and Eastern Europe and to means of legalising such informal urban development. This paper, instead, addresses the main issue of how to prevent informal urban development, especially through the use of adequate and sustainable means of land use control and good governance. Three key means are addressed: Decentralisation: There is a need to separate central policy/regulation making and local decision making. This is directly linked to citizen participation in the process of land use control. Decentralisation should aim to combine responsibility for decision making with accountability for financial, social, and environmental consequences. Decentralisation requires access to appropriate quality of land information. Comprehensive planning: This should combine the overall land use policies and the more detailed land-use regulations into one planning document covering the total jurisdiction. Presentation of political aims and objectives as well as problems and preconditions, should then justify the detailed land-use planning and the more detailed land-use regulations. This understanding is important-also as a basis for citizen participation-since planning regulations creates different land use options for the various land owners and citizens. Participation: This should serve as a means to create broader awareness and understanding of the need for planning regulations and enable a locally based dialogue between government and citizens around development opportunities and the need for development control. Eventually, such dialogue should legitimise the local political decision making. But how to involve the citizens in the decision making process? Legislation in itself is not enough. A cultural change within society may need to be encouraged. Again, access to participation requires access to land information. Comprehensive planning at local level supported by citizen participation should also enable establishment proper monitoring systems and enforcement procedures to control and legalise actual informal development. TS 8A-Informal Settlements-Mechanisms to Avoid
The global eradication of infectious diseases through highly coordinated campaigns has been succe... more The global eradication of infectious diseases through highly coordinated campaigns has been successful. Although insecurity of tenure is not a disease, its impact is devastating in terms of trapping people in poverty, displacing communities and making them homeless, and reducing food security and creating hunger. Only about 30% of the world's population are covered by official land administration systems while the rest potentially suffer from insecurity of tenure. This is a human rights issue. Therefore, should a global campaign to achieve 80% global security of tenure by 2030 be planned and initiated? It is time for the land sector communities to be more ambitious in their goals, involve new partners to support innovation, adopt highly scalable approaches, collaborate more effectively under this common objective to eradicate this scourge on the earth and create land rights for all. This proposed global campaign could well be the necessary catalyst for change. The paper initially investigates the drivers that are emerging at the highest levels to raise the necessity and urgency to initiate a scalable, global campaign to eradicate insecurity of tenure. The paper then discusses how the global community needs to change and coordinate to make it happen.
The paper addresses the issue of informal urban development with a special focus on planning cont... more The paper addresses the issue of informal urban development with a special focus on planning control and integrated land-use management as a means to prevent and legalise such development. In this context the paper presents an overall understanding of the land management paradigm for sustainable development. The paper then identifies the diversity of planning systems in a European context and the key legal means of control. Planning is politics. The framework for political decision-making should therefore be organised to facilitate an integrated approach to land-use management that combines the three areas of land policies, land information management, and land-use management. Such a framework, that includes monitoring and enforcement procedures, should support sustainable development, and, at the same time, provide the basic means for preventing and legalising informal urban development.
This paper looks at implementing Fit-For-Purpose land administration solutions at county level. T... more This paper looks at implementing Fit-For-Purpose land administration solutions at county level. This will require a country specific strategy drawing from the recent GLTN publication on "Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration-Guiding Principles for Country Implementation". The Fit-For-Purpose concept is about applying the spatial, legal and institutional methodologies that are most fit for the purpose of providing secure tenure for all by addressing the current constraints and allowing for incremental improvement over time. This paper aims to present the first step of implementation by unfolding the contents of these kinds of country specific strategies. Arguably, their creation should include the following associated steps: 1) Analysis of country context; 2) Analysis of existing spatial / legal / institutional frameworks; 3) Developing a country specific FFP strategy for land administration; 4) Designing the country specific FFP spatial / legal / institutional frameworks; 5) Capacity development; 6) Country specific instruction manuals; and 7) Economic benefits analysis. Finally, the paper presents some experiences and reflections from a case study on implementing the FFP approach for land registration in the Gresik District, Indonesia.
The Fifth International Exhibition and Scientific Congress in geodesy, cartography, geology, geop... more The Fifth International Exhibition and Scientific Congress in geodesy, cartography, geology, geophysics, land management, real property cadastre, GIS-technologies, forestry management, environmental monitoring.
There are two major drivers that are increasingly encouraging and compelling countries, especiall... more There are two major drivers that are increasingly encouraging and compelling countries, especially developing countries, to adopt a Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) approach to land administration. The first relates to the Global Agenda as set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other frameworks, such as the New Urban Agenda, where it is now accepted that security of tenure is a prerequisite for successful transformational change. The second is about taking advantage of the opportunities provided by new and emerging game-changing technology developments that change the focus from costly, hightech solutions to providing fast, low cost, participatory approaches for achieving secure tenure for all. This paper initially provides background to the 2030 Global Agenda and the realisation that many of these goals will not be achieved without quickly solving the current insecurity of tenure crisis through the FFP approach to land administration. New technology and emerging trends for land administration, identified within the World Bank's Guide (2017), will then be reviewed within the context of implementing FFP land administration solutions. Finally, the paper will review the lessons learned from implementing FFP land administration solutions in three developing countries, Indonesia, Nepal and Uganda, to identify how their country strategies were evolved, how the FFP land administration guidelines were interpreted and adapted, how politicians and decision makers signed onto the approach, and how the mind-set of key stakeholders, including surveyors, were changed to embrace FFP land administration.
This paper describes the key principles for building sustainable and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) Land A... more This paper describes the key principles for building sustainable and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) Land Administration Systems especially in developing countries where often less the 10 per cent of the land and population is included in the formal systems. New solutions are required that can deliver security of tenure for all, are affordable and can be quickly developed and incrementally improved over time. The Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) approach to land administration has emerged to meet these simple, but challenging requirements. It is argued that the FFP approach is the only viable solution to solving the global security of tenure divide. This FFP approach has been recognized and supported by FIG and the World Bank (FIG/WB, 2014). UN-HABITAT / GLTN has decided to elaborate this approach further by initiating a project in cooperation with Dutch Kadaster on developing a Guide for Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration in collaboration with key partners. This paper presents the conceptual outcome of this project. The resulting GLTN publication will be launched at the FIG Working Week,
Universités de perfectionnement, des acteurs, des changements... François Mazuyer, président de l... more Universités de perfectionnement, des acteurs, des changements... François Mazuyer, président de la Fédération des géomètres francophones (FGF) La FGF a été créée par la déclaration de Rabat le 24 novembre 2005. Après les premières années consacrées à la constitution et au renforcement de l'association par des recrutements de nouveaux adhérents, l'assemblée générale de Prague, en 2009, a donné comme axe prioritaire de ses actions l'aide à l'organisation de la profession et la formation dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne.
The term "Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration" indicates that the approach used for building land... more The term "Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration" indicates that the approach used for building land administration systems in less developed countries should be flexible and focused on serving the purpose of the systems (such as providing security of tenure and control of land use) rather than focusing on topend technical solutions and high accuracy surveys. Of course, such flexibility allows for land administration systems to be incrementally improved over time. This paper unfolds the Fit-For-Purpose concept by analyzing the three core components: The spatial framework (large scale land parcel mapping) should be provided using affordable modern technologies such aerial imageries rather than field surveys. The legal framework must support both legal and social tenure, and the regulations must be designed along administrative rather than judicial lines. The fit-for-purpose approach must be enshrined in law. The institutional framework is often a major obstacle. The fit-for-purpose approach includes by default issues like good governance, participatory approaches and building from local strengths and norms. This paper argues that the fit-for-purpose approach to building land administration systems in less developed countries is fundamental for meeting the upcoming post 2015 global agenda.
"Climate change is the defining challenge of our time". This statement by UN Secretary General Ba... more "Climate change is the defining challenge of our time". This statement by UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon (2009) is still valid. The challenges of food shortage, environmental degradation and natural disasters are to a large extent caused by the overarching challenge of climate change, while the rapid urbanisation is a general trend that in itself has a significant impact on climate change. Measures for adaptation to climate change must be integrated into strategies for poverty reduction to ensure sustainable development and for meeting the Millennium Development Goals and beyond. Sustainable monitoring systems and systems for land administration and management should serve as a basis for climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as prevention and management of natural disasters.
Professionals and FIG 6/23 collaboration with FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management), wh... more Professionals and FIG 6/23 collaboration with FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management), which has extensive experience in comparative cadastral studies. (Steudler, et.al. 2004).
Spatial frameworks identify the spatial units such as land parcels, as a basis for dealing with l... more Spatial frameworks identify the spatial units such as land parcels, as a basis for dealing with land administration functions. However, building such spatial frameworks is not primarily about accuracy. It is about adequate identification and representation of the spatial/legal objects and parcels; completeness to cover the total jurisdiction; and credibility in terms of reliable data being trusted by the users. Accuracy can then be incrementally improved over time when relevant and justified by serving the needs of citizen, business and society in general. Such a fit-for-purpose approach is fundamental for building adequate land administration systems in developing regions in support of sustainable and transparent land governance. The paper addresses some of the key technological, economic, legal, and social issues related to building such fit-for purpose spatial frameworks as a means of paving the way towards sustainable and transparent land governance in developing countries. Arguably sound land governance is the key to achieve sustainable development and to support the global agenda set by adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Land governance is about the policies, processes and institutions by which land, property and natural resources are managed. The operational component of land governance is the country specific land administration systems dealing with the four key functions of land tenure, land value, land, and land development. From a global perspective, land administration systems act within adopted land policies that define the legal regulatory pattern for dealing with land issues. Land administration systems-whether highly advanced or very basic-require a spatial framework to operate. This framework provides the fundamental information for dealing with land issues such as adjudication and recordation of legal and social tenure; assessment of land value and taxation; identification of the current use of land and planning for future land use and development; delivery of utility services; and administration and protection of natural resources. This paper argues that the spatial framework should be developed using a flexible and fit-for-purpose approach rather than being guided by costly field survey procedures or over-engineered technology solutions. When considering the resources and capacities required to build such spatial frameworks in developing countries, the western concepts may well be seen as the end target but not as the point of entry. When assessing the technology and investment choices the focus should be on building a fit-forpurpose framework that will meet the needs of society today and that can be incrementally improved over time.
The paper facilitates an understanding of how the cadastral concept has evolved over time into th... more The paper facilitates an understanding of how the cadastral concept has evolved over time into the broader concept of Land Administration Systems in support of sound Land Governance. The role of land professionals and FIG is underlined in this regard.
As a result of a resolution at the Seventh United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for th... more As a result of a resolution at the Seventh United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas (UNRCCA) held in January 2001 in New York, a Special Forum was hosted by the Government of Mexico through INEGI at their headquarters in Aguascalientes on 26 and 27 October 2004 with a theme of "The Development of Land Information Policies in the Americas". FIG was tasked with taking the lead role in planning and arranging the Special Forum. The objective of this interregional forum was to establish an awareness of the economic and social value for decision makers, of the importance of developing land policies that effectively and efficiently incorporate appropriate spatial data infrastructures, including an understanding of the value of integrating the land administration/cadastre/land registration function with the topographic mapping function. This paper presents an overview of the profile and the outcome of the special forum in terms of the "Aguascalientes Statement" which is tabled at the Eighth UNRCC-A, June 2005 in New York.
The issue of informal development was discussed in details at the joint FIG Com 3 and UNECE/WPLA ... more The issue of informal development was discussed in details at the joint FIG Com 3 and UNECE/WPLA workshop in Sounio, Greece, March 2007. Emphasis was given to the scale of the problem in Southern and Eastern Europe and to means of legalising such informal urban development. This paper, instead, addresses the main issue of how to prevent informal urban development, especially through the use of adequate and sustainable means of land use control and good governance. Three key means are addressed: Decentralisation: There is a need to separate central policy/regulation making and local decision making. This is directly linked to citizen participation in the process of land use control. Decentralisation should aim to combine responsibility for decision making with accountability for financial, social, and environmental consequences. Decentralisation requires access to appropriate quality of land information. Comprehensive planning: This should combine the overall land use policies and the more detailed land-use regulations into one planning document covering the total jurisdiction. Presentation of political aims and objectives as well as problems and preconditions, should then justify the detailed land-use planning and the more detailed land-use regulations. This understanding is important-also as a basis for citizen participation-since planning regulations creates different land use options for the various land owners and citizens. Participation: This should serve as a means to create broader awareness and understanding of the need for planning regulations and enable a locally based dialogue between government and citizens around development opportunities and the need for development control. Eventually, such dialogue should legitimise the local political decision making. But how to involve the citizens in the decision making process? Legislation in itself is not enough. A cultural change within society may need to be encouraged. Again, access to participation requires access to land information. Comprehensive planning at local level supported by citizen participation should also enable establishment proper monitoring systems and enforcement procedures to control and legalise actual informal development. TS 8A-Informal Settlements-Mechanisms to Avoid
The global eradication of infectious diseases through highly coordinated campaigns has been succe... more The global eradication of infectious diseases through highly coordinated campaigns has been successful. Although insecurity of tenure is not a disease, its impact is devastating in terms of trapping people in poverty, displacing communities and making them homeless, and reducing food security and creating hunger. Only about 30% of the world's population are covered by official land administration systems while the rest potentially suffer from insecurity of tenure. This is a human rights issue. Therefore, should a global campaign to achieve 80% global security of tenure by 2030 be planned and initiated? It is time for the land sector communities to be more ambitious in their goals, involve new partners to support innovation, adopt highly scalable approaches, collaborate more effectively under this common objective to eradicate this scourge on the earth and create land rights for all. This proposed global campaign could well be the necessary catalyst for change. The paper initially investigates the drivers that are emerging at the highest levels to raise the necessity and urgency to initiate a scalable, global campaign to eradicate insecurity of tenure. The paper then discusses how the global community needs to change and coordinate to make it happen.
The paper addresses the issue of informal urban development with a special focus on planning cont... more The paper addresses the issue of informal urban development with a special focus on planning control and integrated land-use management as a means to prevent and legalise such development. In this context the paper presents an overall understanding of the land management paradigm for sustainable development. The paper then identifies the diversity of planning systems in a European context and the key legal means of control. Planning is politics. The framework for political decision-making should therefore be organised to facilitate an integrated approach to land-use management that combines the three areas of land policies, land information management, and land-use management. Such a framework, that includes monitoring and enforcement procedures, should support sustainable development, and, at the same time, provide the basic means for preventing and legalising informal urban development.
This paper looks at implementing Fit-For-Purpose land administration solutions at county level. T... more This paper looks at implementing Fit-For-Purpose land administration solutions at county level. This will require a country specific strategy drawing from the recent GLTN publication on "Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration-Guiding Principles for Country Implementation". The Fit-For-Purpose concept is about applying the spatial, legal and institutional methodologies that are most fit for the purpose of providing secure tenure for all by addressing the current constraints and allowing for incremental improvement over time. This paper aims to present the first step of implementation by unfolding the contents of these kinds of country specific strategies. Arguably, their creation should include the following associated steps: 1) Analysis of country context; 2) Analysis of existing spatial / legal / institutional frameworks; 3) Developing a country specific FFP strategy for land administration; 4) Designing the country specific FFP spatial / legal / institutional frameworks; 5) Capacity development; 6) Country specific instruction manuals; and 7) Economic benefits analysis. Finally, the paper presents some experiences and reflections from a case study on implementing the FFP approach for land registration in the Gresik District, Indonesia.
The Fifth International Exhibition and Scientific Congress in geodesy, cartography, geology, geop... more The Fifth International Exhibition and Scientific Congress in geodesy, cartography, geology, geophysics, land management, real property cadastre, GIS-technologies, forestry management, environmental monitoring.
There are two major drivers that are increasingly encouraging and compelling countries, especiall... more There are two major drivers that are increasingly encouraging and compelling countries, especially developing countries, to adopt a Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) approach to land administration. The first relates to the Global Agenda as set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other frameworks, such as the New Urban Agenda, where it is now accepted that security of tenure is a prerequisite for successful transformational change. The second is about taking advantage of the opportunities provided by new and emerging game-changing technology developments that change the focus from costly, hightech solutions to providing fast, low cost, participatory approaches for achieving secure tenure for all. This paper initially provides background to the 2030 Global Agenda and the realisation that many of these goals will not be achieved without quickly solving the current insecurity of tenure crisis through the FFP approach to land administration. New technology and emerging trends for land administration, identified within the World Bank's Guide (2017), will then be reviewed within the context of implementing FFP land administration solutions. Finally, the paper will review the lessons learned from implementing FFP land administration solutions in three developing countries, Indonesia, Nepal and Uganda, to identify how their country strategies were evolved, how the FFP land administration guidelines were interpreted and adapted, how politicians and decision makers signed onto the approach, and how the mind-set of key stakeholders, including surveyors, were changed to embrace FFP land administration.
This paper describes the key principles for building sustainable and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) Land A... more This paper describes the key principles for building sustainable and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) Land Administration Systems especially in developing countries where often less the 10 per cent of the land and population is included in the formal systems. New solutions are required that can deliver security of tenure for all, are affordable and can be quickly developed and incrementally improved over time. The Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) approach to land administration has emerged to meet these simple, but challenging requirements. It is argued that the FFP approach is the only viable solution to solving the global security of tenure divide. This FFP approach has been recognized and supported by FIG and the World Bank (FIG/WB, 2014). UN-HABITAT / GLTN has decided to elaborate this approach further by initiating a project in cooperation with Dutch Kadaster on developing a Guide for Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration in collaboration with key partners. This paper presents the conceptual outcome of this project. The resulting GLTN publication will be launched at the FIG Working Week,
Universités de perfectionnement, des acteurs, des changements... François Mazuyer, président de l... more Universités de perfectionnement, des acteurs, des changements... François Mazuyer, président de la Fédération des géomètres francophones (FGF) La FGF a été créée par la déclaration de Rabat le 24 novembre 2005. Après les premières années consacrées à la constitution et au renforcement de l'association par des recrutements de nouveaux adhérents, l'assemblée générale de Prague, en 2009, a donné comme axe prioritaire de ses actions l'aide à l'organisation de la profession et la formation dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne.
The term "Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration" indicates that the approach used for building land... more The term "Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration" indicates that the approach used for building land administration systems in less developed countries should be flexible and focused on serving the purpose of the systems (such as providing security of tenure and control of land use) rather than focusing on topend technical solutions and high accuracy surveys. Of course, such flexibility allows for land administration systems to be incrementally improved over time. This paper unfolds the Fit-For-Purpose concept by analyzing the three core components: The spatial framework (large scale land parcel mapping) should be provided using affordable modern technologies such aerial imageries rather than field surveys. The legal framework must support both legal and social tenure, and the regulations must be designed along administrative rather than judicial lines. The fit-for-purpose approach must be enshrined in law. The institutional framework is often a major obstacle. The fit-for-purpose approach includes by default issues like good governance, participatory approaches and building from local strengths and norms. This paper argues that the fit-for-purpose approach to building land administration systems in less developed countries is fundamental for meeting the upcoming post 2015 global agenda.
"Climate change is the defining challenge of our time". This statement by UN Secretary General Ba... more "Climate change is the defining challenge of our time". This statement by UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon (2009) is still valid. The challenges of food shortage, environmental degradation and natural disasters are to a large extent caused by the overarching challenge of climate change, while the rapid urbanisation is a general trend that in itself has a significant impact on climate change. Measures for adaptation to climate change must be integrated into strategies for poverty reduction to ensure sustainable development and for meeting the Millennium Development Goals and beyond. Sustainable monitoring systems and systems for land administration and management should serve as a basis for climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as prevention and management of natural disasters.
Professionals and FIG 6/23 collaboration with FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management), wh... more Professionals and FIG 6/23 collaboration with FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management), which has extensive experience in comparative cadastral studies. (Steudler, et.al. 2004).
Spatial frameworks identify the spatial units such as land parcels, as a basis for dealing with l... more Spatial frameworks identify the spatial units such as land parcels, as a basis for dealing with land administration functions. However, building such spatial frameworks is not primarily about accuracy. It is about adequate identification and representation of the spatial/legal objects and parcels; completeness to cover the total jurisdiction; and credibility in terms of reliable data being trusted by the users. Accuracy can then be incrementally improved over time when relevant and justified by serving the needs of citizen, business and society in general. Such a fit-for-purpose approach is fundamental for building adequate land administration systems in developing regions in support of sustainable and transparent land governance. The paper addresses some of the key technological, economic, legal, and social issues related to building such fit-for purpose spatial frameworks as a means of paving the way towards sustainable and transparent land governance in developing countries. Arguably sound land governance is the key to achieve sustainable development and to support the global agenda set by adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Land governance is about the policies, processes and institutions by which land, property and natural resources are managed. The operational component of land governance is the country specific land administration systems dealing with the four key functions of land tenure, land value, land, and land development. From a global perspective, land administration systems act within adopted land policies that define the legal regulatory pattern for dealing with land issues. Land administration systems-whether highly advanced or very basic-require a spatial framework to operate. This framework provides the fundamental information for dealing with land issues such as adjudication and recordation of legal and social tenure; assessment of land value and taxation; identification of the current use of land and planning for future land use and development; delivery of utility services; and administration and protection of natural resources. This paper argues that the spatial framework should be developed using a flexible and fit-for-purpose approach rather than being guided by costly field survey procedures or over-engineered technology solutions. When considering the resources and capacities required to build such spatial frameworks in developing countries, the western concepts may well be seen as the end target but not as the point of entry. When assessing the technology and investment choices the focus should be on building a fit-forpurpose framework that will meet the needs of society today and that can be incrementally improved over time.
The paper facilitates an understanding of how the cadastral concept has evolved over time into th... more The paper facilitates an understanding of how the cadastral concept has evolved over time into the broader concept of Land Administration Systems in support of sound Land Governance. The role of land professionals and FIG is underlined in this regard.
Innovations in Land Rights Recognition, Administration, and Governance, 2010
The Research Group of the World Bank chose Ethiopia, Indonesia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Peru, and Ta... more The Research Group of the World Bank chose Ethiopia, Indonesia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Peru, and Tanzania to field-test 19 the group's new Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) to see how it held up under diverse social and economic situations. Designed as a diagnostic tool for evaluating the recognition, administration, and governance of land rights at the national level, the LGAF provides governments with an objective assessment tool for identifying the areas where improvements are needed. The overall diagnosis results from an assessment of 21 Land Governance Indicators (LGIs) grouped into five main topics: (1) legal and institutional framework, (2) land use planning, management and taxation, (3) management of public land, (4) public provision of land information, and (5) dispute resolution and conflict management. The 21 indicators are, in turn, broken down into several subindicators or "dimensions" that sum up 72 ways to measure different aspects of land governance. This paper summarizes the findings of the LGAF pilot program in Peru-based on discussions involving a series of seven panels of Peruvian experts on issues related to land rights. Following LGAF guidelines, the panels were comprised of five to nine members, involving a total of 38 specialists, 22 of them from the public sector-selected on the basis of the relevance of their respective government agencies to LGIs. Private sector participants included 16 lawyers, architects, and representatives from private sector professional associations and NGOs with an acknowledged track record in the required fields. Why is the LGAF important even to a middle income country such as Peru? In recent years, Peru has experienced a burst of economic growth that has caught the eye of the world's multilateral agencies and private investors. In 2007, Peru's real GDP growth was 8.3 percent, the highest in Latin America; and the following year it was an astonishing 9.8 percent, the highest in the world. With the developed world's economies trying to move out of reverse gear in 2009 the Peruvian economy was still growing. Exports in commodities and agricultural products have been booming. Peru has signed Free Trade Agreements with the United States, Canada, Singapore, and China. In 2008, Peru won international investment upgrades from Fitch and Standard and Poor's, and in December 2009, Moody's followed with its own upgrade. Key to Peru's current success and microeconomic stability were Government efforts over the past 20 years to extend legal property rights to more Peruvians. In fact, most of Peru's laws related to land now seem adequate, even progressive: they broadly recognize rights for most of the types of land tenure; they describe the roles of public agencies, including decentralized bodies as well as the central government, in providing safety and basic public services as well as protecting the environment. Legislation and ongoing initiatives are also promising. Implementation, however, has been a problem.
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