COD

The work aims to study performance of a various combination of technique for effective domestic wastewater treatment. Effort was made to developed treatment option to treat the domestic waste by using attached growth system and combined attached & suspended growth system. For attached growth system constructed wetland, modified multimedia filtration process are used & for CSAG system RDR technology is used , RDR adopts rotation pattern to enhance the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment. To study the performance of the reactor, laboratory models were fabricated with GI sheet having appropriate dimension. The model were provided with appropriate arrangements of inlet, outlet. The lab scale model was operated for different operating conditions at different detention time. The studies were carried out to analyze the performance of reactor for removal of various parameters such as BOD, COD and TS. It is found out that constructed wetland gives best % BOD removal of 81 %, % COD re...

Industrial wastewater presents a potential hazard to natural water system. This wastewater contains organic matter, which is toxic to the various life forms of the system. Industrial wastewater has complex mixture of chemicals whose behavior towards biological system can be different. Treatment of these wastes is therefore of paramount important. Wastewaters produced from pharma Industries pose several problems. Pharma industries are widely been used for the production of wide range of antibiotics, solvents and many by-products which are widely useful for both man-kind and in agriculture purpose. This study was designed a waste water treatment with an aim at minimizing and removing of COD, BOD, dissolved solids and toxic compounds, before it releases into a water body. In the present study efficiency of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) in removing contaminants was determined. It was found that MFC is much effective and cheaper method for treating waste water and for the removal of TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Sulphates and Chlorides. Batch type anaerobic biological treatment plant was constructed and operated for pharma industry waste water treatment. The hydraulic retention time was 12 days. The treated water samples were collected for every 72 hours and tested for its pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, Sulphates and Chlorides to evaluate the efficiency of the plant. The results obtained were quite appreciable as it reduced COD to 91.5% and a small amount of 335mV has also been produced.

The unparalleled rate in population explosion and advancements in technology has created alarming impacts on the society. This has urged the need for vigilant and efficient data mining of these phenomena. Petroleum being an indispensible part of life has escorted to several detrimental results. Air and water are the major elements which fall prey to this. The present study involves rigorous scrutinizing with statistical analysis of test data carried out on water samples collected from petrol pumps and automobile service stations for the determination of nature of configuration. The samples were collected at regular time intervals and at the fixed place irrespective of the weather and climatic conditions that prevailed. The haphazardness or fuzziness of the amount of contamination present in water recipients due to petroleum products is being evaluated using regression analysis and the runs test. It is found that organic and inorganic chemicals are more in the collected sample that l...

Batik industry in Indonesia increased, so that the impact result from the production process in the form of wastewater is increasing. Wastewater disposal after staining and washing process without processing will improve environmental contamination such as TSS, COD and color levels. The problems of batik wastewater contamination can be resolved by treatment of wastewater in chemistry and physics. One way batik wastewater treatment are coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. Filtration media are used as filter media is activated charcoal, quartz sand and zeolite. The purpose of this research to determine the effect of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration variation method to decreased levels of TSS, COD and color in the wastewater of batik. The type of this research was a true experiment with pre-test post-test group design. Samples of this research were batik wastewater with levels of TSS, COD and color are 818 mg/ l, 1133,57 mg/ l and 100 TCU. Data analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The result after treatment of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration variety occurs decreased levels of TSS, COD and color on filtration variation of activated charcoal and quartz sand, respectively for 99,8%, 99,49% and 99,6%, variation of the zeolite filtration and activated charcoal was, 99,6%, 92,31% and 99,5%, and variations in zeolite filtration and quartz sand was 99,7%, 89,92% and 99,3%. Based on the statistical test using ANOVA test on the TSS levels were obtained p= 0,190, while the COD were obtained value of p= 0,008 and the value of color was p= 0,017. The methods of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration variation using activated charcoal, quartz sand and zeolite can reduce TSS, COD and color levels. There is no difference between the variation of filtration to decrease levels of TSS, while there is a difference between the variation filtration to decreased levels of effluent COD and color Batik.
Keywords: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration variation, TSS, COD, color

In this work, activated carbon was prepared from bamboo waste by chemical activation method using
phosphoric acid as activating agent. The activated carbon was evaluated for chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and color reduction of a real textile mill effluent. A maximum reduction in color and COD of
91.84% and 75.21%, respectively was achieved. As a result, the standard B discharge limit of color and
COD under the Malaysian Environmental Quality act 1974 was met. The Freundlich isotherm model was
found best to describe the obtained equilibrium adsorption data at 30 ◦C. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area, total pore volume and the average pore diameter were 988.23 m2/g, 0.69 cm3/g and
2.82 nm, respectively. Various functional groups on the prepared bamboo activated carbon (BAC) were
determined from the FTIR results.

Huge amounts of organic waste are being generated on a daily basis. This waste has potential to be converted to bio char through the pyrolysis technology and can act as bio adsorbent and bio filter during wastewater treatment. In this study, municipal wastewater was treated with bio char at the bio filtration stage and the changes in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphates (TP) and pH were measured before and after treatment with biochar using standard methods. Bio char with surface area of 1000 m 2 /g and loading of 1 g/L was steam activated was used. The wastewater COD, TSS, TKN and TP showed a 90%, 89%, 64% and 78% reduction respectively after being passed through the bio char bio filter. In addition the wastewater pH changed from alkaline to neutral. Bio char can be effectively be used as a bio filter in wastewater treatment to meet guidelines for wastewater effluent disposal.

Constructed Wetland (CW) are efficient method in reducing the contaminants from wastewater but due to presence of insufficient oxygen inside CW bed which is one of the limiting factors of efficient treatment of wastewater.a lab scale model was developed to determine the performance of naturally aerated and artificially aerated CW both are planted with Typha latifolia.This study involves determining the efficiency of Typha latifolia in polishing pH, DO, conductivity and rate of plant growth. The performances of CW were evaluated after the first phase completion (underground water treatment and fully growth of plant). In second phase the domestic wastewater was supplied to treat at different HLR and OLR and evaluated the performance of CW. The CWs were constructed by using different media which consists of bed of aggregate, charcoal and broken bricks at different height. A special PVC pipe aeration system was provided in both CWs out of which one is connected to air pump for artificia...

This study is aimed to investigate feasibility of the aerobic biological process to treat oily wastewater from palm oil food industry. Effect of aeration and sludge concentrations are studied. Raw sludge and raw wastewater was mixed and acclimatized for five days in a stirred tank reactor. The aeration rate (no aeration, low; 1.5L/min and high rate; 2L/min) and sludge concentration (3675, 7350, and 11025mg/L of VSS) were varied. Responses of process were pH, COD, oil and grease, VSS, and PHB content. It was found that the treatment can remove 85.1 to 97.1 % of COD and remove 12.9 to 54.8% of oil & grease. The PHB yield was found to be within 0.15% to 2.4% as PHB/VSS ratio and 0.01% to 0.12% as PHB/COD removed. The higher aeration results a high COD removal and oil & grease removal, while experiment without aeration gives better PHB yield. Higher sludge concentrations (11025mg/L VSS) give higher removal of oil & grease while moderate sludge concentration (7350mg/L VSS) give better result in COD removal. Higher PHB yield is obtained in low sludge concentration (3675mg/L).

www.waset.org/publications/3177

This research determined the efficiency of removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by an electrocoagulation process. An electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes was used to treat water from the treatment plant of the Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Hazardous Waste. The COD removal percentage was a response variable for the experimental factorial design. The factors influencing the process were current intensity, treatment time, and pH. The best results in the percentage of removal of the COD were very similar to that obtained at a pH of 8.2 and 7, with values of 83% and 84%, respectively, with a current intensity of 7 A and a treatment time of 15 min. However, at 5 A and 10 min, values that exceed 80% removal were obtained. Statistical analysis indicates that only current intensity and time were significant for the response variable. Electrocoagulation is a viable process for the treatment of this type of effluent, in addition to being more versatile compared with biological processes.

Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast
drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were
discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river
water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis
is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work
under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also
identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations,
Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from
satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.
This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic
contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous
impacts.

Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found ...

The Operational Performance of the Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) on low filling Biomedia Ratio for treating the
Sewage. The Removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS and Ammonical Nitrogen were investigated by using Biomedia made of
PVC. The experiments were carried out at size 18×15×30 cm with working volume 5–L reactor made from Acrylic sheet. The
reactor was operated as SBBR. SBBR was filled with Biomedia to 20 % of the working volume. SBBR were operated at 6h
cycling period on a day that consisted of wastewater fill (3 min), reaction (5h), settling (50 min) and draw (3 min). During filling
sewage aeration was off. The effect of filling ratio on SBBR performance was determined. In normal operation, average COD removal rate was calculated as 80.14 % SBBR.

Social scientists in Atlantic Canada developed an incisive political economy of the
region’s fisheries in the 1970s and 1980s and forged a sharp critique of Canadian fisheries
policies. Meanwhile, fisheries scientists generated a series of stock assessments which
substantially overestimated cod populations. After the collapse of the stocks in 1992, a
number of reflective postmortems have addressed the role of the social and natural
sciences in this resource failure. The present paper will attempt to construct a “political
ecology” of the crisis from this corpus, one which does not, a priori, privilege industrial
capitalism over cod ecology.

La Dernière Morue du Norde Résumé Les spécialistes des sciences humaines dans le
Canada Atlantique ont développé une économie politique tranchante des pêcheries de la
région dans les années 1970 et les années 1980 et ont forgées une critique vive des
politiques de pêcheries Canadiennes. Pendant ce temps, des hommes de science de
pêcheries produisaient une série d'évaluations des stocks qui a surestimé d'une façon
importante les populations de morue. Après l'effondrement des stocks en 1992, un certain
nombre des postmortems réfléchissants ont adressé le rôle des sciences sociales et
naturelles dans cet échec dans l'aménagement de ressources. L'article actuel essaiera de
construire une "écologie politique" de la crise à partir de ce corpus, une qui ne privilège
pas, à priori, le capitalisme industriel sur l'écologie de morue.

Científcos sociales del Atlntico de Canad han desarrollado un anlisis incisivo de la
economa política de la pesca de la regin durante 1970 y 1980 y han hecho una crítica
aguda de las políticas de pesca. Entretanto, cientficos marinos han generado una serie de
asesoras sobre los poblaciones de bacalao que ha sobre estimado sus poblaciones. Despus
del colapso de poblaciones de bacalao en 1992, una cantidad de necropsias del la crisis del
bacalao han analizado el papel de las ciencias sociales y naturales en este fallo del recurso.
Usando esta literatura, este artículo tratará de construir una ecologa poltica de esta crisis,
una que no anteponga una explicacin industrial capitalista, a priori, antes de la ecologa de
bacalao.

The Operational Performance of the Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for treating the Sewage. The Removal efficiency
of COD, BOD, TSS and Ammonical Nitrogen were investigated by using Biomedia made of PVC. The experiments were carried
out at size 18×15×30 cm with working volume 5–L reactor made from Acrylic sheet. The reactor was operated as SBBR. SBBR
was filled with Biomedia to 30 % of the working volume. SBBR were operated at 6h cycling period on a day that consisted of
wastewater fill (3 min), reaction (5h), settling (50 min) and draw (3 min). During filling sewage aeration was off. The effect of
filling ratio on SBBR performance was determined. In normal operation, average COD removal rate was calculated as 90.14 %
SBBR.

Despite its universally wide use in water quality indices and evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, chemical oxygen demand (COD) or biological oxygen demand (BOD5) analyses have disadvantages such as being imprecise, time-consuming, insensitive, as well as the production of hazardous wastes. Total organic carbon (TOC) will introduce as an alternative analysis, the relationship between BOD5, COD, and TOC has been investigated in this study. A total number of 216 samples were taken from three stations (kumait, Al Amara, and Al Majar Al Kabeer) in Tigris River, Maysan Province, Iraq. The sampling was on a monthly basis during a twoyear period. The tests were performed according to ASTM D7573-18ae1, ASTM D6238-98, and ASTM D125-06 for TOC, BOD5, and COD respectively at the Pollution Research Centre of the Al-Shatra Institute, the data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS program to predict a relationship between the COD or BOD5 and TOC. The analysis showed a good relationship concerning to a value of correlation coefficient, i.e., r = 0.93 or r = 0.94 between TOC and BOD5 or COD respectively, as well as the coefficient of determination, i.e., R 2 = 0.91 or R 2 = 0.92 between TOC and BOD5 or COD respectively. The validation of the suggested formulas has been tested using data from the Pollutant Centre in Al Shatra Institute for Shat al Gharaf River. The formulas gave reasonably acceptable values. It could be used in monitoring water quality and wastewater plants as a surrogate parameter to have pre-impression of the plant efficiency.

A study has been carried out on aerobic biological treatment of a bulk drug industrial effluent which is highly acidic in nature and shows high value of BOD5 (≈ 36000 mg/l), COD (≈ 84000 mg/l). Chemical treatment conducted for neutralizing the pH followed by biological treatment using a lab-scale reactor with acclimatized bacterial consortia isolated from natural soil has confirmed its feasibility for biological treatment. About 99% removal of COD from starting value of around 8000 mg/l has been achieved. The COD value in different hydraulic retention time (HRT) has been brought down to less than 100 mg/l in treated effluent, showing high removal of dissolved organics by aerobic biological treatment.

Iron-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation in order to study their photocatalytic activity in the treatment of wastewater from
the textile industry. Characterization of the catalysts before and after reaction was performed using techniques including total surface area
measurement, X-Ray diffraction and elemental analysis via X-Ray fluorescence. Varying pH conditions, H2O2 concentrations and catalyst
quantities were evaluated during the photocatalytic reactions. Fe-TiO2 catalysts were shown to be highly active in the reduction of chemical
oxygen demand (% COD) and % color reduction in the water treated.

Résumé La qualité des eaux de surface est sujette à de nombreuses fluctuations et par conséquence les gestionnaires sont souvent confrontés à des pics de pollution problématiques. À cet effet, nous présentons dans cette étude les résultats d’une exploration des séries d’analyses de la qualité des eaux de surface dans le bassin de la Tafna (Algérie). Nous avons retenu trois descripteurs de la qualité des eaux; la matière en suspension (MES), la conductivité et la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO). On dispose pour cette étude de séries de prélèvements instantanés d’une fréquence au moins mensuelle, couvrant une période de sept ans (avril 1995-mars 2002). Les stations de prélèvements choisies se situent sur les principaux cours d’eau du bassin de la Tafna (Mouillah, Isser et Tafna) de manière à couvrir l’ensemble du bassin versant. Afin d’aboutir à des conclusions exploitables, nous avons commencé, dans une première étape, par une vérification de la cohérence des résultats d’analyse, s...

The toner is used in photocopiers to form the latent electrical image on the drum. The paper picks up the toner particles (image), when it slides over the drum. Approximately 10% of toner particles are left over the drum due to specific factors. This left out toner is cleaned by the unit to ensure the copy quality of the proceeding copies. This left out toner is called as waste toner and is collected in cleaner sump. If this waste toner is used in the photocopiers, the quality of the copier is reduced. The waste toner is mixed in proportion with Carbon Black Nano powder and original toner to get Hybrid Carbon Black Toner. The original toner is the toner prescribed for the photocopier by the manufacturer. By implementation of this technique, the cost of photocopy can be reduced and the quality of the photocopy can be increased.

Background: Pharmaceutical wastewater mainly contains high levels of organic
matter. In order to produce a suitable wastewater for discharge into the municipal
sewage, chemical and electrochemical methods have been studied. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the efficiency of chemical coagulation/electro-Fenton
combination process in chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of pharmaceutical
wastewater.
Methods: The effect of Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) concentration 25-300 mg/L and
pH of 3-7-10 were investigated. The effluent of chemical coagulation stage was
transferred to the electro-Fenton stage. Further, the effect of H2O2 concentration 100 -
4000 mg/L, contact time of 15-120 min, voltage of 10-30 v and pH of 3-10 were
investigated.
Results: The results showed that the highest removal rate of COD was 93.5% in the
optimal conditions at coagulant dose 200 mg/L and pH of 7 for the coagulation process,
and at concentration of 100 mg/L hydrogen peroxide, the voltage of 20, pH of 3 and
contact time of 30 min for the electro-Fenton process (EFP). The results showed that
chemical and electrochemical processes are effective methods for the pharmaceutical
wastewater treatment.
Conclusion: It is generally concluded that combined processes are more effective than
the coagulation process alone in removing organic compounds from pharmaceutical
wastewater.

Tannery wastewater contains high organic loadings and other pollutants, making it challenging to be treated efficiently. A combined process involving both advance oxidation process and biological treatment seems to be the best solution to achieve the regulatory standard for discharge. This investigation reports on the degradation of tannery wastewater which was represented by the removal Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using electrochemical process, biological degradation and finally, the combination of both processes. Electrolysis was carried out in batch reactor under different current density and dilution. Biological degradation was carried out with three isolated microbial strain and optimization of pH, nutrients, and growth factors were analyzed. The combined process involved an electrooxidation reactor connected to a column packed with immobilized biomass. Electrooxidation technique was found to obtain maximum percentage COD reduction in 73.1% at 1.5 A dm-2 using raw effluent. Bacillus Strain B proved to be superior in terms of COD reduction capabilities with a high 91.5% reduction with diluted wastewater. Biodegradation process was found to be most effective at pH 6. Intimate coupling of electro and biooxidation recorded good degradation for both raw and diluted samples, achieving 66.2 and 76.6% degradation, respectively. © 2013 © 2013 Balaban Desalination Publications.

www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2013.769699

The toner is used in photocopiers to form the latent electrical image on the drum. The paper picks up the toner particles (image), when it slides over the drum. Approximately 10% of toner particles are left over the drum due to specific factors. This left out toner is cleaned by the unit to ensure the copy quality of the proceeding copies. This left out toner is called as waste toner and is collected in cleaner sump. If this waste toner is used in the photocopiers, the quality of the copier is reduced. The waste toner is mixed in proportion with Carbon Black Nano powder and original toner to get Hybrid Carbon Black Toner. The original toner is the toner prescribed for the photocopier by the manufacturer. By implementation of this technique, the cost of photocopy can be reduced and the quality of the photocopy can be increased.

latitude. Human pollutants are mainly home and human sewage which is discharged by absorbent wells that seems to be one of the best ways of discharging sewage. On the other hand in the places where the underground water recharges the river, there is a possibility of having some environmental problems in the nearly future. From the bacteriological point of view, Abhar Roud River is highly contaminated. Although, in the underground water is more found sulphate type near the recharge place, but there are no evaporative layers and in all probability, this change has been made as a result of discharge urban and factory sewage by absorbent wells. Necessary from the bacteriological point of view, no pollution has been reported from the wells in Abhar plain. But with due attention to the critical point, growth in population, in parallel with using more farm lands and different kinds of chemical fertilizers and the growth in the number of industrial sites, it is believed that in the nearly f...

The unparalleled rate in population explosion and advancements in technology has created alarming impacts on the society. This has urged the need for vigilant and efficient data mining of these phenomena. Petroleum being an indispensible part of life has escorted to several detrimental results. Air and water are the major elements which fall prey to this. The present study involves rigorous scrutinizing with statistical analysis of test data carried out on water samples collected from petrol pumps and automobile service stations for the determination of nature of configuration. The samples were collected at regular time intervals and at the fixed place irrespective of the weather and climatic conditions that prevailed. The haphazardness or fuzziness of the amount of contamination present in water recipients due to petroleum products is being evaluated using regression analysis and the runs test. It is found that organic and inorganic chemicals are more in the collected sample that l...

This study is aimed to investigate feasibility of the aerobic biological process to treat oily wastewater from palm oil food industry. Effect of aeration and sludge concentrations are studied. Raw sludge and raw wastewater was mixed and acclimatized for five days in a stirred tank reactor. The aeration rate (no aeration, low; 1.5L/min and high rate; 2L/min) and sludge concentration (3675, 7350, and 11025mg/L of VSS) were varied. Responses of process were pH, COD, oil and grease, VSS, and PHB content. It was found that the treatment can remove 85.1 to 97.1 of COD and remove 12.9 to 54.8 of oil & grease. The PHB yield was found to be within 0.15 to 2.4 as PHB/VSS ratio and 0.01 to 0.12 as PHB/COD removed. The higher aeration results a high COD removal and oil & grease removal, while experiment without aeration gives better PHB yield. Higher sludge concentrations (11025mg/L VSS) give higher removal of oil & grease while moderate sludge concentration (7350mg/L VSS) give better result in...

The tanning industry in Tamilnadu is familiar with its being a potentially pollution-intensive industry. Tanneries are such industries which contributes a major part in water usage. The results of the lab analysis of the industrial wastewater effluent show that the contamination is mainly due to high levels of Sulfides with an average of 1288mg/l. Chromium (trivalent) in the tanneries effluent range from 1.5- 157mg/l in the end-of-pipe effluent and the level of chromium(Cr) from the chrome path effluent is around 10064mg/l. Analysis of COD and BOD during the process show that the levels of COD ranged in between 1564mg/l – 53056mg/l with an average value of 13894 mg/l. However, the BOD values ranged between 420– 27050mg/l with an average value of 4704mg/l which are above the limits of the standard for discharge to the wastewater sanitary network, while values of TSS, settleable solids, phosphorous and total Nitrogen(N2) are within the limits. The results obtained from the biological treatment indicates the high effectiveness of the process to reduce mainly TSS, COD and BOD besides appreciable reduction of other parameters mainly sulfides and nitrogen. The overall results of the treatability study indicate that the suspended solids are removed with almost 99% efficiency while the removal of COD & BOD levels reaches 93-95%.