Pyrolysis of common reed (Phragmites australis) stalks were performed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (tincal, colemanite, and ulexite) and without catalyst at three different temperatures (400, 500, and 600°C) with a constant heating... more
Pyrolysis of common reed (Phragmites australis) stalks were performed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (tincal, colemanite, and ulexite) and without catalyst at three different temperatures (400, 500, and 600°C) with a constant heating rate of 30°C/min and sweeping gas (N2) flow rate of 100 cm3/min. The amounts of solid (bio-char), liquid (bio-oil + water), and gaseous products were calculated and the compositions of the bio-oils were characterized by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. The effects of pyrolysis parameters, such as temperature and catalyst, on the product yields were investigated. The results show that both temperature and catalyst have significant effects on the conversion of Phragmites australis into solid, liquid, and gaseous products. The highest liquid yield of 34.67% by weight, including aqeous phase, was obtained with 10% ulexite at 500°C. Further, 101 different compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the bio-oils obtained at 500°C.
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ABSTRACT Slow pyrolysis of giant mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) stalks have been carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (Al2O3, ZnO) and without catalyst at four different temperatures between 400 to 550°C with a constant heating... more
ABSTRACT Slow pyrolysis of giant mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) stalks have been carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (Al2O3, ZnO) and without catalyst at four different temperatures between 400 to 550°C with a constant heating rate of 50°C/min and with a constant sweeping gas (N2) flow rate of 100 cm3/min. The amounts of bio-char, bio-oil, and gas produced were calculated and the compositions of the obtained bio-oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of pyrolysis parameters, such as temperature and catalyst, on the product yields were investigated. The results show that both temperature and catalyst have significant effects on the conversion of Verbascum thapsus L. into solid, liquid, and gaseous products. The highest liquid yield of 40.43% by weight including the aqeous phase was obtained with 10% zinc oxide catalyst at 500°C temperature. Sixty-seven different products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the bio-oils obtained at 500°C temperature.
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An experimental study of the kinetics of generating hydrogen through the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride using Cu and Fe salts as catalysts was performed. Sodium borohydride is stable in aqueous solutions, but it hydrolyses in water in... more
An experimental study of the kinetics of generating hydrogen through the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride using Cu and Fe salts as catalysts was performed. Sodium borohydride is stable in aqueous solutions, but it hydrolyses in water in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, creating hydrogen gas. Hydrogen can be safely generated in this way for use. Generating H2 from NaBH4 in an aqueous solution has many benefits such as NaBH4 solutions are non-flammable, the reaction products are innocuous, the amount of H2 generated is easily controlled, the reaction product (NaBO2) can be recycled and H2 can be produced at low temperatures. Kinetics studies were performed by using different NaBH4 concentrations, different Cu or Fe salt concentrations and different reaction temperatures. The reaction rate formulae, activation energies, ΔH # and ΔS # values and total turnover numbers were calculated.
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Today, fossil fuels which cover the majority of our energetic and chemical needs are limited in supply and depleting due to growing trends in energy consumption. Accordingly, researchers are seeking alternative sources that are renewable,... more
Today, fossil fuels which cover the majority of our energetic and chemical needs are limited in supply and depleting due to growing trends in energy consumption. Accordingly, researchers are seeking alternative sources that are renewable, sustainable, clean and environmentally friendly. Biomass, as a renewable source, is attracting worldwide attention to meet increasing demands of feedstocks that can be used directly or indirectly in the energy and chemical sector. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels that are produced from biomass for transportation applications. As biofuels are renewable, sustainable, carbon neutral and environmentally friendly, they have been proposed as promising alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels. There has been growing interest on biomass-based biorefineries for developing the processes and technologies for the conversion of biomass to liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals. There have been tremendous scientific and technological developments in the are...
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Pyrolysis of Isochrysis microalgae was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor without and with metal oxide catalysts (CeO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) at the temperatures of 450, 500 and 550 o C with a constant heating rate of 40 o C/min. The... more
Pyrolysis of Isochrysis microalgae was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor without and with metal oxide catalysts (CeO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) at the temperatures of 450, 500 and 550 o C with a constant heating rate of 40 o C/min. The pyrolysis conditions including catalyst and temperature were studied in terms of their effects on the yields of pyrolysis products and quality. The amount of bio-char, bio-oil and gas products was calculated. The composition of the produced bio-oils was determined by Elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) and Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. As a result of the pyrolysis experiments, it is shown that there have been significant effects of both catalyst and temperature on the conversion of Isochrysis microalgae into solid, liquid (bio-oil) and gas products. The highest bio-oil yield (24.30 %) including aqueous phase was obtained in the presence of TiO 2 (50%) as catalyst at 500 °C. 98 different compounds were identified by GC-MS in bio-oils obtained at 500 o C. According to 1 H NMR analysis, bio-oils contained ∼60-64 % aliphatic and ∼17-19 % aromatic structural units. EA showed that the bio-oils contained ∼66-69 % C and having 31-34 MJ/kg higher heating values.
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Optimization of process variables including temperature, solvent, catalyst, particle size, solvent/mass ratio and reaction time on supercritical liquefaction of giant fennel was conducted.