Chlorides

The first stages of the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by forced hydrolysis of ZnCl2 with NaOH and water in ethanol have been investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. At sufficiently low water concentrations, focusing of the nanoparticle size distribution was observed during the nucleation and growth phase, followed by a defocusing phase when coarsening becomes significant. During nucleation and growth, only the smaller particles grow while the larger particles have an essentially zero growth rate, indicating that the growth rate decreases rapidly with particle size. As the average particle size remains nearly constant in this regime, the absorbance increase with time can be used to determine the nucleation rate. The nucleation rate was found to depend on both the water concentration and the reactant concentrations. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism where water determines the precursor formation kinetics thus controlling the nucleation rate.The first stages of the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by forced hydrolysis of ZnCl2 with NaOH and water in ethanol have been investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. At sufficiently low water concentrations, focusing of the nanoparticle size distribution was observed during the nucleation and growth phase, followed by a defocusing phase when coarsening becomes significant. During nucleation and growth, only the smaller particles grow while the larger particles have an essentially zero growth rate, indicating that the growth rate decreases rapidly with particle size. As the average particle size remains nearly constant in this regime, the absorbance increase with time can be used to determine the nucleation rate. The nucleation rate was found to depend on both the water concentration and the reactant concentrations. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism where water determines the precursor formation kinetics thus controlling the nucleation rate. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Figures illustrating the time dependence of (a) the absorbance maximum and (b) λ1/2 for different [NaOH]/[ZnCl2] ratios at a fixed water concentration of 100 mM and 1 mM ZnCl. See DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00439a

Pharmacologically active molecule for gold nanoparticles synthesis.Functionalization of gold nanoparticles achieved without doping molecules.Anti-diabetic potent gold nanoparticles.In the present investigation, functionalization of gold nanoparticles synthesized using propanoic acid 2-(3-acetoxy-4,4,14-trimethylandrost-8-en-17-yl) (PAT) an active biocomponent isolated from Cassia auriculata is studied in detail. On reaction of PAT with aqueous HAuCl4, rapid formation of stable gold nanoparticles was achieved. Formation of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, GC–MS, FTIR, TEM and SEM with EDAX. Gold nanoparticles mostly were monodisperse, spherical in shape and ranged in size 12–41 nm. Gold nanoparticles synthesised using PAT was administered to alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight) induced diabetic male albino rats at different doses (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Plasma glucose level, cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in experimental animals treated with gold nanoparticles at dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight and plasma insulin increased significantly. The newly genre green gold nanoparticles exhibit remarkable protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity.

Inhibition of intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase is an important strategy to regulate diabetes mellitus (DM). Antioxidants from plants are widely regarded in the prevention of diabetes. Fruits of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae) and Piper cubeba L. f. (Piperaceae) and flowers of Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) are traditionally used to cure DM in different countries. However, the role of these plants has been grossly under reported and is yet to receive proper scientific evaluation with respect to understand their traditional role in the management of diabetes especially as digestive enzymes inhibitors. Hence, methanol and aqueous extracts of the aforementioned plants were evaluated for their in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition at 1 mg/mL and quantification of their antioxidant properties (DPPH, FRAP tests, total phenolic and total flavonoids contents). In vitro optimization studies for the extracts were also performed to enhance in vitro biological ac...

During recent years investigation on the development of eco-friendly processes for production of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have received much attention due to hazardous effects of chemical compounds used for nanoparticle preparation. In the present study, the purified laccase from Paraconiothyrium variabile was applied for synthesis of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the properties of produced nanoparticles were characterized. The UV–vis spectrum

The present study reports in detail the LD50 determination in white mice of ICR strain from iv administration of barium in the form of chloride. The LD50 value was found to be 19.2 mg Ba2+/kg. The results for nitrate and acetate were close to chloride, but in Swiss-Webster strains these values were lower by a factor of almost 2. Further, LD50 values for Mg, Ca and Sr (using chlorides in ICR-mice) were 14.4, 42.4 and 147.6 mg/kg, respectively.

Deterioration of reinforced concrete and the reliability of deteriorating structures have been, and still are, widely researched fields. A critical aspect of this research effort is the integration of deterioration modelling with reliability assessment. This paper focuses on this issue and illustrates how the integration of these techniques can lead towards more realistic predictions of the time dependent performance of reinforced concrete bridge structures. The introduction of spatial random fields into the proposed approach facilitates the identification of the type and quantity of data required to update models and improve predictions. This is an essential step in the rational prioritisation of maintenance actions for such structures. However, there are still important gaps both in understanding and modelling the deterioration process, as well as in assessing its influence on bridge performance. In this respect, the methodology presented in the paper can be developed further, and...

Industrial wastewater presents a potential hazard to natural water system. This wastewater contains organic matter, which is toxic to the various life forms of the system. Industrial wastewater has complex mixture of chemicals whose behavior towards biological system can be different. Treatment of these wastes is therefore of paramount important. Wastewaters produced from pharma Industries pose several problems. Pharma industries are widely been used for the production of wide range of antibiotics, solvents and many by-products which are widely useful for both man-kind and in agriculture purpose. This study was designed a waste water treatment with an aim at minimizing and removing of COD, BOD, dissolved solids and toxic compounds, before it releases into a water body. In the present study efficiency of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) in removing contaminants was determined. It was found that MFC is much effective and cheaper method for treating waste water and for the removal of TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Sulphates and Chlorides. Batch type anaerobic biological treatment plant was constructed and operated for pharma industry waste water treatment. The hydraulic retention time was 12 days. The treated water samples were collected for every 72 hours and tested for its pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, Sulphates and Chlorides to evaluate the efficiency of the plant. The results obtained were quite appreciable as it reduced COD to 91.5% and a small amount of 335mV has also been produced.

Neurodegerative diseases have been linked to oxidative stress arising from peroxidation of membrane biomolecules and high levels of Fe have been reported to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorder. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end-product of lipid peroxidation and the production of this aldehyde is used as a biomarker to measure the level of oxidative stress in an organism. The present study compares the protective properties of two varieties of ginger [red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)] on Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. Incubation of the brain tissue homogenate in the presence of Fe caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the brain. However, the aqueous extract from both varieties of ginger caused a significant decrease in the MDA contents of the brain in a dose-dependent manner. However, the aqueous extract of red ginger had a significantly higher inhibitory effect on both Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain homogenates than that of white ginger. This higher inhibitory effect of red ginger could be attributed to its significantly higher phytochemical content, Fe2+ chelating ability, OH

Extremely low caries rate and increased major salivary gland flow rare have been previously reported in children with familial dysautonomia (FD). The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility that, in addition to increased salivary flow, children with FD have alterations in their salivary components, which may suggest an explanauon to their low caries rate. Whole unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were collected from 13 children with FD who were found to be caries free, and from 28 age- and ethnic-matched healthy children, 15 caries-free children and 13 caries-affected children. The electrolyte and protein content of the unstimulated saliva and the microbial count and buffering capacity of the stimulated saliva were determined. Children with FD had the highest salivary flow rate and the lowest levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, as well as the lowest concentration of chloride, magnesium, total protein and IgA. Healthy caries-affected children displayed...

The present study investigated the chemical composition of rainwater at Kabir nagar, Nari, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. The rainwater samples were collected on event basis during June–July–August-2006 and were analyzed for pH, major anions Cl, NO3, SO4) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4). The pH value varied from 6.0 to 7.3 (avg. 6.3 ± 0.3) indicating alkaline nature of rainwater. The pH of the rainwater was found well above the reference pH (5.6), showing alkalinity during the monsoon season. The average and standard deviation of ionic composition was found to be 98.1 ± 10.6 μeql−1. The total anions contribute 45.1% and cations 54.9%, respectively to rainwater. Neutralization factors (NF) followed a sequence of NFCa > NFMg >  $ {\text{NF}}_{{\text{NH}}_{\text{4}} } $ with factors of 1.1, 0.38 and 0.15 indicating the crustal components are responsible for neutralization of anions. The average ratio of (NO3 + Cl)/SO4 observed as 1.1 indicates that nitric and hydrochloric acid influences the acidity of rainwater. The ratio of NH4/NO3 and NH4/SO4 was observed as 0.68 and 0.34 indicate that the possible compounds which may predominate in the atmosphere are NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Ionic correlation was established to identify sources of origin. A good correlation was seen between Ca and Mg (r = 0.95); suggesting the common occurrence of these ions from crustal origin. Similarly, the acidic ions SO4 and NO3 correlated well (r = 0.60) indicating their origin from similar sources. Other relatively significant correlations were observed between Ca and SO4 (r = 0.92), Mg and SO4 (r = 0.83), Ca and NO3 (r = 0.09), Ca and Cl (r = 0.34) and Mg and Cl (r = 0.31), and Mg and NO3 (r = 0.71). The observed rainwater ratio of Cl/Na (1.1) is closer to that of seawater ratio (1.16) indicates fractionation of sea-salt and modifications by non-marine constituents as the site is 834 km away from the sea coast. The nss-Ca contribution was observed as 95.7% suggesting their crustal origin whereas nss-Mg and nss-K shows their contribution as 87.9% and 83.2% indicating influence of soil sources. The nss-SO4 contributed as 87.4% shows anthropogenic origin.