Yury Razvodovsky

Разводовский Юрий Евгеньевич — врач-психиатр, профессор Международной академии трезвости, автор около 1000 научных работ, в том числе 30-ти монографий, посвященных проблемам зависимости от алкоголя и наркотиков, патогенного действия алкоголя и наркотиков на организм, а также пагубным социальным последствиям употребления алкоголя и наркотиков. E-mail: razvodovsky@tut.by В настоящей работе проведен сравнительный анализ динамики уровня экономической доступности пива и уровня его продажи в России. Согласно результатам корреляционного анализа Спирмана уровень продажи пива тесно коррелирует с уровнем его экономической доступности (r=0,71;p<0,000). Расчеты, проведенные с использованием модели линейной регрессии показали, что при увеличении ценовой доступности пива на 1% уровень его продажи растет на 0,61%. Таким образом, результаты настоящего исследования свидетельствуют о том, что в России спрос на пиво является эластичным по отношению к цене. Полученные данные подтверждают существующее представление, согласно которому снижение экономической доступности пива является реальным способом снижения уровня его потребления. Ключевые слова: пиво, продажа, экономическая доступность, Россия. Пиво является алкогольным изделием, употребление которого сопряжено с многочисленными неблагоприятными последствиями, включая повышенный риск травматизма, насилия, хронических соматических заболеваний (алкогольная болезнь печени, алкогольная кардиомиопатия, некоторые виды рака) [1,11]. В общественном сознании укоренился ложный стереотип о безвредности и даже полезности пива. Ложное представление о безвредности пива стало одной из основных причин распространенности его потребления. Результаты эпидемиологических исследований, проведенных в России, говорят о том, что пиво употребляют две трети мужчин и около трети женщин [2]. Средняя дневная

39 Saami, who live in Scandinavian countries – Sweden and Norway. The analysis of reasons and risk factors showed that all the native peoples experience stress caused by forced assimilation. Moreover, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand natives were experiencing the severe stress of colonization and ethnic cleansing, which had impacted seriously the health of future generations. It has lead to «complicated grief», which is clinically reflected in increased rates of mental disorders, alcoholism, drug addiction, unnatural deaths including suicides. Co nclusio ns. The experience accumulated abroad can be useful for the clearer understanding of the social processes, being marked in native populations at the modern stage of society development. It can also contribute to the elaboration of the preventive measures against suicides in native peoples living in Russia.

Туберкулез и самоубийства относятся к числу медико-социальных проблем, по-этому их эпидемиологические параметры часто используются в качестве индикато-ров социального неблагополучия. Имеющиеся теоретические предпосылки и эмпири-ческие данные указывают на существование связи между суицидом и смертностью от туберкулеза как на индивидуальном, так и на популяционном уровнях. Цель. Анализ связи между частотой суицида и смертностью от туберкулеза на популяционном уровне в России. Материалы и методы. Проведен сравнительный анализ динамики уровня половых коэффициентов суицидов и смертности от туберкулеза в России в пе-риод в 1980-2015 гг. Результаты. Кросс-корреляционный анализ преобразованных временных рядов показал, что между динамикой уровня суицидов и уровня смертно-сти от туберкулеза среди мужчин существует статистически значимая связь на нуле-вом лаге (r=0,7: SE=0,169). Связь между уровнем данных показателей у женщин также положительная, хотя статистически она не значима (r=0,26: SE=0,169). Выводы. Ре-зультаты настоящего исследования говорят о существовании связи между уровнем суицидов у мужчин и уровнем эпидемиологических параметров туберкулеза, в осо-бенности уровнем смертности, на популяционном уровне в России, подтверждая тем самым гипотезу, согласно которой смертность от туберкулеза является индикатором психосоциального дистресса, а также косвенно свидетельствуют в пользу психосома-тической природы туберкулеза.

УО «Гродненский государственный медицинский университет» Настоящая статья посвящена роли выдающегося русского психиатра-невролога В.М. Бехтерева в организа-ции антиалкогольного движения в России в начале 20-го века. В.М. Бехтерев внес большой вклад в изучение раз-личных аспектов алкоголизма, разработал систему антиалкогольных профилактических мероприятий, одним из первых в мире успешно применил гипноз в лечении алкоголизма, пропагандировал идеи трезвого образа жизни. Ключевые слова: В.М. Бехтерев, Россия, антиалкогольное движение. This article is dedicated to the role of the prominent Russian psychiatrist-neurologist V.M. Bechterev in the organization of anti-alcohol movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20 th century. V.M. Bechterev investigated different aspects of alcoholism, elaborated system of anti-alcohol prophylactic measures, was one of the first in the World to apply hypnosis in the treatment of alcoholism, promoted healthy way of life.

58 dependence and healthy components of the control group), each of which is represented by 62 patients. Comparison of all the studied traits in groups. It has been shown that women who suffer from alcohol addiction is much more likely to find autoaggressive patterns of behavior and thinking compared with the control group (19.35% of women suffering from alcohol dependence, during the life made suicidal attempts, and 22.58% have a history of suicidal thoughts). They are also more likely to occur non-suicidal patterns of behavior (eg, exposure to violence among women suffering from alcoholism 32.26% against 1.61% in healthy respondents); well represented autoagressive predictors of behavior. All this leads to the conclusion that this contingent of women has a high suicide risk and deserves close attention from the substance abuse and a suicide services.

Background: Several studies have documented significant contemporaneous effects of changes in vodka consumption per capita on mortality from external causes in Russia. Objectives: To assess the relationship between the price of vodka and violent mortality rates in Russia from 2010 to 2015. Methods: Trends in the real price of vodka and violent mortality rates between 2010 and 2015, were compared. Results: A Spearman's correlation analysis suggests a statistically significant inverse relationship between the real price of vodka and suicides, homicides, accidental drowning, mortality due to exposure to smoke, fire and flames and fatal falls. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest an inverse aggregate-level relationship between the price of vodka and violent mortality rates in Russia. These findings are in agreement with the arguments that increase in alcohol prices is the most consistent alcohol policy intervention.

Across most countries, suicide rates are significantly higher for men compared to women, while women typically have higher rate of suicide attempts. The gender difference in the suicide rates is particularly large in the Eastern European countries. There is suggestive evidence of a crucial role of alcohol in explanation of this phenomenon. In present study we will test the hypothesis of the close aggregate level link between alcohol consumption and gender difference in suicide mortality rates in Russia using data on sex-specific suicide rates and alcohol consumption per capita between 1965 and 2015. Time-series analytical modeling techniques (ARIMA) were used to examine the relation between the gender gap in suicide mortality and trends in alcohol consumption per capita. According to the results of time-series analysis, alcohol consumption is a statistically significant factor associated with gender gap in suicide mortality in Russia, implying that a 1-litre increase in consumption per capita is associated with an increase in the difference between male and female suicide mortality rates by 8.3%. The results of the analysis also suggest that 66 % of the difference in suicide mortality between males and females in Russia could be attributed to alcohol. The outcomes of this study provide indirect support for the hypothesis that alcohol is a major contributor to the high gender gap in suicide mortality and its dramatic fluctuations in Russia during the last few decades.

The difference in life expectancy between males and females in Russia is unprecedently high compared with developed countries. Objective: This paper was design to estimate the aggregate level effect of binge drinking on the gender gap in life expectancy in Russian. Method: Trends in male fatal alcohol poisoning rate (as a proxy for binge drinking) and gender gap in life expectancy from 1965 to 2015 were analyzed employing a distributed lags analysis in order to asses bivariate relationship between the two time series. Results: The results of the time series analysis suggest a positive relation between fatal alcohol poisonings and gender gap in life expectancy (r=0.85; SE=0.14). Conclusions: The outcomes of this study provide indirect support for the hypothesis that binge drinking is a major contributor to the high gender gap in life expectancy and its dramatic fluctuations in Russia during the last few decades.

Background: Although alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses incidence rates were comparatively high in Belarus even during the later-Soviet period, the alarming rise that has occurred during the post-Soviet period means that this country has one of the highest alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses rates in the world.

70 ters. We present generalized characteristics of suicide attempters who committed suicides in 2016 choosing two methods mechanical asphyxia (92.3%) and body cuts (7.7%). The majority of suiciders (79.3%) were convicted, suspected or accused for the most serious (49.2%) and serious (30.1%) crimes. They were typified with emotional instability, tension (66%); irascibility, impulsiveness (40%); selectivity in contacts, aloofness, offishness, caution, distrust, suspicion (26%); sensitivity to criticism, anxiety, feeling of hopelessness and uselessness, pessimism (24%); irritability and aggressiveness combined with lack of confidence and low self esteem (22%). Among the named motives for suicide were: the loss of meaning of life (35%); conflict or breakup with significant people (23%); inadequate mental or physical health (12%); duration of punishment (11%); guilt (8%); conflict with other prisoners (4%); the need to attract attention by demonstrative-blackmailing behavior (3%). Risk factors of suicide in prison were determined as the uncertainty of the situation; authoritarian environment; the loss of control over life events; the denial of contact with family and the shortage of social and psychological support; the feeling of shame for their actions and fear of losing liberty; inhumane aspects of detention in etc. The following factors add up to them while in jail: acquaintance with the criminal case materials, the indictment, the approaching court date or sentencing after conviction, community isolation and placement in a closed environment; regime that ignores individuality, teaches to obey and lacks autonomy; abrupt limitation of opportunities to meet personal needs; changes in usual stereotype; communication with a limited circle of persons and the criminal environment; forced tenure into same-sex social groups, etc. Attention is drawn to the fact that the risk of suicide increases if the suspect, accused or convicted person abused alcohol or used drugs, made a suicide attempt in the past and/or suffers from a mental disorder. The authors reveal a number of drawbacks in service activities that contributed to the suicide completion. It is concluded that to preserve the trend in the annual decrease in suicide rates it is necessary to strengthen the activities of employees in a number of areas, to develop and introduce social-psychological model of suicide prevention in the penitentiary system.

Оценена алкогольная фракция (АФ) в структуре самоубийств в Беларуси на основе ана-лиза популяционных данных. Расчет АФ показал, что алкоголь является непосредственной причиной 63,4% случаев суицида мужчин и 35,2% случаев суицида женщин. Наибольший удельный вес алкогольной составляющей в структуре самоубийств отмечается среди мужчин молодого и среднего возраста, что, по всей видимости, обусловлено высоким уровнем алко-гольных проблем среди них. Результаты настоящего исследования свидетельствуют в пользу гипотезы, согласно которой алкоголь является основным фактором, обуславливающим высо-кий уровень суицидов в Беларуси. В этой связи ключевым аспектом программы профилактики суицидального поведения в Беларуси должно являться ограничение доступности алкоголя. Ключевые слова: алкогольная фракция, суициды, Беларусь. ______________________ Resume __________________________________________________________________________ In present article, the alcohol-attributable fraction (AAF) in suicides structure in Belarus on the bases of population data has been estimated. The results of analysis suggest that 63,4% of all male suicides and 35,2% of all female suicides could be attributed to alcohol. The proportion of alcohol-attributable suicides is the largest among young and middle age men, which may refl ect the fact that the level of alcohol-related problems among men of working age is especially high. These fi nd-ings indicate that alcohol is a major factor of a high suicide mortality in Belarus. In this respect, the key aspect of suicide prevention program in Belarus should be the alcohol availability control. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Изучение факторов риска суицидального поведения относится к числу приоритетных задач, поскольку данная форма социальной девиации является одной из основных причин насильственной смер-ти лиц молодого и среднего возраста во многих странах мира [8]. Со

Across most countries, suicide rates are significantly higher for men compared to women, while women typically have higher rate of suicide attempts. The gender difference in the suicide rates is particularly large in the Eastern European countries. There is suggestive evidence of a crucial role of alcohol in explanation of this phenomenon. In present study we will test the hypothesis of the close aggregate level link between alcohol consumption and gender difference in suicide mortality rates in Russia using data on sex-specific suicide rates and alcohol consumption per capita between 1965 and 2015. Time-series analytical modeling techniques (ARIMA) were used to examine the relation between the gender gap in suicide mortality and trends in alcohol consumption per capita. According to the results of time-series analysis, alcohol consumption is a statistically significant factor associated with gender gap in suicide mortality in Russia, implying that a 1-litre increase in consumption per capita is associated with an increase in the difference between male and female suicide mortality rates by 8.3%. The results of the analysis also suggest that 66 % of the difference in suicide mortality between males and females in Russia could be attributed to alcohol. The outcomes of this study provide indirect support for the hypothesis that alcohol is a major contributor to the high gender gap in suicide mortality and its dramatic fluctuations in Russia during the last few decades.

The difference in life expectancy between males and females in Russia is unprecedently high compared with developed countries. Objective: This paper was design to estimate the aggregate level effect of binge drinking on the gender gap in life expectancy in Russian. Method: Trends in male fatal alcohol poisoning rate (as a proxy for binge drinking) and gender gap in life expectancy from 1965 to 2015 were analyzed employing a distributed lags analysis in order to asses bivariate relationship between the two time series. Results: The results of the time series analysis suggest a positive relation between fatal alcohol poisonings and gender gap in life expectancy (r=0.85; SE=0.14). Conclusions: The outcomes of this study provide indirect support for the hypothesis that binge drinking is a major contributor to the high gender gap in life expectancy and its dramatic fluctuations in Russia during the last few decades.

Background: Although alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses incidence rates were comparatively high in Belarus even during the later-Soviet period, the alarming rise that has occurred during the post-Soviet period means that this country has one of the highest alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses rates in the world.