VEDA'S JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE [JOELL]

JOELL,a peer reviewed  International Journal invites original manuscripts within the scope of English Language and Literature including ELT for  online and print publications in the upcoming issue April-June 2024.

Visit our website @    http://joell.in/

Date for paper submission: 28 March 2024

Email your manuscript to       editorjoell@gmail.com or joelleditor@gmail.com

The peer reviewed International Journal offers fast review within approx 10-15 days.

Hate speech is a global threat. History has witnessed a widespread massacre in many countries as an outcome of hate speech and India is no exception. The climate of hate that has engulfed the current Indian government (Bharatiya Janata Party) is expressed time and again in the form of a speech by the people in power leading to a nationwide breach of peace. India being a home to multi-culture, ethnic, linguistic and religious groups, the tone and tenor of words used by those in power, has flared large scale of violence in many instances. The aim of the paper is three fold. Besides exploring the global understanding of hate speech and anti-Christian rhetoric, the paper highlights hate speech that has caused the kandamal genocide (2008) destroying and devastating the lives of the marginalized Christian community and to promote a transformational leadership approach to develop people of influence with values, dignity and respect for human life.

This article introduces some of the themes and structural dynamics of the Fourth Gospel in closer integration with the religio-cultural aspects of the South Asian context. As John’s Gospel has the potential to appeal to and accommodate the spirituality of South Asia, a re-reading of the Gospel is possible through the means of a crosspollination of ideas. The four major parts of the Gospel, i.e., the Prologue, the Book of Signs, the Book of Glory, and the Epilogue, demonstrate several cultural and ideological parallels with that of the South Asian realities. A reading that encourages religio-cultural sensitivity can be a required formative factor in the process of interpreting the Fourth Gospel. Some of the key aspects of the Gospel such as the theme of discipleship, the sign language, the “I AM” Sayings, the characters and the characterization, mystical expressions, and dualistic tendencies can be dynamically interlocked within the South Asian ideological and cultural aspects. The u...

The 70 weeks prophecy is among the most complicated biblical texts,
but which many think are simple. This fact is undeniable because it is
among the most widely researched, variously interpreted, and
intensely debated biblical texts. Exegetical method is adopted for the
best interpretation of the context of the Bible for appropriate and
adequate meaning. The most widely accepted interpretation is its
relation to the first advent of our savior Jesus Christ. The current
study debunks this popular view by bringing in a completely new but
scholarly and historically supported interpretation linking
the prophecy to Zerubbabel, Onias III and Antiochus (IV) Epiphanes.
The current study exhibits how easy it is to misinterpret biblical texts
if not examined carefully. The study suggests adequate and
appropriate interpretations to passages of the Holy Bible as they can
influence human eternal destination.

While the Pauline epistles demonstrate a more cooperative and
symbiotic relationship between the original itinerant and
charismatic form of leadership, the pastorals are rather unique
situation where there is an emerging and sedate pedestrian
leadership. The pastorals, therefore, represent an emerging
institutionalization and as such, an emergent shift. Consequently,
it provides various helpful patterns of leadership succession in the
light of which one may be afforded a framework by which to
understand and appraise succession issues in the Indian church
scenario. The research divulges five broad principles of
succession: 1) Pro-active letting go and identification of
successor, 2) Equipping, 3) Empowering, 4) Trusting amid
responsibility and 5) Value-based leadership.

Hate speech is a global threat. History has witnessed a widespread
massacre in many countries as an outcome of hate speech and India is
no exception. The climate of hate that has engulfed the current
Indian government (Bharatiya Janata Party) is expressed time and
again in the form of a speech by the people in power leading to a
nationwide breach of peace. India being a home to multi-culture,
ethnic, linguistic and religious groups, the tone and tenor of words
used by those in power, has flared large scale of violence in many
instances. The aim of the paper is three fold. Besides exploring the
global understanding of hate speech and anti-Christian rhetoric, the
paper highlights hate speech that has caused the kandamal genocide
(2008) destroying and devastating the lives of the marginalized
Christian community and to promote a transformational leadership
approach to develop people of influence with values, dignity and
respect for human life.

Communication plays a major role in the academic and professional growth of students with hearing impairment pursuing a Diploma and Engineering Education. Students with special needs have to exhibit good communication skills to achieve success in their careers. Written communication plays a major role in boosting the communication capabilities of students with hearing impairment since written communication is a common and popular form of communication in the professional environment. To inculcate good communication skills and strong subject knowledge, it is essential to use & adopt good teachinglearning practices to teach students with hearing impairment. The present paper introduces a new technique of teaching based on a keyword-based concept. In this approach, the teacher prepares a list of keywords from the chapter/ subject to be taught. The next step is to define, describe, and make a visual interpretation of the listed keyword. The sign representation of the keyword is essentially based on conceptoriented sign language derivation. The effectiveness of this method depends on the list of keywords being prepared or extracted from the subject. The list should be prepared in such a manner that it should highlight the concept of the subject effectively.

This study investigated examination malpractices by students in Universities. The purpose was to examine the relationship between ethical conduct and students' examination performance and explore the challenges university students face during examinations. The study was conducted in Kisii County using a descriptive survey design within the qualitative and quantitative paradigms. It involved 270 students out of the 4,222 third year university students in 8 Universities. Simple random sampling technique was employed in coming up with the sample. A questionnaire was utilised to elicit data from the respondents. The instrument's validity was established by two experts who assured of its content validity and the usefulness of the scale employed in measuring data. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by employing a testre-test approach in which the coefficient of correlation was computed. The instrument yielded a Cronbach Alpha of 0.83 and therefore was deemed reliable enough to be employed in data collection. Research data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that sometimes students do not have the correct perception of what constitutes examination malpractices and that institution administrators have done little to fight the vice. The study also found out that peer influence, a desire to excel, academic overload and the teaching environment were the leading factors responsible for examination malpractices among University students. Other equally important determinants include use of technology and procrastination. The study recommends that institution should formulate a code of conduct to be observed by every person involved in the management and practice of examinations.

What is the significance of the Tower of Babel narrative in the Bible,
seemingly abruptly inserted between Noah and Abraham- The two crucial
figures of monotheism? Who led the building of the Tower of Babel, and
what impact did it have on later human society? The Bible has no direct
interpretation, thus making it available for the reader to interpret. Based
on the biblical commentaries and other rabbinical texts related to the
Tower of Babel incident, this article puts forward the argument that the
Tower of Babel is a watershed of human moral civilization and discusses it from the three aspects: the event of Tower of Babel brings two types of
religion bases (Human-based and God-based), brings two philosophical
categories (theocentrism and anthropocentrism), and brings the two
cultural societies (Babel style and Abraham styles), which conducts some
analysis around the theme from three sources that influence the definition
of morality: religious belief, philosophy, and culture.

The present research paper explores that there is a nexus among state, center and capitalists who for getting profit from the natural resources always exaggerate the activities of the locals and in the name of maintaining peace and security there and to avert the crime by Naxalites, misuse the funds released for the betterment of that area and its people. They even create problems for easy-going life of people by overusing their resources and disturbing the nature as per their requirements.

This article introduces some of the themes and structural dynamics of
the Fourth Gospel in closer integration with the religio-cultural
aspects of the South Asian context. As John’s Gospel has the
potential to appeal to and accommodate the spirituality of South Asia,
a re-reading of the Gospel is possible through the means of a crosspollination of ideas. The four major parts of the Gospel, i.e., the
Prologue, the Book of Signs, the Book of Glory, and the Epilogue,
demonstrate several cultural and ideological parallels with that of the
South Asian realities. A reading that encourages religio-cultural
sensitivity can be a required formative factor in the process of
interpreting the Fourth Gospel. Some of the key aspects of the Gospel
such as the theme of discipleship, the sign language, the “I AM”
Sayings, the characters and the characterization, mystical expressions,
and dualistic tendencies can be dynamically interlocked within the
South Asian ideological and cultural aspects. The universalistic
language of the Gospel can have a special appeal to the common
realities of the South Asian people.

Crypto Christianity has emerged as a credible reaction to India's anticonversion legislation. The question is whether there is a way to be a
Christian in trying situations without publicly expressing one's
loyalty to Christ, writes Shashank Joshi any choose to keep their
formal religious status while privately professing their religion.
Christianity in India has often been alleged of being vindictive or
Christ-less in nature. There is a need for cultural relevance in
Missionaries of Christ in today's Indian missions. A Bible-based
contextual labouring is necessary for the spread of the gospel in India

This paper explores the Hebrew worldview on forgiveness. The paper
explores several terms used in the Old Testament Scriptures. In
addition, an attempt has been made to dive into Rabbinical
understanding on forgiveness. The aim of the paper is to examine the
values and priorities of the Jewish world in relation to forgiveness
and repentance.

This study analyzes the factors leading to the Jewish uprising against
the Romans in 66-70 CE. The study presupposes that the nexus
between the Romans and the Jewish religious leaders is pivotal in the
Jewish uprising against the Romans. Some of the issues that are taken
into consideration in the study include the socio-economic, religious,
political, and military aspects of the nexus between the Jewish
religious leaders and the Romans. As a corollary to their nexus, the
Romans demanded heavy taxation from the Jews. The high priest
became greedy and often failed to engage in his religious duties.
Therefore, the unhappy masses rose against the Roman rulers and
their associates in 66-70 CE. But one must keep in mind that this
study only serves as a general study on the issues related to the nexus
between the Jewish religious leaders and the Romans. A detailed
study would demand a much longer paper.

This article explores the Todas, a pastoral tribe, one of the earliest
tribes who live in the highest peaks (above 2100 meters) of the
Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, South India. The author is a Toda Christian, and
grew up in the Nilgiris, but did not know much about the culture,
tradition, and religion of the Todas and how and when Christianity
came to the Toda community and what impact it had on the culture
and tradition of the Todas. Hence, the author was eager to research on
Toda tribe. This article explores a brief history of the Todas; the Toda
people; the coming of Christianity to the Todas; the motivating
factor/s for the early converts to Christianity; and the impact of
Christianity today on the culture of the Todas. This is an interesting
article to know the complexity of the life of Toda people who appear
simple. Christianity is richer when peoples of diverse cultures and
languages come together to worship.

There are actually four manuscripts in which Old English or Anglo-Saxon poetry is preserved. The vast majority of all extant Old English poetry is contained in these four books. Though damaged partially, they are safe today at various places. These manuscripts are mainly known as The Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript, Nowell Codex and Vercelli Book. These books are unique in their own way. These manuscripts are the only sources by which we would know something of Old English poetry or prose today. In this paper, I would try to give brief explanation of how significant these manuscripts are in connection with Old English literature. The Old English Period or the Anglo-Saxon Period begins from the fifth century till 1066 i.e. from the arrival of Jutes, Angles and Saxons into England around 450 AD until the Norman Conquest in 1066. During this period, lot of literature was written anonymously; most of the poems were not titled; lot many works were burnt; some works were also lost due to invasions; everything had to be written manually due to lack of printing press; until first printing press was introduced in England by William Caxton in 1476, there was hardly any guaranty for the survival of any work; so survival of any text should be treated as a 'luck'. Despite all these problems, there are some important works which could survive and are preserved in four manuscripts, which I will discuss in this paper.

This paper aims at presenting some of the additions and modifications in bridging the gap between the earlier planning and policies and the emerging challenges in English language education in India and then suggests how to reorient Indian English language teachers basically at primary and secondary levels keeping in view the national and international requirements. Firstly, it reviews the English language teacher education and current practices of English language teaching and learning systems both in vernacular and English medium schools in India. Secondly, it critically examines the national policy documents such as Position Papers and curricula for English. Thirdly, it focuses on the drawbacks in the existing practices of English language education and the emerging global challenges of communication and interpersonal skills. Then, it chalks out a plan for redesigning the basic teaching-learning systems which includes psychological, socio-cultural, pedagogic and professional factors to be considered in the interrelated domains. It also envisages the typical Indian multilingual and multicultural contexts and redefines rural area English language teachers' responsibilities in strategy and skill-based classroom orientation with updated scientific knowledge of teaching and learning on indigenous bases by introducing the tenets of postmethod pedagogy and ka:rmik language teaching approach.

Since time immemorial, women have been treated as frail, timid and enervated in patricentric society. Women were always discriminated against by the patriarchal society. They are regarded as 'Other' and second sex in the male predominated society and they have been forced to live a subdued life.

Poetry is defined as spontaneous overflow of feelings recollected in tranquility by one of the remarkable poets of the romantic age William Wordsworth. Human beings are conditioned by emotions and feelings that come out in varied forms like paintings, sculptures, poetries etc. An artist absorbs elements that prevail around him and effuses in art forms. An artist is adept at reading the nuances of socio economic and political impact of the society and shares his/her thoughts through their artistic products. Unless there is a balance maintained between the emotional and intellectual quotient, an art cannot reach the audience. Critics speculate the language and the content of poetry. Language is a channel of expression where the poets try to exploit to reach the audience effectively. William Blake is one of the remarkable poets of the Romantic age and the paper attempts to unveil the submerged consciousness of the poet reflected through his poems. Short poems are pecked for the study to illumine the impact of the contemporary society on the psyche of the poet. Literature mirrors a society and aspiring scholars can certainly accrue knowledge by perusing the literature of the past. The elements of romanticism in Blake's poems are elicited and the poetic devices reflect in his poems are explored. Blake's poems reflect multi layered emotions firmly anchored in ethos and pathos that permeate in the social lives of the people. The elements of romanticism in his poems are discussed.

The study highlights the dramatic changes that have arisen in Igbo culture. The study displays some of the valuable dramatic changes carried through by white men or colonizers such as spreading and encouraging Christian religions, stopping the taking of the life of twins, and ending polygamy. The colonizer did good things for the Igbo JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (JOELL)

Much has been written on the Holocaust, but the subject of "Rhineland bastards" as Hitler's black victims of the Holocaust has not received much scholarly attention. They were marginalized and no one paid attention to their stories as victims of the Holocaust until the first study on the "Rhineland Bastards" was published in 1979 by Reiner Pommerin. In the wake of this initial scholarly interest in them, some of the "Rhineland bastards" started sharing their lived experiences through interviews, books, and autobiographies such as Hans Massaquoi's Destined to Witness (1999). This paper investigates Massaquoi's attempt to fit into German society. It also traces the process by which the Nazi construction of "Rhineland bastards" was extended to the entire black community in the Third Reich, eventually consolidating racism against blacks in Germany in the aftermath of the Nazi regime.

Lairamlo is the name of the dialect, which is spoken by the Ringpam people in the Ringpam village of Chandel district of Manipur which have 440 (approximately) speakers. Lairamlo is a dialect of Tangkhul. Lairamlo belongs to the Kuki-Chin-Naga subgroup of Tibeto-Burman family (Grierson's LSI, 1903). The paper will describe the phonemic inventory of the dialect in terms of number of vowels, consonants and diphthongs including their distribution and arrangement in the dialect. The data was collected from Ringpam village of Tengnoupal district of Manipur through questionnaire and interview method.

Jacques Derrida and Gerard Genette are the versatile critics of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both the critics deal with the 'Structuralism'. Jacques Derrida, the French philosopher, deals with semiotics that discusses the significance, representation, reference and meaning. His lecture 'Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of Human Sciences' is an advanced theory of Literature. Jacques Derrida's theory is about Post Structuralism. Gerard Genette is a French Literary Theorist and Critic. In his Literary Theory. Structuralism is examined with the underlying invariant structure. The literary conditions may change but never the literary structure. The structure is an assessment of Literature. The structure appeals to all times. The action, theme, plot, the narrative and the different components of Literature are universal. This is how the theories of Jacques Derrida and Gerard Genette appeal to the readers on the whole by culminating at the same point. This article provides the structures of Literature by striking a parallel between Gerard Genette's structuralism and Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign, and Play.

Bharati Mukherjee was a Calcutta born an Indian American Canadian writer and professor emeriti at the University of California, Berkely. She is one of the promninent and leading Indian women writers in English. Like Kamala Markandaya, Jhumpa Lahiri and Kiran Desai, she is well recognised as a diasporic novelist in the literary arena. She is a representative novelist of Asian immigrants. Her experience as an expatriate in America and Canada forms the main source of her creative writing and literary talents. Her oeuvre comprises novels, short stories, nonfiction prose, socio-political commentaries, journal articles and interviews. The present novel's title, the character, Jasmine, continually sheds lives to move into other roles. She gets uprooted and rerouted thrice in a new world and establishes a new identity. Jasmine dislocates from Indian traditional conventional life and relocates with modern liberal American life. She is an innocent, diffident woman who has become a fighter, adapter and adventurous in America. Through her novel, Bharati Mukherjee presents Jasmine as a Phoenix who rises from her ashes again and again in the form of different names and characters. She clearly exhibits the life of an Immigrant Indian as well as woman and the obstacles. She needs to break for the transformation of her life in an alien land. The major theme is about Jasmine's love story and the minor one is about her struggle in life. This paper analyses the existential experience of Jasmine in the foreign culture.

This article attempts to study the linguistic and non-linguistic factors under which many words are rarely used or dead, as well as the reasons for the resurrection of dead words. Dead word samples were taken from different languages and described within their linguistic contexts, e.g. political and cultural, to explain any gaps. The results show that the gaps between words and their contexts lead to word death, concluding that; first, surviving words are due to polysemy, conversion, borrowing words, expressing multiple speakers' intended meaning, and literature-all these linguistic factors make words more frequently used. Second, long words and abbreviations are reasons for rare usage. Third, dead words are resurrected and used to express technical terms. Finally, the loss of semantic content and the context of a word are the most common causes of word death. The originality of this topic motivates me to propose a new sub-discipline in lexicology-'lexicathanatology'-to study what causes word death and survival. For further studies, lexica-thanatology may study the causes of the death of grammatical units affixations and other words that express pragmatic meaning. The results of this study will assist linguists who work in the fields of lexicology, linguistic documentary and historical and comparative linguistics. The nature of lexicathanatology can serve sociology, politics and anthropology as sub-disciplines socio-thanatology, politico-thanatology and cultural-thanatology. They study the death causes of social, cultural values and why humans amend some polices and abandoned others.

Dalit literature is a literature by Dalit writer or any other writer with Dalit consciousness. Most of the Dalit writers and critics are of the opinion that Dalit consciousness is an exclusive experience of the person born into Dalit community. However, many writers belonging to Upper caste communities like Munshi Premchand, Mulk Raj Anand and Arundhati Roy etc. wrote on Dalit lives with Dalit consciousness throwing light on the plight of Dalits. When we read the novel The Victim by Vibhavari Shirurkar and Laxman Gaikwad's autobiography The Branded the live picture of the branded communities appears before our eyes. The present paper aims at in-depth study and the analysis of Dalit consciousness found in these two works and the similarity of experiences portrayed by the writers.

Who were the mysterious Ancient Apennine tribe called Etruscans and what was the language they actually used to speak? Despite numerous attempts at decipherment and some claims of success, the Etruscan records still defy translation. Paradoxically, though the Etruscan letters derived from Euboean Greek alphabet are well known and easily readable, the Etruscan language itself still remains an enigma and is only partly understood. There is no literature in Etruscan left behind, but rather several thousand inscriptions, mostly of religious significance, engraved on sarcophagi and cremation urns. The present paper following the authentic Etruscan emphasis on the importance of the religious content of the inscriptions, coupled with the latest genetic studies of the Etruscan population, attempts at decoding anew the real origins of the ancient Etruscan people in the Apennine peninsula.

This paper investigates the teachers' perceptions of inclusive education in public primary schools in Kenya.It particularly explores the influence of the teachers' demographic variables on the perceptions of inclusive education in the regular school system. The study is guided by the positioning theory puts emphasis on within the framework of discursive psychology and requires close analysis of cues that participants use to position themselves, their listeners, and others. The analysis adopted the Ex Post Facto criterion group research design to identify the causative relationship between the demographic indicators and inclusive education practices. The respondents (n = 333) were regular primary school teachers in Kisii Central Sub County of Kisii County, Kenya. There were five research questions that guided the current study were translated into ten hypotheses which were tested using the oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The findings reveal that the participants presented mixed opinions on the general philosophy of inclusive education based on their demographic factors. The difference among age cohort (F (14,329)= 2.629; P< .001), level of qualification (F(14,311)= 8.94; P< .001) and teaching experience (F(12,163)= 18.03; p< .001) were found to have statistically significant influence on regular teachers' perceptions of inclusive education. However, the findings showed that gender (F(14, 300)= 1.385; p> .001) and training in disability education (F (13,316)=3.84; P> .001), did not have significant influence on regular teachers' perceptions of inclusive education. The study has revealed that a number of teacher demographic factors significantly influence teacher's perceptions in inclusive education classrooms in the general school environments. These include teacher's age, level of educational qualification and teaching experience. The gender and training in disability of the teachers however do not influence the teachers perceptions.

The study compared the validity and reliability of Biology multiple-choice tests conducted by the National Examination Councils (NECO) across six states of the Southwestern Nigeria for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017). It also compared parameters a, b, and c of the NECO Biology Multiple-choice examinations across the three years. These were with a view to ascertaining the stability of the item parameters of Biology Multiple-choice items used by the National Examination Council to assess the students. The study adopted expost facto research design, since the secondary data was used for the study. The population for the study comprised 363,807students who sat for the NECO Biology paper III from 2015 to 2017 in Southwestern Nigeria. A proportionate sample of 10% was taken across the states from 2015 to 2017. This consisted of 36,383 {(Male=17641 (48.5%) and Female=18742 (51.5%)} students. The instrument for the study consisted of 60 NECO Biology paper III used in 2015 to 2017 and the responses to those questions. The responses to those questions were coded as "1" for right option and "0" for wrong option. The data collected was analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for validity, Cronbach's Alpha and Spearman Brown Split-Half to assess the reliability, while one-way analysis of variance was use for comparing students' scores. The results of the component matrix revealed factor loading ranges from 0.611 to 0.721, which was above the minimum value of 0.6 recommended, as well as a dominant factor underlying the construct was recorded variance greater than 20% in two years of the three consecutive years reviewed in the study. The results also showed high coefficients of reliability using Split-Half yielded 0.94 (94%), 0.91 (91%), 0.95 (95%) and Cronbach's Alpha yielded 0.92 (92%), 0.91 (91%) and 0.93 (93%) for the three years respectively. Finally, there was no statistical significant difference in the item difficulty (F(2,177)= 0.979; p>0.05), discrimination (F(2,177)= 0.573; p>0.05) and guessing (F(2,177)= 0.984; p>0.05) parameters across the three years. The study concluded that the NECO Biology Paper III was consistently stable in terms of validity, reliability and parameter estimates.

Inventory management is the application of systematic approach using educational inputs to control the quality and quantity of information required towards achieving peak performance by educational instructors and which eventually translates into better academic performance of students. These educational inputs are therefore essential tools that could assist educational instructors to function maximally. However, most studies on the link between educational inputs and job performance have always been on the impact of availability of educational inputs without much attention on the management of these educational inputs. The study investigated the rationale for keeping a comprehensive up to date inventory of educational inputs. The study concluded that there exist educational inputs inventory problems in Nigeria education system because there are evident components and these could be curbed effectively by the adoption of the right management options

Everyone thought that God was the one who condemned man to death for eating from the tree of good and evil and for disobeying God’s commandment, but that did not happen, because when God said, “You shall surely die,” that was a warning of a certain fate.
Everyone stands in confusion in front of the saying of the Bible in the Book of Genesis in
God’s commandment to Adam that when you eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil “you shall surely die.”

"Migration is not only a social reality with profound implications but also a way of thinking about God and what it means to be human in the world, which can become an important impetus in the ministry of reconciliation and a compelling force in understanding and responding to migrants and refugees".

Using historical critical exegesis, this paper argues that Jn 13:34-35
commands a radical love that requires Christians to love their
neighbours more than themselves. The aim of the paper is twofold.
First, the paper demonstrates that there is a consistent ethical
teaching of radical love in John’s Gospel and second, it shows that
the ethics of John’s Gospel is not inward looking as some have
claimed. If Christians love others as themselves, they fulfil a demand
of the Mosaic Law. Jesus reinterpreted the Law in Jn 13:34 and
commanded a higher standard of love for his followers. Therefore,
Christian mission demands the Jesus standard―loving others more
than yourself. Jesus’s example and teaching serve as the gift and the
demand.

The book of Hosea presents sincere devotion and commitment to the
Lord. The prophet’s message was mostly warnings, but there is a
note of hope in the form of sincere repentance and asking for God's
forgiveness, followed by a renewed commitment to the Lord. The
people of Israel may find forgiveness and restoration to God’s favour
and blessings. The prophet Hosea was instructed by God to
symbolically prophesy to the Israelites about their disobedience to
His call, and they would be punished if they did not return to the
Lord their God. The prophecy is aptly represented in the marriage of
Hosea to an adulterous woman, Gomer. God, represented by Hosea,
had a covenant with Israel, but the latter turned him over to other
gods. God foretold the punishment that would befall Israel, as well as
the mercy that would befall them if they repented and returned to
him through Hosea. The prophet’s message speaks of God’s steadfast
love, portrayed through the suffering husband of an unfaithful wife.
Hosea’s message is also considered a warning to them, and they will
turn their backs on God’s love. Through the symbolic presentation of
the marriage of Hosea and Gomer, God’s love for the idolatrous
nation of Israel is displayed in a rich metaphor. This essay explains
how the message of Hosea is relevant in the present context

This paper argues that in Matthew’s Gospel Jesus is portrayed
through his miracles, parables, and teachings to be the promised
servant of YHWH in Isaiah 61. This paper will explore Matthew’s
use of his source material to highlight Jesus’ role as the
representative of YHWH and mediator of the Covenant. This
paper will conclude that Jesus’s miracles and teachings
demonstrate the “first fruits” of the coming of the Kingdom of
Heaven. Finally, the paper will demonstrate that Jesus’s teaching
explores the “already but not yet” tensions present in the
prophecies of Messiah as the servant of YHWH which will only
be realized in the eschaton.

Mahasweta Devi enlightens the literature of the downtrodden people. She thinks that the history of India should be rewritten. It is only the history of the people from the main stream of the society. The new history should be written focusing on the backward people. Throughout her life she makes documentation for the tribal people in her writings and activism. She writes and fights for the establishment of the rights for the Indian subaltern people. She thinks writing in a novel way. She dreams of a new society-a society for the underprivileged society.

Feminists have taken a renewed interest in studying the earlier texts of women writers and interpreting them in new ways to determine how women's writings share commonalities with male writing and how much they are part of it. Feminist writers primarily focus on women's perspectives and expressions about their own lives. In the current era of

This research work aims at examining the challenges related to English for specific purposes (ESP) teaching in the advanced learners' classroom. It specially intends to find out the various methods used in ESP teaching classroom, the barriers affecting its success and the solutions to those barriers. Besides, it explores the teacher's roles in their learners' ESP achievements and the importance of ESP in higher education. Grounded in a mixed research methodology, this research was conducted in six universities and vocational schools located in various Beninese region (Littoral, Atlantique, Mono, and Borgou). The research instruments used to obtain the data are questionnaires and interviews. Two hundred and sixty-three (263) final year or graduate students majoring in Accounting, Economics, Law, Technology, Political science, and Medicine; and twenty-eight (28) lecturers who teach ESP course participated in the study. Findings indicate that ESP is a very important course in higher education. Moreover, teachers and students have recognised the place of ESP in learners' professional environment as English is becoming the most used medium of communication across the globe. However, many learners do not have the required basic English level to learn ESP. Also, many ESP teachers are not trained to teach the course as most of them are EFL teachers. In this light, this study has concluded that there is a need to train ESP teachers so as to improve the quality of ESP teaching and meet students' specific needs. Additionally, immersion programmes in English-speaking countries for students been recommended in order to help them gain a better ESP teaching or learning experience in advanced learners.

Thomas Hardy is one of the poets of the nineteenth century and a pioneer of the twentieth century's poetics. More than two thirds of his poems dealt with many topics that are not absent, as they fluctuate between frustration, pessimism, loss, pain, death and life. One of the poet's creations, the unidentified speaker used it to express his point of view about life, death,