The study of nuclear fragmentation plays a central role in many important applications: from the ... more The study of nuclear fragmentation plays a central role in many important applications: from the study of Particle Therapy (PT) up to radiation protection for space (RPS) missions and the design of shielding for nuclear reactors. The FragmentatiOn Of Target (FOOT) collaboration aims to study the nuclear reactions that describe the interactions with matter of different light ions (like H1, He4, C12, O16) of interest for such applications, performing double differential fragmentation cross section measurements in the energy range of interest for PT and RPS. In this manuscript, we present the analysis of the data collected in the interactions of an oxygen ion beam of 400 MeV/u with a graphite target using a partial FOOT setup, at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research facility in Darmstadt. During the data taking the magnets, the silicon trackers and the calorimeter foreseen in the final FOOT setup were not yet available, and hence precise measurements of the fragments kinetic...
DAFNE is an accelerator complex consisting of a double ring lepton collider working at the c.m. e... more DAFNE is an accelerator complex consisting of a double ring lepton collider working at the c.m. energy of the -resonance (1.02 GeV) and an injection system. In its original configuration the collider consisted of two independent rings, each 97 m long, sharing two 10 m long interaction regions (IR1 and IR2) where the KLOE and FINUDA or DEAR detectors were
ABSTRACT The operation of DAFNE, the 1.02 GeV c.m. e+e- collider of the Frascati National Laborat... more ABSTRACT The operation of DAFNE, the 1.02 GeV c.m. e+e- collider of the Frascati National Laboratory with the KLOE experimental detector was successfully concluded in March 2006. Since April 2004 it delivered a luminosity > 2 fb-1 on the peak of the Phi resonance, > 0.25 fb-1 off peak and a high statistics scan of the resonance. The best peak luminosity obtained during this run was 1.5 1032 cm-2s-1, while the maximum daily integrated luminosity was 10 pb-1. The KLOE detector has been removed from one of the two interaction regions and its low beta section substituted with a standard magnetic structure allowing for an easy vertical separation of the beams, while the FINUDA detector has been moved onto the second interaction point. Several improvements on the rings have also been implemented and are described together with the results of machine studies aimed at improving the collider efficiency and testing new operating conditions.
A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype for Daphne has been designed and built in a collabor... more A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype for Daphne has been designed and built in a collaboration between Ansaldo Ricerche-Genova and the Frascati National Laboratory Magnet Group. Magnetic calculation, constructive design and the first accettance test results are briefly reported in this note. The leading ideas in conceiving this new type of mechanical set up, aimed to supply a magnetic lens with an iron dominated gradient quality and an effective possibility of easily adjusting the field profile and the magnetic length, are described. The large aperture radius compared to the very contained overall external dimensions of the joke, make this type of magnet suitable for the low-beta insertions of the Daphne storage rings, where the large vacuum chamber accettance needed and the very severe constraints imposed by the detectors, discourage the use of resistive or superconducting electromagnets. In addition a 15% tunability, only by actuating a couple of iron wedges per pole, give...
La Fondazione CNAO ha tra i suoi scopi anche lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca. Il centro CNA... more La Fondazione CNAO ha tra i suoi scopi anche lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca. Il centro CNAO è stato concepito sin dall'inizio con tre sale di trattamento, espandibili fino a cinque, ed una 'sala sperimentale' nella quale le attività di ricerca possano venire svolte senza intralciare e senza essere intralciate dalla attività clinica.Tale sala sperimentale deve essere progettata per essere 'multi-uso', cioè tale da poter venire utilizzata per attività di ricerca nei campi più disparati e non specializzata in un tipo di attività particolare. Possibili argomenti di ricerca sono radiobiologia, sviluppo di monitor di fascio, sviluppo di dosimetri, studi di radiation hardness e molti altri ancora.Lo studio di tale facility ed in particolare lo studio degli aspetti tecnici legati all'ampliamento del complesso dell'acceleratore è stato portato avanti congiuntamente da CNAO e INFN, nell'ambito dell'accordo quadro approvato nel 2009 e del nuovo accord...
Magnet, built by Sigma-Phi (, Vannes Cedex (France), was delivered to LNF on March 1, 1996, toget... more Magnet, built by Sigma-Phi (, Vannes Cedex (France), was delivered to LNF on March 1, 1996, together with other two prototypes, the Rectangular HV Corrector Magnet [1] and the HVSQ (Horizontal/Vertical/SkewQuad) Corrector Magnet [2]. The first and the last one will be installed in the Main Rings in the regions where the vacuum chamber has a circular shape, the second will be used in the achromats, where the chamber has a larger size in the horizontal direction. These Corrector Magnets were designed by LNF staff and Fig. 1 shows a picture of the first one. Table I gives its main parameters.
* We review the status of FEL source activity of the ongoing SPARC FEL experiment, developed with... more * We review the status of FEL source activity of the ongoing SPARC FEL experiment, developed within the framework of a collaboration among ENEA, CNR, INFN, INFM, Sincrotrone Trieste and University of Rome Tor Vergata. The project is aimed at realising a SASE-FEL source, operating in the visible (around 500 nm), with an extended range of tunability down to the VUV (100 nm) by the use of the mechanism of non-linear harmonic generation. The development of the relevant activities foresees the realisation of an advanced 150 MeV photoinjector source, aimed at producing a high brightness electron beams, needed to drive a SASE-FEL experiment, and a 14 m long undulator. We present the status of the design and construction of SPARC FEL device. In
The possibility of an experiment dedicated to the nucleon form factor measurement in DAΦNE is bei... more The possibility of an experiment dedicated to the nucleon form factor measurement in DAΦNE is being investigated. A preliminary estimate of the minimum changes needed in DAΦNE for the experiment feasibility is here presented. The requirements are: Maximum energy: 1.2 GeV per beam
An upgrade of the DAΦNE Φ-Factory at LNF is foreseen in view of the installation of the Siddharta... more An upgrade of the DAΦNE Φ-Factory at LNF is foreseen in view of the installation of the Siddharta detector in 2007. A new Interaction Region suitable to test the large crossing angle and crabbed waist collision scheme will be installed. Other machine improvements will be realized with the goal of reaching a luminosity of the order of 1033 cm-2 sec-1. — 2 —
A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype, 5.3 T/m, 45 mm bore radius, 280 mm in length, for D... more A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype, 5.3 T/m, 45 mm bore radius, 280 mm in length, for Da$ne has been designed and built in a collaboration between Ansaldo Ricerche Genova and the Frascati National Laboratory Magnet Group. Magnetic calculation, constructive design and the first acc’eptance test results are briefly reported in this pa-
In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 µs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak... more In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 µs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak current 10 times higher (35A) by means of the bunch interlacing technique. The compressor system consists of two rings; the first (Delay Loop) multiplies the Linac bunch frequency by a factor 2, the second (Combiner Ring) by another factor 5. The lattices of the rings and transfer lines allow fine tuning of the trajectory and bunch length. The beam impedance budget is minimized to avoid energy spread growth. The layout of the rings and the intermediate transfer lines are shown. Design of special components of the rings and measurements on the prototypes are presented.
An overview of the magnetic components needed for DA<DNE project IIS given. The design paramet... more An overview of the magnetic components needed for DA<DNE project IIS given. The design parameters, engineering realization philosophy, construction approaches and the magnetic measurement methods will be described. 1. LNTRODUCTION INFN-Frascati National Laboratory is currently designing and constructing A 510 MEV electron positron colliding facilities. Figure 1 shows the birds-eye view of the facilities. It is a fully funded project with anticipated construction period of five years. The new facilities will be installed in the existing buildings and tunnels, there are some modifications have to be carried out prior 1.0 installation. The removal and storage of old radioactive equipment arc very difficult tasks in this space limited campus. The project consists of two storage rings, accumulator, electron positron linac and approximately 200 meters of transfer lines. There are vast numbers of magnets of various types are required for this facilities. Due to lack of in-house manpower...
In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 μs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak... more In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 μs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak current 10 times higher (35A) by means of the bunch interlacing technique. The compressor system consists of two rings; the first (Delay Loop) multiplies the Linac bunch frequency by a factor 2, the second (Combiner Ring) by another factor 5. The lattices of the rings and transfer lines allow fine tuning of the trajectory and bunch length. The beam impedance budget is minimized to avoid energy spread growth. The layout of the rings and the intermediate transfer lines are shown. Design of special components of the rings and measurements on the prototypes are presented.
The study of nuclear fragmentation plays a central role in many important applications: from the ... more The study of nuclear fragmentation plays a central role in many important applications: from the study of Particle Therapy (PT) up to radiation protection for space (RPS) missions and the design of shielding for nuclear reactors. The FragmentatiOn Of Target (FOOT) collaboration aims to study the nuclear reactions that describe the interactions with matter of different light ions (like H1, He4, C12, O16) of interest for such applications, performing double differential fragmentation cross section measurements in the energy range of interest for PT and RPS. In this manuscript, we present the analysis of the data collected in the interactions of an oxygen ion beam of 400 MeV/u with a graphite target using a partial FOOT setup, at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research facility in Darmstadt. During the data taking the magnets, the silicon trackers and the calorimeter foreseen in the final FOOT setup were not yet available, and hence precise measurements of the fragments kinetic...
DAFNE is an accelerator complex consisting of a double ring lepton collider working at the c.m. e... more DAFNE is an accelerator complex consisting of a double ring lepton collider working at the c.m. energy of the -resonance (1.02 GeV) and an injection system. In its original configuration the collider consisted of two independent rings, each 97 m long, sharing two 10 m long interaction regions (IR1 and IR2) where the KLOE and FINUDA or DEAR detectors were
ABSTRACT The operation of DAFNE, the 1.02 GeV c.m. e+e- collider of the Frascati National Laborat... more ABSTRACT The operation of DAFNE, the 1.02 GeV c.m. e+e- collider of the Frascati National Laboratory with the KLOE experimental detector was successfully concluded in March 2006. Since April 2004 it delivered a luminosity &amp;gt; 2 fb-1 on the peak of the Phi resonance, &amp;gt; 0.25 fb-1 off peak and a high statistics scan of the resonance. The best peak luminosity obtained during this run was 1.5 1032 cm-2s-1, while the maximum daily integrated luminosity was 10 pb-1. The KLOE detector has been removed from one of the two interaction regions and its low beta section substituted with a standard magnetic structure allowing for an easy vertical separation of the beams, while the FINUDA detector has been moved onto the second interaction point. Several improvements on the rings have also been implemented and are described together with the results of machine studies aimed at improving the collider efficiency and testing new operating conditions.
A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype for Daphne has been designed and built in a collabor... more A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype for Daphne has been designed and built in a collaboration between Ansaldo Ricerche-Genova and the Frascati National Laboratory Magnet Group. Magnetic calculation, constructive design and the first accettance test results are briefly reported in this note. The leading ideas in conceiving this new type of mechanical set up, aimed to supply a magnetic lens with an iron dominated gradient quality and an effective possibility of easily adjusting the field profile and the magnetic length, are described. The large aperture radius compared to the very contained overall external dimensions of the joke, make this type of magnet suitable for the low-beta insertions of the Daphne storage rings, where the large vacuum chamber accettance needed and the very severe constraints imposed by the detectors, discourage the use of resistive or superconducting electromagnets. In addition a 15% tunability, only by actuating a couple of iron wedges per pole, give...
La Fondazione CNAO ha tra i suoi scopi anche lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca. Il centro CNA... more La Fondazione CNAO ha tra i suoi scopi anche lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca. Il centro CNAO è stato concepito sin dall'inizio con tre sale di trattamento, espandibili fino a cinque, ed una 'sala sperimentale' nella quale le attività di ricerca possano venire svolte senza intralciare e senza essere intralciate dalla attività clinica.Tale sala sperimentale deve essere progettata per essere 'multi-uso', cioè tale da poter venire utilizzata per attività di ricerca nei campi più disparati e non specializzata in un tipo di attività particolare. Possibili argomenti di ricerca sono radiobiologia, sviluppo di monitor di fascio, sviluppo di dosimetri, studi di radiation hardness e molti altri ancora.Lo studio di tale facility ed in particolare lo studio degli aspetti tecnici legati all'ampliamento del complesso dell'acceleratore è stato portato avanti congiuntamente da CNAO e INFN, nell'ambito dell'accordo quadro approvato nel 2009 e del nuovo accord...
Magnet, built by Sigma-Phi (, Vannes Cedex (France), was delivered to LNF on March 1, 1996, toget... more Magnet, built by Sigma-Phi (, Vannes Cedex (France), was delivered to LNF on March 1, 1996, together with other two prototypes, the Rectangular HV Corrector Magnet [1] and the HVSQ (Horizontal/Vertical/SkewQuad) Corrector Magnet [2]. The first and the last one will be installed in the Main Rings in the regions where the vacuum chamber has a circular shape, the second will be used in the achromats, where the chamber has a larger size in the horizontal direction. These Corrector Magnets were designed by LNF staff and Fig. 1 shows a picture of the first one. Table I gives its main parameters.
* We review the status of FEL source activity of the ongoing SPARC FEL experiment, developed with... more * We review the status of FEL source activity of the ongoing SPARC FEL experiment, developed within the framework of a collaboration among ENEA, CNR, INFN, INFM, Sincrotrone Trieste and University of Rome Tor Vergata. The project is aimed at realising a SASE-FEL source, operating in the visible (around 500 nm), with an extended range of tunability down to the VUV (100 nm) by the use of the mechanism of non-linear harmonic generation. The development of the relevant activities foresees the realisation of an advanced 150 MeV photoinjector source, aimed at producing a high brightness electron beams, needed to drive a SASE-FEL experiment, and a 14 m long undulator. We present the status of the design and construction of SPARC FEL device. In
The possibility of an experiment dedicated to the nucleon form factor measurement in DAΦNE is bei... more The possibility of an experiment dedicated to the nucleon form factor measurement in DAΦNE is being investigated. A preliminary estimate of the minimum changes needed in DAΦNE for the experiment feasibility is here presented. The requirements are: Maximum energy: 1.2 GeV per beam
An upgrade of the DAΦNE Φ-Factory at LNF is foreseen in view of the installation of the Siddharta... more An upgrade of the DAΦNE Φ-Factory at LNF is foreseen in view of the installation of the Siddharta detector in 2007. A new Interaction Region suitable to test the large crossing angle and crabbed waist collision scheme will be installed. Other machine improvements will be realized with the goal of reaching a luminosity of the order of 1033 cm-2 sec-1. — 2 —
A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype, 5.3 T/m, 45 mm bore radius, 280 mm in length, for D... more A hybrid, tunable, p.m. quadrupole prototype, 5.3 T/m, 45 mm bore radius, 280 mm in length, for Da$ne has been designed and built in a collaboration between Ansaldo Ricerche Genova and the Frascati National Laboratory Magnet Group. Magnetic calculation, constructive design and the first acc’eptance test results are briefly reported in this pa-
In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 µs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak... more In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 µs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak current 10 times higher (35A) by means of the bunch interlacing technique. The compressor system consists of two rings; the first (Delay Loop) multiplies the Linac bunch frequency by a factor 2, the second (Combiner Ring) by another factor 5. The lattices of the rings and transfer lines allow fine tuning of the trajectory and bunch length. The beam impedance budget is minimized to avoid energy spread growth. The layout of the rings and the intermediate transfer lines are shown. Design of special components of the rings and measurements on the prototypes are presented.
An overview of the magnetic components needed for DA<DNE project IIS given. The design paramet... more An overview of the magnetic components needed for DA<DNE project IIS given. The design parameters, engineering realization philosophy, construction approaches and the magnetic measurement methods will be described. 1. LNTRODUCTION INFN-Frascati National Laboratory is currently designing and constructing A 510 MEV electron positron colliding facilities. Figure 1 shows the birds-eye view of the facilities. It is a fully funded project with anticipated construction period of five years. The new facilities will be installed in the existing buildings and tunnels, there are some modifications have to be carried out prior 1.0 installation. The removal and storage of old radioactive equipment arc very difficult tasks in this space limited campus. The project consists of two storage rings, accumulator, electron positron linac and approximately 200 meters of transfer lines. There are vast numbers of magnets of various types are required for this facilities. Due to lack of in-house manpower...
In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 μs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak... more In the CTF3 complex the Linac pulse train, 1.4 μs long, is squeezed to a 140 ns train with a peak current 10 times higher (35A) by means of the bunch interlacing technique. The compressor system consists of two rings; the first (Delay Loop) multiplies the Linac bunch frequency by a factor 2, the second (Combiner Ring) by another factor 5. The lattices of the rings and transfer lines allow fine tuning of the trajectory and bunch length. The beam impedance budget is minimized to avoid energy spread growth. The layout of the rings and the intermediate transfer lines are shown. Design of special components of the rings and measurements on the prototypes are presented.
Particle therapy uses protons or 12C beams for the treatment of deep-seated solid tumors. Due
to ... more Particle therapy uses protons or 12C beams for the treatment of deep-seated solid tumors. Due to the features of the energy deposition of charged particles in matter, a limited amount of dose is released to the healthy tissue in the beam entrance region, while the maximum of the dose is released to the tumor at the end of the beam range, in the Bragg peak region. However nuclear interactions between beam and patient tissues induce fragmentation both of projectile and target. This has to be carefully taken into account since different ions have different effectiveness in producing a biological damage. In 12C treatments the main concern are long range forward emitted secondary ions produced in projectile fragmentation that release dose in the healthy tissue after the tumor. Instead, in a proton treatment, the target fragmentation produces low energy, short range fragments along all the beam range. The FOOT experiment (FragmentatiOn Of Target) is designed to study these processes. Target nuclei (16O,12C) fragmentation induced by 150-250 MeV proton beam will be studied by means of the inverse kinematic approach. 16O,12C therapeutic beams, at the quoted kinetic energy per nucleon, collide on graphite and hydrocarbons target. The cross section on Hydrogen can be then extracted by subtraction. This configuration explores also the projectile fragmentation of these 16O,12C beams, or other ions of therapeutic interest, such as 4He for instance. The detector includes a magnetic spectrometer based on silicon pixel and strip detectors, a scintillating crystal calorimeter able to stop the heavier produced fragments, and a DE detector, with TOF capability, to achieve the needed energy resolution and particle identification. In addition to the electronic apparatus, an alternative setup based on the concept of the “Emulsion Cloud Chamber”, coupled with the interaction region of the electronic FOOT setup, will provide the measurement of lighter charged fragments: protons, deuterons, tritons and Helium nuclei. The FOOT data taking is foreseen in the available experimental rooms existing in the presently operational charged particle therapy facilities in Europe, and possibly at GSI. An initial phase with the emulsion setup will start in early 2018, while the complete electronic detector will take data starting in 2019. In this work a general description of the FOOT experiment and of its expected performances is presented. 55th International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics 23-27 January, 2017 Bormio, Italy
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to the features of the energy deposition of charged particles in matter, a limited amount of dose
is released to the healthy tissue in the beam entrance region, while the maximum of the dose is
released to the tumor at the end of the beam range, in the Bragg peak region. However nuclear
interactions between beam and patient tissues induce fragmentation both of projectile and target.
This has to be carefully taken into account since different ions have different effectiveness in
producing a biological damage.
In 12C treatments the main concern are long range forward emitted secondary ions produced in
projectile fragmentation that release dose in the healthy tissue after the tumor. Instead, in a proton
treatment, the target fragmentation produces low energy, short range fragments along all the beam
range.
The FOOT experiment (FragmentatiOn Of Target) is designed to study these processes. Target
nuclei (16O,12C) fragmentation induced by 150-250 MeV proton beam will be studied by means
of the inverse kinematic approach. 16O,12C therapeutic beams, at the quoted kinetic energy per
nucleon, collide on graphite and hydrocarbons target. The cross section on Hydrogen can be then
extracted by subtraction. This configuration explores also the projectile fragmentation of these
16O,12C beams, or other ions of therapeutic interest, such as 4He for instance.
The detector includes a magnetic spectrometer based on silicon pixel and strip detectors, a scintillating
crystal calorimeter able to stop the heavier produced fragments, and a DE detector, with
TOF capability, to achieve the needed energy resolution and particle identification.
In addition to the electronic apparatus, an alternative setup based on the concept of the “Emulsion
Cloud Chamber”, coupled with the interaction region of the electronic FOOT setup, will provide
the measurement of lighter charged fragments: protons, deuterons, tritons and Helium nuclei.
The FOOT data taking is foreseen in the available experimental rooms existing in the presently
operational charged particle therapy facilities in Europe, and possibly at GSI. An initial phase
with the emulsion setup will start in early 2018, while the complete electronic detector will take
data starting in 2019.
In this work a general description of the FOOT experiment and of its expected performances is
presented.
55th International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics
23-27 January, 2017
Bormio, Italy