- He is chairman of CEN TC 346, Conservation of cultural Heritage, since 2004.He served the Italian Ministry of Cultura... moreHe is chairman of CEN TC 346, Conservation of cultural Heritage, since 2004.He served the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage for 40 years as Director of the Scientific Laboratory of Venice Superintendence and has been involved in the co-ordination of interdisciplinary investigation projects at worksites and the development of new conservation treatments proposals. The activity was mainly dealing with conservation of historic building stone and wall paintings materials. He was involved for 25 years in International Training Programme for conservation of cultural heritage as teacher, coordinator and director of the biennial International Stone Conservation Course of UNESCO-ICCROM held in Venice.Teaching activities at International level as Visiting Professor: in the Sino-Italy cooperation Project “Training in the Restoration and Conservation of the Chinese Cultural Heritage” through the support of the Chinese Institute of Cultural Property (CNICP) of Beijing, in 2004 and 2007edit
The present work aims to define the type and extent of deterioration in the funerary monument to Giovanni Calfurnio (1443-1503), a valuable Renaissance artwork of Antonio Minello. The monument is made of Nanto stone, a soft yellow-brown... more
The present work aims to define the type and extent of deterioration in the funerary monument to Giovanni Calfurnio (1443-1503), a valuable Renaissance artwork of Antonio Minello. The monument is made of Nanto stone, a soft yellow-brown stone, often used locally for its aesthetic qualities and easy working. In order to plan urgent restoration work, characterisation of the stone and decay products, by means of classic mineralogic-petrographic and chemical methods was carried out. Since its realization until 1871 it stayed inside a church, and successively it was moved to the Novitiates' Cloister of St. Anthony`s Basilica in Padova where, according to detailed photographic documentation, collected since 1900 up to today, stone decay was considerably increased over the past few decades. Physical parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, wind as well as sulphur dioxide pollution are mainly responsible of the rapid decay observed in the last four decades of the last century.
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Why we need standards in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage? They are useful tools for professionals involved in the conservation of tangible cultural heritage.
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... Science of the Total Environment 167: 185-203. Fassina, V, Rattazzi, A. & Rossetti M. 1996. ... Milan, 25-27 March 1996. Fassina, V 2000. Different forms of decay in relation to nat-ural weathering and past man-made... more
... Science of the Total Environment 167: 185-203. Fassina, V, Rattazzi, A. & Rossetti M. 1996. ... Milan, 25-27 March 1996. Fassina, V 2000. Different forms of decay in relation to nat-ural weathering and past man-made intervention on the S. Maria del Giglio fa? ade (Venice). ...
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1 PAST RESTORATION AND PRESENT WORK In the mid-1970s, concern developed over the condition of the wall paintings in the Camera degli Sposi in the Ducal Palace in Mantua. In the vault, in particular, tiny fragments of paint were detaching... more
1 PAST RESTORATION AND PRESENT WORK In the mid-1970s, concern developed over the condition of the wall paintings in the Camera degli Sposi in the Ducal Palace in Mantua. In the vault, in particular, tiny fragments of paint were detaching themselves, the plaster was losing its cohesion and areas of a whitish efflorescence were present, which, while not extensive, were nonetheless significant and had spread onto the walls as well. The first step was to carry out a detailed photographic investigation which also included ultraviolet and infrared photography. The aim was to document the situation carefully and precisely in order to establish fixed reference points for evaluating the progress or stabilization of deterioration in the future. The next step was to carry out the investigation necessary for understanding the phenomena of decay. The initial hypothesis indicated crystallization of superficial salts as an inevitable consequence of the imbalance between the temperature of the room and of the surrounding walls. But the particular location of the Camera and the recently completed repair of the external walls with a careful sealing of the brick joints, plus a newly mended roof, excluded the possibility that decay now in progress could be due to the capillary migration of moisture or to infiltration of rain through the roof. Thus it was necessary to investigate and assess the presence of moisture caused by the condensation of water vapor on the painted surfaces. It was also important to take into consideration the presence of polluting agents as contributing to the deterioration of the work. Then began the research and study of all available material dealing with the restoration of the Camera in the past, in order to reconstruct the history of this work. A very useful series of archival documents from Mantua and Milan has made it possible to do this for the conservation undertaken during the past 100 years. Thus it is, unfortunately, possible to show the negative aspects of the history of restoration prior to the introduction of technical-scientific methods: the improvisations, the approximations, the dangerous experiments which characterize restoration before the introduction of scientific requirements for identifying and differentiating between original and restored material, and for determining how they react over time. Such analyses have become part of current procedures, at least in part. The startling discovery is that, starting from 1877, restoration work was carried out, either partially or totally, on average every 20-years. The results are obvious on the painted surfaces where, in addition to the evident damage, the colors have been obscured. This darkening was caused by successive applications of various substances during past restorations, such as oils, varnishes, waxes and different kinds of protective coverings. These coatings are themselves in serious states of deterioration. The repainting and retouching were often done with inappropriate materials, such as gesso, and missing parts were treated by misguided methods which hinder a correct reading of the painted image. It is necessary to know the exact condition of the surfaces in order to verify the nature of the materials and techniques used for the paintings as originally executed as distinct from the alterations caused by harmful and faulty restoration. For this,
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Research Interests: Materials Science, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Multidisciplinary, Weathering, Failure Analysis, and 6 moreScience for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Consolidation, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Buildings and Monuments, Cross Section, Stone conservation, and Consolidation of Painted Ancient Stone Surfaces
... studi Ca'Foscari di Venezia Renzo Ravagnan, Istituto Veneto per i Beni Culturali Akatsuki Takahashi, Unesco Venice Office Alessandro Vigato, Consiglio ... S., Folli L. 41 A research into intrinsic parameters material... more
... studi Ca'Foscari di Venezia Renzo Ravagnan, Istituto Veneto per i Beni Culturali Akatsuki Takahashi, Unesco Venice Office Alessandro Vigato, Consiglio ... S., Folli L. 41 A research into intrinsic parameters material to the durability of highly porous building stones Calia A., Mecchi ...
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A specific European standardisation activity in the field of conservation of cultural heritage is essential to acquire a common unified scientific approach to the problems relevant to the preservation and conservation of the cultural... more
A specific European standardisation activity in the field of conservation of cultural heritage is essential to acquire a common unified scientific approach to the problems relevant to the preservation and conservation of the cultural property. A scientific approach is essential for the conservation of cultural heritage as a preliminary basis that will ensure effective planning of ordinary and extraordinary maintenance works, as well to assure their efficacy and durability. The scope of CEN TC 346 is to establish standards in the field of the processes, practices, methodologies and documentation of conservation of tangible cultural heritage to support its preservation, protection and maintenance and to enhance its significance. This includes standardization on the characterization of deterioration processes and environmental conditions for cultural heritage and the products and technologies used for the planning and execution of conservation, restoration, repair and maintenance. Up to now seventeen EN standards were published according to a matrix-based method in which three main topics have been developed. In 2014 seven more standards will be published.
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... deterioration; Stone, deterioration chemical; Stone, deterioration water; Stone, deterioration freeze;Stone, deterioration salt crystallization; Air pollution, stone; Stone, deterioration diagnosis; Air pollution, aerosol; Air... more
... deterioration; Stone, deterioration chemical; Stone, deterioration water; Stone, deterioration freeze;Stone, deterioration salt crystallization; Air pollution, stone; Stone, deterioration diagnosis; Air pollution, aerosol; Air pollution, science; Stone, conservation; Stone, cleaning; Stone ...
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Most of the funerary monuments in the cloisters of St. Anthony’s Basilica, being located in the centre of Padua, have suffered of marked decay processes related to the recent industrialisation which has strongly increased sulphur... more
Most of the funerary monuments in the cloisters of St. Anthony’s Basilica, being located in the centre of Padua, have suffered of marked decay processes related to the recent industrialisation which has strongly increased sulphur based-compound in the atmosphere. Extensive sampling of the monuments were performed following the European guidelines of CEN TC 346. Surface samples were collected from those areas which showed severe symptoms of stone deterioration. Care was taken to ensure that the samples were representative of each monument. Petrographic analyses of all surface crusts showed gypsum, in both microcrystalline flakes and in acicular crystals. Gypsum is the predominant phase due to sulphation processes, according to the interactions of the atmosphere in contact with the stone surface. SEM analyses (BSE images) of cross sections showed extensive micro-cracks in the limestone, parallel to the stone/crust interface, completely filled with gypsum. The study of the decay products, their extent on the surface and in depth of the stone and the causes that have led to their formation have allowed an important evaluation of decay degree and consequently the most appropriate procedure of restoration to be carried out.
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In recent decades, the funerary monument dedicated to Antonio Canova in the Basilica dei Frari has suffered serious decay phenomena. The sharp increase in deterioration processes observed in different areas has caused the loss of large... more
In recent decades, the funerary monument dedicated to Antonio Canova in the Basilica dei Frari has suffered serious decay phenomena. The sharp increase in deterioration processes observed in different areas has caused the loss of large areas of marble detail from the surface of the statues. As there is an urgent need to stop the increasing rate of marble decay the authorities responsible for protection of the cultural and monumental heritage decided to start a comprehensive survey to identify the causes of alteration. Macroscopic observation of the marble surface showed different forms of alteration as well as the massive presence of salt efflorescence. A number of different types of alteration were observed macroscopically and in order to assess the deterioration mechanisms samples were taken from the decayed areas. ESEM observations together with EDS analyses have enabled us to explain the stages, each corresponding to different features, through which exfoliation and lamination o...
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In order to explain why different forms of decay are present on a building facade some samples were taken from different areas of many monuments. Macroscopic observations of the forms of decay were correlated with quantitative analytical... more
In order to explain why different forms of decay are present on a building facade some samples were taken from different areas of many monuments. Macroscopic observations of the forms of decay were correlated with quantitative analytical data in order to build up a simple model which was able to explain in a general way the decay phenomena. This simplified model was tested on several Venetian monuments and the features visible on stone surfaces correspond to different degree of deterioration. The quantitative analytical data were associated with the different forms of decay, which were defined as white washing, dirt accumulation and dirt washing. The results obtained showed that the features visible on stone surfaces corresponded to different degree of deterioration and the sulphate formation is greatest in the black dendrite-shaped crusts which are generally formed at the interface between the white washing areas and the sheltered ones, which were defined as dirt washing area.
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Contents Part 1. General Aspects Prevention through awareness Choosing a heating system Reversibility of installation The problem of the microclimate o Physical integrity of works of art o Pollutant deposition and blackening of surfaces o... more
Contents Part 1. General Aspects Prevention through awareness Choosing a heating system Reversibility of installation The problem of the microclimate o Physical integrity of works of art o Pollutant deposition and blackening of surfaces o Condensation of vapour excess o Biological decay Draughts Thermal Comfort Ventilation Organ conservation Heating for thermal comfort and heating for conservation From the point of view of conservation, is it better to heat or to leave the natural situation as it is? The case of dry, cold winters The case of humid, rainy winters Conclusions to Part 1 Technical Appendix 1: A few notes on Infrared Radiation Technical Appendix 2: Principal deposition mechanisms of suspended particles in the air Technical Appendix 3: Notes on biodeterioration Further reading on thermal comfort, microclimate, material decay, biodeterioration Part 2. Analysis of the individual heating systems No heating at all for the entire cold season o The case of cave-churches o The c...
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Abstract. Concentrations of SO 2 and NH3 were measured daily for 3 yr. Monthly average concentrations obtained from daily data showed two seasonal cycles: in winter high SO2 and low NH3 concentrations; in summer low SO 2 and high NH 3... more
Abstract. Concentrations of SO 2 and NH3 were measured daily for 3 yr. Monthly average concentrations obtained from daily data showed two seasonal cycles: in winter high SO2 and low NH3 concentrations; in summer low SO 2 and high NH 3 concentrations. Calculations of NH 3 ...
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Materials in nature continually deteriorate as a result of physical, chemivcal, mechanical and biological processes. The alteration of rocks in the lithosphere is produced by the various continental agents (temperature, water, erosion,... more
Materials in nature continually deteriorate as a result of physical, chemivcal, mechanical and biological processes. The alteration of rocks in the lithosphere is produced by the various continental agents (temperature, water, erosion, earth movements, biological agents) as well by intrinsic properties, i.e., mineralogy, texture and structure. The changes produced by weathering are governed by thermodynamic laws, and can be ascribed to partial or complete decomposition of some minerals and the partial or vcomplete migration of both major and minor chemical elements. When used as buoding stones and free stone, rocks are subject to more influences in addition to the natural ones, scuh as urban industrial pollution. Among the mechanisms generally recognized as responsible for stone deterioration the etching, leaching or dissolution of mineral constituents due to the acidic solutions as well as the crystallization of soluble salts are considered.
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The acceleration in the decay in urban stone monuments in the last decades has been attributed to the sharp increase of air pollutants. A review of atmospheric chemistry is essential to understand the process by which a pollutant is... more
The acceleration in the decay in urban stone monuments in the last decades has been attributed to the sharp increase of air pollutants. A review of atmospheric chemistry is essential to understand the process by which a pollutant is transformed in the atmosphere and reaches the stone surface. The natural and artificial pollutants relevant to stone decay are: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and particulate matter.
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Synthetic resins are highly important products in stone conservation and restoration, because their vaste range of chemical and physical properties abd because the possibility of prepare tailor-made polymers adapted to each particular... more
Synthetic resins are highly important products in stone conservation and restoration, because their vaste range of chemical and physical properties abd because the possibility of prepare tailor-made polymers adapted to each particular requirement. However it must be remembered that these characteristics are not static and that the long-term evolutionb shoud be carefully take into account. The infromation on theri weathering has generally been gained by obserfvation of alteration of built heritage, and in particular in the basis of failures of applications.
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In addition to use of polyesters in the preparation of synthetic concretes and for consolidation of stones, they are also sometimes used in the form of laminates fro protection of works of art. In Sicily for example, a roof has built... more
In addition to use of polyesters in the preparation of synthetic concretes and for consolidation of stones, they are also sometimes used in the form of laminates fro protection of works of art. In Sicily for example, a roof has built over the floor mosaics of the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina.
The use of a mixture of copolymers instead of single homopolymers has been subject of researches to improve the properties of single homopolimers as stone consolidating
The use of a mixture of copolymers instead of single homopolymers has been subject of researches to improve the properties of single homopolimers as stone consolidating
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Use of acrylic resins for treating stone. Acrylic resins were used for impregnating stone i several buildings and mural paintings
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Epoxy resins as and rebuilding resins have found great vaue in saving some very well known monumental works, including the temple of Abu Simbel, the Segovian Aqueduct and the Celsus Library at Ephesus.
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Naturai and Synthetic Waxes 11.1. Introduction Beeswax and other naturai waxes, fats, linseed oil-based varnishes, and paraffins [1] were among thè first products to have been used to treat and protect stone [2], This is because of their... more
Naturai and Synthetic Waxes 11.1. Introduction Beeswax and other naturai waxes, fats, linseed oil-based varnishes, and paraffins [1] were among thè first products to have been used to treat and protect stone [2], This is because of their water-repellent properties and Chemical inertness. Marble sculptures protected with mixtures of wax and oil were already referred to by Vitruvius, Plinius and Seneca [3-5]. Documents show that thè ancient Venetian Republic continuously spen,t money on thè periodic cleaning of statues and facades of monuments and on their protection with wax and fat-based products. Centuries later, traces of these products can stili be found on thè columns, capitals and facings of facades of St. Mark's Basilica [6]. The protective and beneficiai effect of fatty substances on stone is evident in thè very good state of preservation of parts of monuments which are frequently touched by visitors' hands. A fairly clear distinction can be made between naturai and synthetic waxes. Naturai waxes can be of animai, vegetable or minerai origin [7-9]. They are mainly made of esters, fatty acids and high-molecular-weight alcohols, and of smaller quantities of acids, free alcohols and hydrocarbons. For example, thè Chemical composition of beeswax is as follows [10]: » 70% alkyl esters of fatty and waxy acids, thè most important of which is myricyl palmitate; » 1% cholesteryl esters of fatty acids; = 0.6% lactones; ~ 14% free waxy acids; = 13% hydrocarbons; = 1-2% moisture. A typical chromatogram for beeswax is shown in Fig. 209 [11], Beeswax dissolved in turpentine applied to smooth surfaces and then polished forms a protective coat for some length of time. One drawback, however, is poor adhesion of thè wax to thè support and thè tendency for it to become sticky and collect dirt [2], Petroleum-derived waxes include thè following groups: thè paraffin wax group, thè petrolatum group and thè petroleum ceresin group [12], This last category belongs to thè microcrystalline waxes which show special characteristics in relation to other waxes [13]. Microcrystalline wax is a mixture of solid hydrocarbons with a high melting point and good plasticity in contrast to brittle paraffin waxes. Chemically it is composed of saturated cycloparaffins, isoparaffins with branched chain structures and varying quantities of normal paraffins with a linear chain structure. The molecular chains of microcrystalline waxes are doublé thè length of macrocrystalline waxes and their molecular weight is higher (580-700 as opposed to 260-420 for macrocrystalline waxes). They are made of smaller crystals than those of paraffin waxes. This allows microcrystalline waxes to acquire flexibility at low temperatures, good adhesion and waterproof properties. Synthetic waxes [14], consisting of polymerized hydrocarbons, esters and oxidised
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An overview on inorgarnic stone treatments carried out in the past. Drawbacks of alkali silicate (wasser glass) and fluosilicates (fluates) are presented. Baryta stone treatments introduced by Church is also discussed.
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Properties of adhesives used for stone conservation purposes were presented. Theory of adhesion were discussed in terms of mechanical, chemical, electrostatic. Different modes of adhesive setting were presented. Composition of adhesives... more
Properties of adhesives used for stone conservation purposes were presented. Theory of adhesion were discussed in terms of mechanical, chemical, electrostatic. Different modes of adhesive setting were presented. Composition of adhesives including stabilizers, plasticizers, fillers and solvents were discussed
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In undertaking restoration work, the sequence of remedial action could be the following: diagnosis, cleaning, preconsolidation, consolidation, superficial protection, reconstitution and maintenance. Diagnosis consists of an in-depth study... more
In undertaking restoration work, the sequence of remedial action could be the following: diagnosis, cleaning, preconsolidation, consolidation, superficial protection, reconstitution and maintenance. Diagnosis consists of an in-depth study of the causes and mechanisms of the decay processes and the history of the object which need restoration.
Cleaning is the mechanical, chemical and physical removal of weathered crusts and dust deposited on the surface of stones. Consolidation is the in-depth treatment of stone that has lost its cohesion to such a degree that its physical survival is imperiled. It consists in the impregnation of the weathered stone, as well as a substantial part of the underlying sound layer of the stone.
Cleaning is the mechanical, chemical and physical removal of weathered crusts and dust deposited on the surface of stones. Consolidation is the in-depth treatment of stone that has lost its cohesion to such a degree that its physical survival is imperiled. It consists in the impregnation of the weathered stone, as well as a substantial part of the underlying sound layer of the stone.
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New fluorinated polymeric materials with variable fluorine content and distribution were prepared by free radical polymerization of acrylic or methacrylic esters of different fluorinated alcohols such as trifluoromethylethanol,... more
New fluorinated polymeric materials with variable fluorine content and distribution were prepared by free radical polymerization of acrylic or methacrylic esters of different fluorinated alcohols such as trifluoromethylethanol, pentafluoropropanol and perfluorodecanol (CF 3 (CF 2 ) 7 CH 2 CH 2 OH). Different copolymers of the above monomers with nonfluorinated comonomers were also prepared. THese materials were subjected to preliminary tests for photooxidative stability and stone protection efficiency. Fourier-transform infrared analysis show that the fluorinated systems display, in general, only moderately better stability with respect to nonfluorinated analogs. Stone protection behaviour seems to be very dependent on fluorine content but also on the nature of the lithotype. In particular, polypentafluopropylmethacrylate (PPFPM) maintains a very good hydrorepellency after many hours. Other parameters (contact angle and color index) show less clear trends, indicating the need for ad...
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The problem of removing deposits of atmospheric pollutants and deterioration products has been considered in the context of surface chemistry, both as regards the implication of molecular attraction between stone and environmental... more
The problem of removing deposits of atmospheric pollutants and deterioration products has been considered in the context of surface chemistry, both as regards the implication of molecular attraction between stone and environmental pollutants. The cleaning of monuments, statue and architectural ornaments in stone is carried out to ensure a better preservation of cultural heritage objects. Different cleaning methods are presented underlining pros and cons of each one in order to choose the most appropriate and less aggressive towards the substrate to be preserved
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Painting materials used in wall, easel and canvas paintings are presented regarding their chemical and physical properties. The role of inorganic and organic binding media is also discussed.
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Silicones were among the first synthetic polymers to be used for waterproofing masonry and preserving historic and artistic monuments. The main characteristics of silicones are derived from theri organmetallic naturae and the bonding... more
Silicones were among the first synthetic polymers to be used for waterproofing masonry and preserving historic and artistic monuments. The main characteristics of silicones are derived from theri organmetallic naturae and the bonding between silicon nd oxygen which is similar to the configuration of quartz in nature. Several Bristish monuments were treated with silicon compounds: the Tower of London, Pembroke Colege in Oxford, Christ church Colege in Oxford, Saint Paul's Cathedral. Special techniques have been developed for total inpregnationof statue both in situ and in laboratory. The restoration of theGiustizia statue in Carrara marble at the Porta della Carta in Venice. Many other treatments were carried out In Italy since the 60' ies of the XX century .
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Polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcol were used in the past as consolidants. Sewveral uses have been found for PVacetate either as adhesive to restore museum objects in solution to consolidate plaster or soft stone, or as an emulsin to... more
Polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcol were used in the past as consolidants. Sewveral uses have been found for PVacetate either as adhesive to restore museum objects in solution to consolidate plaster or soft stone, or as an emulsin to impeove adfhesion.
In undertaking restoration work, the sequence of remedial action could be the following: diagnosis, cleaning, preconsolidation, consolidation, superficial protection, reconstitution and maintenance. Diagnosis consists of an in-depth study... more
In undertaking restoration work, the sequence of remedial action could be the following: diagnosis, cleaning, preconsolidation, consolidation, superficial protection, reconstitution and maintenance. Diagnosis consists of an in-depth study of the causes and mechanisms of the decay processes and the history of the object which need restoration.
Cleaning is the mechanical, chemical and physical removal of weathered crusts and dust deposited on the surface of stones. Consolidation is the in-depth treatment of stone that has lost its cohesion to such a degree that its physical survival is imperiled. It consists in the impregnation of the weathered stone, as well as a substantial part of the underlying sound layer of the stone.
Cleaning is the mechanical, chemical and physical removal of weathered crusts and dust deposited on the surface of stones. Consolidation is the in-depth treatment of stone that has lost its cohesion to such a degree that its physical survival is imperiled. It consists in the impregnation of the weathered stone, as well as a substantial part of the underlying sound layer of the stone.
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Chemistry for conservation and restoration of cultural heritage Vol. I - Decay of materials In the first volume of the series edited by Vasco Fassina, the results carried out in the last fifty years and the related mechanisms of decay are... more
Chemistry for conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Vol. I - Decay of materials
In the first volume of the series edited by Vasco Fassina, the results carried out in the last fifty years and the related mechanisms of decay are exposed, supported by a rigorous scientific approach. The book is a useful tool to understand the causes of deterioration and allows you to apply the most appropriate measures to eliminate or slow down the processes, using preventive actions or curative conservation.
The importance of using shared terminology is underlined and the European standards aimed at conservation of cultural heritage are described. The author has reviewed and integrated, with numerous researches that have taken place in recent years, publications that are now far away, providing keys to understanding heritage conservation professionals
https://www.nardinieditore.it/prodotto/chimica-applicata-conservazionerestauro/?
fbclid=IwAR27LwLWycPrqpB8DTPBdRzVJn_VNU1L9AOwsAQUWmlYM8M5c7b6WfN9
Y3o
Vol. I - Decay of materials
In the first volume of the series edited by Vasco Fassina, the results carried out in the last fifty years and the related mechanisms of decay are exposed, supported by a rigorous scientific approach. The book is a useful tool to understand the causes of deterioration and allows you to apply the most appropriate measures to eliminate or slow down the processes, using preventive actions or curative conservation.
The importance of using shared terminology is underlined and the European standards aimed at conservation of cultural heritage are described. The author has reviewed and integrated, with numerous researches that have taken place in recent years, publications that are now far away, providing keys to understanding heritage conservation professionals
https://www.nardinieditore.it/prodotto/chimica-applicata-conservazionerestauro/?
fbclid=IwAR27LwLWycPrqpB8DTPBdRzVJn_VNU1L9AOwsAQUWmlYM8M5c7b6WfN9
Y3o
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Vasco Fassina
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Ernesto Borrelli & Vasco Fassina
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Vasco Fassina
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Vasco Fassina
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Giovanna Alessandrini & Vasco Fassina
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Vasco Fassina
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Vasco Fassina
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G.G. Amoroso & Vasco Fassina
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Dario Camuffo, Vasco Fassina, & John Havermans