Medicinal plants contribute in human health care system. Most of the plants utilized by village p... more Medicinal plants contribute in human health care system. Most of the plants utilized by village peoples as a folk medicine. The effects of plant extracts on bacteria have been studied by a very large number of researchers in different part of the world. In this study antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica were investicated against two strains of Human pathogenic bacteria. A total of 15 pus samples were collected from Namakkal private hospital, among that two strains were isolated as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Isolation and identification of bacterial isolates by using standared biochemical tests. The above isolated organisms were tested for their sensitivity towards the Acalypha indica medicinal plant leaves extract by disc diffusion and Agar well methods. In this study the highest antibacterial activity were observed in water extract of Acalypha indica than compared with acetone extract. Inhibitory effect of medicinal plant against Staphylococcus aureus in...
European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2016
Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human he... more Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of potable water sources. The present study is aimed at assessing the quality of potable water sources in and around Namakkal area and identified the TSST-1 gene producing Staphylococcus aureus. A totally 33 water samples comprising of 6 River water, 7 Pond water, 10 Municipality water and 10 Well water samples were collected aseptically. The physiochemical and the microbiological studies are most important regions by which we were able to test the potability of water. The collected samples were processed for bacterial isolation using the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA agar) (Hi-media, Mumbai).The suspected pure colonies of isolates were identified and characterized using standard biochemical tests. In AST test, totally 18 isolates were subjected in that most of the S.aureus showed sensitive to Kanamycin, Co-trimazaxole and Amphicillin. I...
Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed ... more Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed they are very difficult to remove and act as a source of contamination in processing environments. As bacteria in biofilm exhibit enhanced resistance to antibiotics and clearance by the host immune system, the resistance of enteropathogenic bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistances have emerged even to newer, more potent antimicrobial agents. This study was under taken to investigate the presence of multidrug resistance producing biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila in human clinical samples. A total of 150 urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode during the period of six month. Among these only 75 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates and ...
International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015
The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential ... more The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential pathogenicity because these factors act Multifuntionally and Multifactorially. In this study, totally 50 carp fish samples were collected, Among these, 8 samples were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 were found to be positive for Aeromonas salmonicida. Antibiotic resistant patterns were performed by Bauer-Kirby method. Both the species of Aeromonas showed the highest resistance patterns to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Clarithromycin. This study showed a virulence character of Aeromonas hydrophila (8 isolates) positive for proteolytic (62.5%), lipolytic (75%), and β-Lactamase (100%), hemolytic (31.5%), slime production (100%). In Aeromonas salmonicida (13 isolates) showed positive for proteolytic (61.5%), lipolytic (69.2%), and β- Lactamase (84.6%), and slime production (100%) respectively. Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples were genetica...
The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus... more The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus in different milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus is a major problem of public health which causes a number of human and animal diseases. The main source of infection is contaminated milk. Totally 50 raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from three different sources such as Goat milk (15), Buffollow milk (25), and pasteurized milk (10). In order to isolate and identify the Staphylococcus aureus from these samples. The collected milk samples were cultured on nutrient agar; the presumptive Staphylococcus colonies were sub-cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and confirmed by using standard Bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using eight antimicrobials. The prevalence of S.aureus was found to be 25 (50%) out of the total samples examined. In addition, the prevalence of S.aureus was 5 (33.3%) from Goat milk, 16 (64%) from Buffalo milk and 4 (40%) from pasteurized milk. S.aureus was more likely to occur in buffalo milk that were poorly managed and treated frequently with antimicrobials. Thus, out of a total of 25 isolates, high resistance rate was observed primarily to Methicillin 25 (100%) followed by Erythromycin15 (60%), Amoxycillin12 (48%), Vancomycin12 (48%), Gentamycin 12 (48%), Tetracycline 11 (44%), Ciprofloxacin 11 (44%), and low level of resistance to Kanamycin 8 (32%). S.aureus became almost resistant to β-lactams and Erythromycin. The virulence characters of Staphylococcus aureus were characterized phenotypically. The rate of positiveness for Protease, Lipase, β-hemolysis, β-lactamase and Slime formation were 48%, 60%, 60%, 44%, 48%.In this study we concluded that the hygiene of milk is poor and resistant strains have contaminated the milk probably during the process of milking and transportation.
A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among
that 100 isolat... more A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among that 100 isolates were studied for the existence of beta- lactamases. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test [DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis (12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL producing Gram negative organism.
A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among that 100 isolat... more A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among that 100 isolates were studied for the existence of beta- lactamases. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test [DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis (12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL producing Gram negative organism.
The cotton plant is a perennial with an indeterminate growth habit, and reputed to have the most ... more The cotton plant is a perennial with an indeterminate growth habit, and reputed to have the most complex growth habit of all major row crops. Cotton, which is grown for using fiber and oil is one of the most important and strategic crops through the world especially in Tamilnadu (India). Exogenous applications of biological and chemical substances have a many potential to promote the plant growth in different way, and the application of different chemicals may reduce stress induced inhibition of plant growth. In these experiments foliar spray of Neem oil was increased the Chlorophyll content (93.24%), humic acid (86.30%), and Trichodermaviride(73.50%) compared with others. In plants the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere both the region was very important. The microbial load in above region was calculated in every treatment in that abundant microbial load was observed in 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A cotton seedling of Phyllosphere area after II treatment. In Rhizosphere region the III and IV th treatments were showed abundant microbial load. And also increased the plant shoot, root length, and Leaf lets number, Leaf size. The activity of these substances on cotton seedlings in every treatment was evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Spraying the aqueous solution of biological suspension on cotton plants has resulted in enhanced the growth and yield of cotton crops, and chemical spraying decreased the soil fertility. So, this study was carried out to find out the impact of foliar application of biological and chemical substances on cotton seedling was monitored and compared.
The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential ... more The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential pathogenicity because these factors act Multifuntionally and Multifactorially. In this study, totally 50 carp fish samples were collected, Among these, 8 samples were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 were found to be positive for Aeromonas salmonicida by standard biochemical tests according to Bergey’s manual of systematic Bacteriology. Antibiotic resistant patterns were performed by using Kirby- Bauer method. Both the species of Aeromonas showed the highest resistance patterns to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Clarithromycin. This study showed a virulence character of Aeromonas hydrophila (8 isolates) positive for Proteolytic (62.5%), Lipolytic (75%), and β-Lactamase (100%), Hemolytic (31.5%), Slime production (100%). In Aeromonas salmonicida (13 isolates) showed positive for Proteolytic (61.5%), Lipolytic (69.2%), and β-Lactamase (84.6%), and Slime production (100%) respectively. Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples were genetically characterized by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) of 16S rDNA gene by using EcoRI enzyme, previously proposed as a useful tool to identify Aeromonas spp. This study was concluded that the virulence and molecular characterization of Aeromonas spp., is very important to detect the infection in fresh water fish and it should be vividly studied the environmental factors, immunosuppressive factors and other adaptability factors of host and pathogen responsible for the establishment of pathogenic state.
Bacteriocin are highly specific antibacterial protein (polypeptides) produced by gram positive ba... more Bacteriocin are highly specific antibacterial protein (polypeptides) produced by gram positive bacteria ,in particular the lactic acid bacteria display fairly broad inhibitory spectra with food preservative and therapeutic potentials. This work aims at to isolate bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus spp., and to determine the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. This work involves methodology as follows Lactobacills spp., was isolated from various milk samples by using MRS Agar (Hi-media, India) at 37°C for 48h. The isolates were identified by using conventional biochemical tests. Antibacterial characteristics of bacteriocin were studied by agar well diffusion method and it partially purified by Ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialyzed. The present study revealed that the Lactobacillus spp., strain isolated from various milk samples was capable of producing bacteriocin and inactivating the widest range of pathogenic bacteria. Totally 48 isolates of Lactobacillus spp., was identified in that only 8 (17%) Lactobacillus spp., have the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The study revealed that the antibacterial property of bacteriocin act as a food preservative agent against pathogenic microorganisms.
In modern medical practice, the development of antimicrobial resistance by Enterobacterriaceae is... more In modern medical practice, the development of antimicrobial resistance by Enterobacterriaceae is inevitable and is considered as a major problem in the treatment of bacterial infections in the hospital and in the community. Beta-Lactamase-Producing bacteria (BLPB) can play an important role in polymicrobial infections. They can have a direct pathogenic impact in causing the infection as well as an indirect effect through their ability to produce the enzyme beta-lactamase.These enzyme producing Enterobacteriaceae families are associated with a higher morbidity, mortality and fiscal burden.Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes produced by a variety of Gram negative bacteria which confer an increased resistance to commonly used antibiotics.Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are usually plasmid-mediated enzymes that confer resistance to a broad range of β-lactams. Initially, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Gram-negative rods was mainly due to the dissemination of TEM-and SHV-type ESBLs, which are point mutants of the classic TEM, SHV and CTX and enzymes with extended substrate specificity. Treatment of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae has emerged as a major challenge in hospitalised as well as community based patients. This article aims to give an overview of the current situation regarding ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae with focus on the antibiotic resistance mechanism and management of such infection.
The occurrence of biofilm forming Aeromonas spp. in drinking water in the Tiruchengode area was m... more The occurrence of biofilm forming Aeromonas spp. in drinking water in the Tiruchengode area was monitored. Aeromonads cause traveler's diarrhea in millions of peoples; particularly traveler's visiting less developed regions in Asia. The main source of infection is contaminated water.A total of 100 water samples were collected from several sampling sites during a period of one year. Among these only 50 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas spp. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates from the samples and confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila 30(60%), Aeromonas caviae 20(40%) were determined by using standard biochemical analysis according to Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. MIC's were obtained by agar diffusion method. Slime/Biofilm producing isolates were studied on Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. The detection of the presences of such virulence factors is a better indicator of the potential health rish, Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factors through contact with water (or) infected person act as a health hazards to humans. So that, In our study slime/biofilm forming isolates were detected and inactivated by using Silver nitrate. The samples taken from the drinking water in Tiruchengode area were found to contain very diverse biofilm forming Aeromonas populations that can pose a risk for the residents of the city.
The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus... more The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus in different milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus is a major problem of public health which causes a number of human and animal diseases. The main source of infection is contaminated milk. Totally 50 raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from three different sources such as Goat milk (15), Buffollow milk (25), and pasteurized milk (10). In order to isolate and identify the Staphylococcus aureus from these samples. The collected milk samples were cultured on nutrient agar; the presumptive Staphylococcus colonies were sub-cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and confirmed by using standard Bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using eight antimicrobials. The prevalence of S.aureus was found to be 25 (50%) out of the total samples examined. In addition, the prevalence of S.aureus was 5 (33.3%) from Goat milk, 16 (64%) from Buffalo milk and 4 (40%) from pasteurized milk. S.aureus was more likely to occur in buffalo milk that were poorly managed and treated frequently with antimicrobials. Thus, out of a total of 25 isolates, high resistance rate was observed primarily to Methicillin 25 (100%) followed by Erythromycin15 (60%), Amoxycillin12 (48%), Vancomycin12 (48%), Gentamycin 12 (48%), Tetracycline 11 (44%), Ciprofloxacin 11 (44%), and low level of resistance to Kanamycin 8 (32%). S.aureus became almost resistant to β-lactams and Erythromycin. The virulence characters of Staphylococcus aureus were characterized phenotypically. The rate of positiveness for Protease, Lipase, β-hemolysis, β-lactamase and Slime formation were 48%, 60%, 60%, 44%, 48%.In this study we concluded that the hygiene of milk is poor and resistant strains have contaminated the milk probably during the process of milking and transportation.
The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns... more The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urine samples. Totally 150 Urine samples were collected from in and around the Namakkal district and identified by standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using the Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. The Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistances to third generation Cephalosporins were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production. Among the 150 samples, 70 (47%) isolates were identified as a Klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (43%) isolates were found to be positive for ESBL production by combination disc method and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). In Antibiotic sensitivity test, 70 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were subjected in that 100 % resistance was shown to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, and tetracycline. Of Amikacin (89%), Chloramphenicol (79%), Co-trimoxazole (17%), Ciprofloxacin (7%) and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin(93%), Co-trimoxazole (83%), Chloramphenicol(21%), and Amikacin (11%). The prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be high in routine screening of ESBLs when compared with other bacteria in laboratory identification.
The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns... more The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urine samples. Totally 150 Urine samples were collected from in and around the Namakkal district and identified by standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using the Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. The Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistances to third generation Cephalosporins were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production. Among the 150 samples, 70 (47%) isolates were identified as a Klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (43%) isolates were found to be positive for ESBL production by combination disc method and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). In Antibiotic sensitivity test, 70 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were subjected in that 100 % resistance was shown to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, and tetracycline. Of Amikacin (89%), Chloramphenicol (79%), Co-trimoxazole (17%), Ciprofloxacin (7%) and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin(93%), Co-trimoxazole (83%), Chloramphenicol(21%), and Amikacin (11%). The prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be high in routine screening of ESBLs when compared with other bacteria in laboratory identification.
Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human he... more Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of potable water sources. The present study is aimed at assessing the quality of potable water sources in and around Namakkal area and identified the TSST-1 gene producing Staphylococcus aureus. A totally 33 water samples comprising of 6 River water, 7 Pond water, 10 Municipality water and 10 Well water samples were collected aseptically. The physiochemical and the microbiological studies are most important regions by which we were able to test the potability of water. The collected samples were processed for bacterial isolation using the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA agar) (Hi-media, Mumbai).The suspected pure colonies of isolates were identified and characterized using standard biochemical tests. In AST test, totally 18 isolates were subjected in that most of the S.aureus showed sensitive to Kanamycin, Co-trimazaxole and Amphicillin. In MAR index, MSa 14,WSa15 showed 83.3% of resistance to all drugs and 66.6% to RSa1,WSa18.Based on the virulence characters 18(100%) isolates of S.aureus produced serum resistance, 8(44.44%) for coagulase positive and 6(33.33%) for haemolysis. In PCR assay, only two water sources such as River (RSa3) and Pond (PSa9) isolates of S.aureus expressed the virulence gene of TSST-1. From this study it was concluded that the water is commonly contaminated with pathogenic S.aureus and this contamination may be played a role in the transmission of potentially harmful infection to human beings.
Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed ... more Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed they are very difficult to remove and act as a source of contamination in processing environments. As bacteria in biofilm exhibit enhanced resistance to antibiotics and clearance by the host immune system, the resistance of enteropathogenic bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistances have emerged even to newer, more potent antimicrobial agents. This study was under taken to investigate the presence of multidrug resistance producing biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila in human clinical samples. A total of 150 urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode during the period of six month. Among these only 75 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates and confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila were determined by using standard biochemical analysis according to Bergey’s manual of systematic Bacteriology. Slime producing isolates were studied on Congo Red Agar (CRA) plate method and the biofilm were determined in tube method. Multi-drug resistance patterence and MDR index were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factors (biofilm) act as a one of the source for multi-drug resistance producing isolates among the microbial population. Aeromonas hydrophila has received particular attention because of its association with human infection. So that, in this present study the slime and biofilm forming isolates was detected and studied their multi-drug resistance patterns. Urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode was found to contain very diverse populations of biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila.
Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of
a country. They play a significant rol... more Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a country. They play a significant role in providing primary health care services to rural people. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacturing of traditional and modern medicine. Medicinal plants are rich sources of antimicrobial agents. Basella alba leaves were collected and dried. Powder was used for the antibacterial activities, which were determined by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity was also determined. In antimicrobial activity, the concentration of 100mg/ml of Basella alba leaf extract showed highly active against bacterial strains. Antioxidants were determined by two methods in that 100mg/ml of the extract showed highly active to remove free radicals by DPPH (72.3±5.98) and ABTS (78±4.04). The aim of study was to evaluate the role of Basella alba extraction on antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Leaves extracts of this plant showed admirable in vitro activity.
Medicinal plants contribute in human health care system. Most of the plants utilized by village p... more Medicinal plants contribute in human health care system. Most of the plants utilized by village peoples as a folk medicine. The effects of plant extracts on bacteria have been studied by a very large number of researchers in different part of the world. In this study antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica were investicated against two strains of Human pathogenic bacteria. A total of 15 pus samples were collected from Namakkal private hospital, among that two strains were isolated as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Isolation and identification of bacterial isolates by using standared biochemical tests. The above isolated organisms were tested for their sensitivity towards the Acalypha indica medicinal plant leaves extract by disc diffusion and Agar well methods. In this study the highest antibacterial activity were observed in water extract of Acalypha indica than compared with acetone extract. Inhibitory effect of medicinal plant against Staphylococcus aureus in...
European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2016
Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human he... more Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of potable water sources. The present study is aimed at assessing the quality of potable water sources in and around Namakkal area and identified the TSST-1 gene producing Staphylococcus aureus. A totally 33 water samples comprising of 6 River water, 7 Pond water, 10 Municipality water and 10 Well water samples were collected aseptically. The physiochemical and the microbiological studies are most important regions by which we were able to test the potability of water. The collected samples were processed for bacterial isolation using the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA agar) (Hi-media, Mumbai).The suspected pure colonies of isolates were identified and characterized using standard biochemical tests. In AST test, totally 18 isolates were subjected in that most of the S.aureus showed sensitive to Kanamycin, Co-trimazaxole and Amphicillin. I...
Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed ... more Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed they are very difficult to remove and act as a source of contamination in processing environments. As bacteria in biofilm exhibit enhanced resistance to antibiotics and clearance by the host immune system, the resistance of enteropathogenic bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistances have emerged even to newer, more potent antimicrobial agents. This study was under taken to investigate the presence of multidrug resistance producing biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila in human clinical samples. A total of 150 urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode during the period of six month. Among these only 75 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates and ...
International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015
The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential ... more The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential pathogenicity because these factors act Multifuntionally and Multifactorially. In this study, totally 50 carp fish samples were collected, Among these, 8 samples were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 were found to be positive for Aeromonas salmonicida. Antibiotic resistant patterns were performed by Bauer-Kirby method. Both the species of Aeromonas showed the highest resistance patterns to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Clarithromycin. This study showed a virulence character of Aeromonas hydrophila (8 isolates) positive for proteolytic (62.5%), lipolytic (75%), and β-Lactamase (100%), hemolytic (31.5%), slime production (100%). In Aeromonas salmonicida (13 isolates) showed positive for proteolytic (61.5%), lipolytic (69.2%), and β- Lactamase (84.6%), and slime production (100%) respectively. Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples were genetica...
The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus... more The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus in different milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus is a major problem of public health which causes a number of human and animal diseases. The main source of infection is contaminated milk. Totally 50 raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from three different sources such as Goat milk (15), Buffollow milk (25), and pasteurized milk (10). In order to isolate and identify the Staphylococcus aureus from these samples. The collected milk samples were cultured on nutrient agar; the presumptive Staphylococcus colonies were sub-cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and confirmed by using standard Bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using eight antimicrobials. The prevalence of S.aureus was found to be 25 (50%) out of the total samples examined. In addition, the prevalence of S.aureus was 5 (33.3%) from Goat milk, 16 (64%) from Buffalo milk and 4 (40%) from pasteurized milk. S.aureus was more likely to occur in buffalo milk that were poorly managed and treated frequently with antimicrobials. Thus, out of a total of 25 isolates, high resistance rate was observed primarily to Methicillin 25 (100%) followed by Erythromycin15 (60%), Amoxycillin12 (48%), Vancomycin12 (48%), Gentamycin 12 (48%), Tetracycline 11 (44%), Ciprofloxacin 11 (44%), and low level of resistance to Kanamycin 8 (32%). S.aureus became almost resistant to β-lactams and Erythromycin. The virulence characters of Staphylococcus aureus were characterized phenotypically. The rate of positiveness for Protease, Lipase, β-hemolysis, β-lactamase and Slime formation were 48%, 60%, 60%, 44%, 48%.In this study we concluded that the hygiene of milk is poor and resistant strains have contaminated the milk probably during the process of milking and transportation.
A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among
that 100 isolat... more A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among that 100 isolates were studied for the existence of beta- lactamases. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test [DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis (12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL producing Gram negative organism.
A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among that 100 isolat... more A total of 120 urine samples were collected Tiruchengode private hospitals, among that 100 isolates were studied for the existence of beta- lactamases. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test [DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis (12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL producing Gram negative organism.
The cotton plant is a perennial with an indeterminate growth habit, and reputed to have the most ... more The cotton plant is a perennial with an indeterminate growth habit, and reputed to have the most complex growth habit of all major row crops. Cotton, which is grown for using fiber and oil is one of the most important and strategic crops through the world especially in Tamilnadu (India). Exogenous applications of biological and chemical substances have a many potential to promote the plant growth in different way, and the application of different chemicals may reduce stress induced inhibition of plant growth. In these experiments foliar spray of Neem oil was increased the Chlorophyll content (93.24%), humic acid (86.30%), and Trichodermaviride(73.50%) compared with others. In plants the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere both the region was very important. The microbial load in above region was calculated in every treatment in that abundant microbial load was observed in 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A cotton seedling of Phyllosphere area after II treatment. In Rhizosphere region the III and IV th treatments were showed abundant microbial load. And also increased the plant shoot, root length, and Leaf lets number, Leaf size. The activity of these substances on cotton seedlings in every treatment was evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Spraying the aqueous solution of biological suspension on cotton plants has resulted in enhanced the growth and yield of cotton crops, and chemical spraying decreased the soil fertility. So, this study was carried out to find out the impact of foliar application of biological and chemical substances on cotton seedling was monitored and compared.
The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential ... more The detection of Virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. is a key component in determining potential pathogenicity because these factors act Multifuntionally and Multifactorially. In this study, totally 50 carp fish samples were collected, Among these, 8 samples were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 were found to be positive for Aeromonas salmonicida by standard biochemical tests according to Bergey’s manual of systematic Bacteriology. Antibiotic resistant patterns were performed by using Kirby- Bauer method. Both the species of Aeromonas showed the highest resistance patterns to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Clarithromycin. This study showed a virulence character of Aeromonas hydrophila (8 isolates) positive for Proteolytic (62.5%), Lipolytic (75%), and β-Lactamase (100%), Hemolytic (31.5%), Slime production (100%). In Aeromonas salmonicida (13 isolates) showed positive for Proteolytic (61.5%), Lipolytic (69.2%), and β-Lactamase (84.6%), and Slime production (100%) respectively. Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples were genetically characterized by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) of 16S rDNA gene by using EcoRI enzyme, previously proposed as a useful tool to identify Aeromonas spp. This study was concluded that the virulence and molecular characterization of Aeromonas spp., is very important to detect the infection in fresh water fish and it should be vividly studied the environmental factors, immunosuppressive factors and other adaptability factors of host and pathogen responsible for the establishment of pathogenic state.
Bacteriocin are highly specific antibacterial protein (polypeptides) produced by gram positive ba... more Bacteriocin are highly specific antibacterial protein (polypeptides) produced by gram positive bacteria ,in particular the lactic acid bacteria display fairly broad inhibitory spectra with food preservative and therapeutic potentials. This work aims at to isolate bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus spp., and to determine the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. This work involves methodology as follows Lactobacills spp., was isolated from various milk samples by using MRS Agar (Hi-media, India) at 37°C for 48h. The isolates were identified by using conventional biochemical tests. Antibacterial characteristics of bacteriocin were studied by agar well diffusion method and it partially purified by Ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialyzed. The present study revealed that the Lactobacillus spp., strain isolated from various milk samples was capable of producing bacteriocin and inactivating the widest range of pathogenic bacteria. Totally 48 isolates of Lactobacillus spp., was identified in that only 8 (17%) Lactobacillus spp., have the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The study revealed that the antibacterial property of bacteriocin act as a food preservative agent against pathogenic microorganisms.
In modern medical practice, the development of antimicrobial resistance by Enterobacterriaceae is... more In modern medical practice, the development of antimicrobial resistance by Enterobacterriaceae is inevitable and is considered as a major problem in the treatment of bacterial infections in the hospital and in the community. Beta-Lactamase-Producing bacteria (BLPB) can play an important role in polymicrobial infections. They can have a direct pathogenic impact in causing the infection as well as an indirect effect through their ability to produce the enzyme beta-lactamase.These enzyme producing Enterobacteriaceae families are associated with a higher morbidity, mortality and fiscal burden.Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes produced by a variety of Gram negative bacteria which confer an increased resistance to commonly used antibiotics.Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are usually plasmid-mediated enzymes that confer resistance to a broad range of β-lactams. Initially, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Gram-negative rods was mainly due to the dissemination of TEM-and SHV-type ESBLs, which are point mutants of the classic TEM, SHV and CTX and enzymes with extended substrate specificity. Treatment of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae has emerged as a major challenge in hospitalised as well as community based patients. This article aims to give an overview of the current situation regarding ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae with focus on the antibiotic resistance mechanism and management of such infection.
The occurrence of biofilm forming Aeromonas spp. in drinking water in the Tiruchengode area was m... more The occurrence of biofilm forming Aeromonas spp. in drinking water in the Tiruchengode area was monitored. Aeromonads cause traveler's diarrhea in millions of peoples; particularly traveler's visiting less developed regions in Asia. The main source of infection is contaminated water.A total of 100 water samples were collected from several sampling sites during a period of one year. Among these only 50 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas spp. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates from the samples and confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila 30(60%), Aeromonas caviae 20(40%) were determined by using standard biochemical analysis according to Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology. Susceptibility tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. MIC's were obtained by agar diffusion method. Slime/Biofilm producing isolates were studied on Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. The detection of the presences of such virulence factors is a better indicator of the potential health rish, Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factors through contact with water (or) infected person act as a health hazards to humans. So that, In our study slime/biofilm forming isolates were detected and inactivated by using Silver nitrate. The samples taken from the drinking water in Tiruchengode area were found to contain very diverse biofilm forming Aeromonas populations that can pose a risk for the residents of the city.
The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus... more The study was carryout to evaluate the incidence and multidrug resistant of Staphylococcus aureus in different milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus is a major problem of public health which causes a number of human and animal diseases. The main source of infection is contaminated milk. Totally 50 raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from three different sources such as Goat milk (15), Buffollow milk (25), and pasteurized milk (10). In order to isolate and identify the Staphylococcus aureus from these samples. The collected milk samples were cultured on nutrient agar; the presumptive Staphylococcus colonies were sub-cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and confirmed by using standard Bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using eight antimicrobials. The prevalence of S.aureus was found to be 25 (50%) out of the total samples examined. In addition, the prevalence of S.aureus was 5 (33.3%) from Goat milk, 16 (64%) from Buffalo milk and 4 (40%) from pasteurized milk. S.aureus was more likely to occur in buffalo milk that were poorly managed and treated frequently with antimicrobials. Thus, out of a total of 25 isolates, high resistance rate was observed primarily to Methicillin 25 (100%) followed by Erythromycin15 (60%), Amoxycillin12 (48%), Vancomycin12 (48%), Gentamycin 12 (48%), Tetracycline 11 (44%), Ciprofloxacin 11 (44%), and low level of resistance to Kanamycin 8 (32%). S.aureus became almost resistant to β-lactams and Erythromycin. The virulence characters of Staphylococcus aureus were characterized phenotypically. The rate of positiveness for Protease, Lipase, β-hemolysis, β-lactamase and Slime formation were 48%, 60%, 60%, 44%, 48%.In this study we concluded that the hygiene of milk is poor and resistant strains have contaminated the milk probably during the process of milking and transportation.
The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns... more The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urine samples. Totally 150 Urine samples were collected from in and around the Namakkal district and identified by standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using the Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. The Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistances to third generation Cephalosporins were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production. Among the 150 samples, 70 (47%) isolates were identified as a Klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (43%) isolates were found to be positive for ESBL production by combination disc method and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). In Antibiotic sensitivity test, 70 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were subjected in that 100 % resistance was shown to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, and tetracycline. Of Amikacin (89%), Chloramphenicol (79%), Co-trimoxazole (17%), Ciprofloxacin (7%) and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin(93%), Co-trimoxazole (83%), Chloramphenicol(21%), and Amikacin (11%). The prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be high in routine screening of ESBLs when compared with other bacteria in laboratory identification.
The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns... more The aim and objective of the present study was to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urine samples. Totally 150 Urine samples were collected from in and around the Namakkal district and identified by standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out using the Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. The Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistances to third generation Cephalosporins were subjected to phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production. Among the 150 samples, 70 (47%) isolates were identified as a Klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (43%) isolates were found to be positive for ESBL production by combination disc method and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). In Antibiotic sensitivity test, 70 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were subjected in that 100 % resistance was shown to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, and tetracycline. Of Amikacin (89%), Chloramphenicol (79%), Co-trimoxazole (17%), Ciprofloxacin (7%) and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin(93%), Co-trimoxazole (83%), Chloramphenicol(21%), and Amikacin (11%). The prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be high in routine screening of ESBLs when compared with other bacteria in laboratory identification.
Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human he... more Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of potable water sources. The present study is aimed at assessing the quality of potable water sources in and around Namakkal area and identified the TSST-1 gene producing Staphylococcus aureus. A totally 33 water samples comprising of 6 River water, 7 Pond water, 10 Municipality water and 10 Well water samples were collected aseptically. The physiochemical and the microbiological studies are most important regions by which we were able to test the potability of water. The collected samples were processed for bacterial isolation using the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA agar) (Hi-media, Mumbai).The suspected pure colonies of isolates were identified and characterized using standard biochemical tests. In AST test, totally 18 isolates were subjected in that most of the S.aureus showed sensitive to Kanamycin, Co-trimazaxole and Amphicillin. In MAR index, MSa 14,WSa15 showed 83.3% of resistance to all drugs and 66.6% to RSa1,WSa18.Based on the virulence characters 18(100%) isolates of S.aureus produced serum resistance, 8(44.44%) for coagulase positive and 6(33.33%) for haemolysis. In PCR assay, only two water sources such as River (RSa3) and Pond (PSa9) isolates of S.aureus expressed the virulence gene of TSST-1. From this study it was concluded that the water is commonly contaminated with pathogenic S.aureus and this contamination may be played a role in the transmission of potentially harmful infection to human beings.
Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed ... more Biofilm are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed they are very difficult to remove and act as a source of contamination in processing environments. As bacteria in biofilm exhibit enhanced resistance to antibiotics and clearance by the host immune system, the resistance of enteropathogenic bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistances have emerged even to newer, more potent antimicrobial agents. This study was under taken to investigate the presence of multidrug resistance producing biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila in human clinical samples. A total of 150 urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode during the period of six month. Among these only 75 isolates were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. The Starch-Ampicillin agar were used as a selective presumptive isolation medium for the isolation of bacterial isolates and confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila were determined by using standard biochemical analysis according to Bergey’s manual of systematic Bacteriology. Slime producing isolates were studied on Congo Red Agar (CRA) plate method and the biofilm were determined in tube method. Multi-drug resistance patterence and MDR index were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical laboratory standards. Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factors (biofilm) act as a one of the source for multi-drug resistance producing isolates among the microbial population. Aeromonas hydrophila has received particular attention because of its association with human infection. So that, in this present study the slime and biofilm forming isolates was detected and studied their multi-drug resistance patterns. Urine samples were collected from private hospital in Tiruchengode was found to contain very diverse populations of biofilm forming Aeromonas hydrophila.
Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of
a country. They play a significant rol... more Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a country. They play a significant role in providing primary health care services to rural people. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacturing of traditional and modern medicine. Medicinal plants are rich sources of antimicrobial agents. Basella alba leaves were collected and dried. Powder was used for the antibacterial activities, which were determined by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity was also determined. In antimicrobial activity, the concentration of 100mg/ml of Basella alba leaf extract showed highly active against bacterial strains. Antioxidants were determined by two methods in that 100mg/ml of the extract showed highly active to remove free radicals by DPPH (72.3±5.98) and ABTS (78±4.04). The aim of study was to evaluate the role of Basella alba extraction on antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Leaves extracts of this plant showed admirable in vitro activity.
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that 100 isolates were studied for the existence of beta- lactamases. Susceptibility
tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical
laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of
extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test
[DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar
medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram
negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The
distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was
predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis
(12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates
resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme
was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among
the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should
be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of
antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL
producing Gram negative organism.
laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test [DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar
medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was
predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis (12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL
producing Gram negative organism.
study, totally 50 carp fish samples were collected, Among these, 8 samples were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 were found to be positive for Aeromonas salmonicida by standard biochemical tests according to Bergey’s manual of systematic
Bacteriology. Antibiotic resistant patterns were performed by using Kirby- Bauer method. Both the species of Aeromonas showed the highest resistance patterns to Amoxicillin,
Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Clarithromycin. This study showed a virulence
character of Aeromonas hydrophila (8 isolates) positive for Proteolytic (62.5%), Lipolytic (75%), and β-Lactamase (100%), Hemolytic (31.5%), Slime production (100%). In Aeromonas salmonicida (13 isolates) showed positive for Proteolytic (61.5%), Lipolytic (69.2%), and β-Lactamase (84.6%), and Slime production (100%) respectively. Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples were genetically characterized by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) of 16S rDNA gene by using EcoRI enzyme, previously proposed as a useful tool to identify Aeromonas spp. This study was concluded that the
virulence and molecular characterization of Aeromonas spp., is very important to detect the infection in fresh water fish and it should be vividly studied the environmental factors,
immunosuppressive factors and other adaptability factors of host and pathogen responsible for the establishment of pathogenic state.
a country. They play a significant role in providing
primary health care services to rural people. They serve as
therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for
the manufacturing of traditional and modern medicine.
Medicinal plants are rich sources of antimicrobial agents.
Basella alba leaves were collected and dried. Powder was
used for the antibacterial activities, which were determined
by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity was also
determined. In antimicrobial activity, the concentration of
100mg/ml of Basella alba leaf extract showed highly
active against bacterial strains. Antioxidants were
determined by two methods in that 100mg/ml of the
extract showed highly active to remove free radicals by
DPPH (72.3±5.98) and ABTS (78±4.04). The aim of study
was to evaluate the role of Basella alba extraction on
antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Leaves extracts of
this plant showed admirable in vitro activity.
that 100 isolates were studied for the existence of beta- lactamases. Susceptibility
tests were carried out according to the criteria of national committee for clinical
laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of
extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test
[DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar
medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram
negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The
distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was
predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis
(12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates
resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme
was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among
the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should
be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of
antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL
producing Gram negative organism.
laboratory standards. MICs were obtained by agar diffusion method. Existence of extended spectrum of beta-lactamases were assessed by double disc synergy test [DDST].Out of 120 samples,100 isolates showed growth on the nutrient agar
medium and 20 showed no growth. Among the 120 isolates, 62 isolates were Gram negative and the remaining 38 showed other than Gram negative organisms. The distribution of Gram negative bacterial isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae was
predominate (24.2%) followed by Escherichia coli (15%), Proteus mirabilis (12.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed, out of 100 isolates, (19.4%) isolates resistant and (80.6%) isolates were sensitive. Presence of beta- lactamase enzyme was done by DDST. (17.74%) isolates showed positive results for DDST among the 62 Gram negative isolates. Routine diagnosis of ESBL producing strain should be done in hospital. The most important in avoiding misuse and overuse of antibiotics may reverse the undesired effects of multi drug resistance and ESBL
producing Gram negative organism.
study, totally 50 carp fish samples were collected, Among these, 8 samples were found to be positive for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 were found to be positive for Aeromonas salmonicida by standard biochemical tests according to Bergey’s manual of systematic
Bacteriology. Antibiotic resistant patterns were performed by using Kirby- Bauer method. Both the species of Aeromonas showed the highest resistance patterns to Amoxicillin,
Ampicillin/Cloxacillin, Cefotaxime, and Clarithromycin. This study showed a virulence
character of Aeromonas hydrophila (8 isolates) positive for Proteolytic (62.5%), Lipolytic (75%), and β-Lactamase (100%), Hemolytic (31.5%), Slime production (100%). In Aeromonas salmonicida (13 isolates) showed positive for Proteolytic (61.5%), Lipolytic (69.2%), and β-Lactamase (84.6%), and Slime production (100%) respectively. Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples were genetically characterized by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) of 16S rDNA gene by using EcoRI enzyme, previously proposed as a useful tool to identify Aeromonas spp. This study was concluded that the
virulence and molecular characterization of Aeromonas spp., is very important to detect the infection in fresh water fish and it should be vividly studied the environmental factors,
immunosuppressive factors and other adaptability factors of host and pathogen responsible for the establishment of pathogenic state.
a country. They play a significant role in providing
primary health care services to rural people. They serve as
therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for
the manufacturing of traditional and modern medicine.
Medicinal plants are rich sources of antimicrobial agents.
Basella alba leaves were collected and dried. Powder was
used for the antibacterial activities, which were determined
by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity was also
determined. In antimicrobial activity, the concentration of
100mg/ml of Basella alba leaf extract showed highly
active against bacterial strains. Antioxidants were
determined by two methods in that 100mg/ml of the
extract showed highly active to remove free radicals by
DPPH (72.3±5.98) and ABTS (78±4.04). The aim of study
was to evaluate the role of Basella alba extraction on
antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Leaves extracts of
this plant showed admirable in vitro activity.