... Zakaria, F. 1997. The rise of illiberal democracy. ... Some court cases were retried based on... more ... Zakaria, F. 1997. The rise of illiberal democracy. ... Some court cases were retried based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, most notably that of Leyla Zana, a Kurdish former Member of Parliament who was serving a prison term. ...
“Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism During the AKP Era,” (co-author Ziya Öniş), Turkish Studies, vol.10, no.1, (Spring 2009): 7-24.
While Turkey pursued a relatively passive or reactive foreign policy stance during the Cold War e... more While Turkey pursued a relatively passive or reactive foreign policy stance during the Cold War era, its post-Cold war foreign policy has been marked by subsequent waves of foreign policy activisim. This article argues that Turkish foreign policy in the post-Cold War period may be conceptualized in terms of three distinct phases: (a) an initial wave of foreign policy activism in the immediate post-Cold War context; (b) a new or second wave of foreign policy activism during the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government with a strong emphasis on Europeanization; (c) the current tension between Europeanization and Eurasianism. The roots of the second wave of activism can, in fact, be traced to the pre-AKP era to the crucial Helsinki Decision on Turkey’s EU candidacy and the reforms undertaken by the coalition government of 1999-2002 particularly in the aftermath of the deep financial crisis of 2001. However, the AKP era itself has not been homogenous in terms
This paper highlights the weakening of the EU's transformative capacity in the broader European p... more This paper highlights the weakening of the EU's transformative capacity in the broader European periphery in a rapidly shifting global order with reference to Hungary and Turkey. Although Hungary is an " insider " and Turkey a relative " outsider " in the context of the EU, their recent experience display strikingly similar patterns raising important concerns regarding the transformative potential of the EU. Under the influence of strong nationalist-populist leaders backed by powerful majorities, both countries have been moving in increasingly illiberal direction and away from the well-established EU norms. The paper proposes an analytical framework based on a combination of push-and-pull factors, which explains the declining appeal of the EU over its periphery, not only with reference to the internal dynamics of European integration and its multiple crises, but also the appeal of the more authoritarian versions of strategic capitalism from the rising powers, serving as a reference point for the elites of several states in diverse geographical settings.
... Zakaria, F. 1997. The rise of illiberal democracy. ... Some court cases were retried based on... more ... Zakaria, F. 1997. The rise of illiberal democracy. ... Some court cases were retried based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, most notably that of Leyla Zana, a Kurdish former Member of Parliament who was serving a prison term. ...
“Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism During the AKP Era,” (co-author Ziya Öniş), Turkish Studies, vol.10, no.1, (Spring 2009): 7-24.
While Turkey pursued a relatively passive or reactive foreign policy stance during the Cold War e... more While Turkey pursued a relatively passive or reactive foreign policy stance during the Cold War era, its post-Cold war foreign policy has been marked by subsequent waves of foreign policy activisim. This article argues that Turkish foreign policy in the post-Cold War period may be conceptualized in terms of three distinct phases: (a) an initial wave of foreign policy activism in the immediate post-Cold War context; (b) a new or second wave of foreign policy activism during the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government with a strong emphasis on Europeanization; (c) the current tension between Europeanization and Eurasianism. The roots of the second wave of activism can, in fact, be traced to the pre-AKP era to the crucial Helsinki Decision on Turkey’s EU candidacy and the reforms undertaken by the coalition government of 1999-2002 particularly in the aftermath of the deep financial crisis of 2001. However, the AKP era itself has not been homogenous in terms
This paper highlights the weakening of the EU's transformative capacity in the broader European p... more This paper highlights the weakening of the EU's transformative capacity in the broader European periphery in a rapidly shifting global order with reference to Hungary and Turkey. Although Hungary is an " insider " and Turkey a relative " outsider " in the context of the EU, their recent experience display strikingly similar patterns raising important concerns regarding the transformative potential of the EU. Under the influence of strong nationalist-populist leaders backed by powerful majorities, both countries have been moving in increasingly illiberal direction and away from the well-established EU norms. The paper proposes an analytical framework based on a combination of push-and-pull factors, which explains the declining appeal of the EU over its periphery, not only with reference to the internal dynamics of European integration and its multiple crises, but also the appeal of the more authoritarian versions of strategic capitalism from the rising powers, serving as a reference point for the elites of several states in diverse geographical settings.
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