Engineering

Curve number (CN), originally developed, compiled by ‘The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)’, and has been widely used throughout the world. However, there is the uncertainty of CN derived from the use of antecedent moisture condition (AMC)/Antecedent Runoff Condition (ARC). As in Korea where nearly 70% covered by mountainous area, it is still not sufficient handbook precedent to guide or support the estimation of AMC/ARC. The failure to develop formal criteria of applying AMC/ ARC will be a gaping profession and results not only in uncertainty of CN estimation in particular, but also in designing appropriate structures in Korea as a whole. This paper is aiming at presenting a critical review of AMC/ARC and deriving a procedure to deal more realistically with event rainfall-runoff over wider variety of initial conditions. Proposed methods have been developed. It is based on modifying estimated runoff to observed runoff with coefficient of determination and then applying different algebraic expression with the verification of AMC by antecedent rainfall table of NEH-1964. The result shows that algebraic expression by Arnold et al. (1990) is the most appropriate for AMC/ARC and the results of AMC/ARC estimation criteria are generally very close to each other. Therefore, this algebraic expression might be applied in South Korea condition properly.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain reliable rainfall data for runoff simulation and other hydrological analysis by the calibration of gauge rainfall.  The calibrated gauge rainfall could be close to the actual value with rainfall on the ground. In order to analyze the wind effect of ground rain gauge, we selected the rain gauge sites with and without a windshield and standard rain gauge data from Chupungryeong weather station installed by standard of WMO. Simple linear regression model and artificial neural networks were used for the calibration of rainfalls, and we verified the reliability of the calibrated rainfalls through the runoff analysis using VfloTM. Rainfall calibrated by linear regression is higher amount of rainfall in 5%~18% than actual rainfall, and the wind remarkably affects the rainfall amount in the range of wind speed of 1.6~3.3m/s. It is hard to apply the linear regression model over 5.5 wind speed, because there is an insufficient wind speed data over 5.5 and there are also some outliers. On the other hand, rainfall calibrated by neural networks is estimated lower rainfall amount in 10~20% than actual rainfall. The results of the statistical evaluations are that neural networks model is more suitable for relatively big standard deviation and average rainfall. However, the linear regression model shows more suitable for extreme values. For getting more reliable rainfall data, we may need to select the suitable model for rainfall calibration. We expect the reliable hydrologic analysis could be performed by applying the calibration method suggested in this research.

In this study we estimated ETCCDI and frequency based precipitation using observed precipitation and precipitation from Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) scenarios for 58 weather stations which have the recorded data more than 30 years.  We tried to eliminate the bias by Quantile Mapping and tested for outliers of simulated data under climate change scenario. Then we estimated ETCCDI related to precipitation and frequency based precipitation for the future. In addition to this study examined the changes of frequency based precipitation for the future target periods. According to the result, dry days will be increased in Korean Peninsula in the 2090s. Also it showed that the number of heavy precipitation day more than 80mm/day tends to be increased in 3∼7% in the future. The precipitation of 24-hour duration under climate change will be increased by 17.7% for 80-year frequency, 18.2% for 100-year frequency and 19.6% for 200-year frequency in 2090s. In the 21st century, the damage caused by natural disasters is expected to be increased due to  increase of precipitation and the change of runoff characteristics under climate change. Therefore, the proposed ETCCDI and precipitation frequency under climate change are expected to be used for the future natural disaster plan.

Curve number (CN), originally developed, compiled by ‘The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)’, and has been widely used throughout the world. However, there is the uncertainty of CN derived from the use of antecedent moisture condition (AMC)/Antecedent Runoff Condition (ARC). As in Korea where nearly 70% covered by mountainous area, it is still not sufficient handbook precedent to guide or support the estimation of AMC/ARC. The failure to develop formal criteria of applying AMC/ ARC will be a gaping profession and results not only in uncertainty of CN estimation in particular, but also in designing appropriate structures in Korea as a whole. This paper is aiming at presenting a critical review of AMC/ARC and deriving a procedure to deal more realistically with event rainfall-runoff over wider variety of initial conditions. Proposed methods have been developed. It is based on modifying estimated runoff to observed runoff with coefficient of determination and then applying different algebraic expression with the verification of AMC by antecedent rainfall table of NEH-1964. Clearly indicated from 12 years period analysis and 2 years period of verification, normalized root mean square error, RE and E are best described by the application of algebraic expression by Arnold et al. at the value of 0.8950, 0.9460, and 0.0244 respectively for AMC condition and 1.3799, 0.9642 and -0.0197 respectively for ARC condition. Therefore, Arnold et al. algebraic equation is the best representation criteria of AMC and ARC. This algebraic expression might be applied properly considering South Korea condition.

"Chaque année, le département de Génie Rurale de l’institut de Technologie du Cambodge, exige aux étudiantes 5èmes années de faire un stage obligatoire pendant trois mois et rédiger un mémoire en le soutenant afin d’obtenir leurs diplômes.
Personnellement¸ j’ai passé mon entraînement dans le chantier de la construction d’un restaurant se situé à la province de KANDAL, où j’ai consacré plus de deux mois dans la vie pratique de l’ingénieur de chantier. Le rôle d’un stagiaire dans ce chantier est de contrôler tout le processus du travail en procurant la consultation sur la règle pratique de la construction, régler tous les problèmes éventuellement se présentés et faire la planification du travail quotidien.
Par ailleurs, le contenue de ce mémoire de fin d’étude s’agit du calcule pour une partie de ce restaurant, des éléments de la structure en béton selon la règle du BS8110-1 :1997 (c’est la norme anglais : British Standard) en introduisant le principe let la notion générale concernant ce règle, et technologie du chantier qui accompagne avec des photos pris du site de construction.     
Ce rapport se compose cinq parties principales suivant :
1. Chapitre I      : Introduction générale
2. Chapitre II      : Méthode de calcul des en béton armé
3. Chapitre III    : Dimensionnement des éléments des structures
4. Chapitre IV    : Conclusion
5. Annexes

Each year, Rural Engineering Department of Institute of Technology of Cambodia, it is obligation fifth year student to do an internship in the period of 3 months and compose thesis and they have to defend in order to get their bachelor degree.
Personally, my selected thesis named Construction of restaurant NAVA is situated at KANDAL province. During 2 months internship, I have participated in real work at site. My role of intern is to control the process of work by consulting on the practice of construction of real work, communicate problems accidentally happen and do a planning of work daily.
Besides that, thesis compose of computing part of reinforce concrete structure of the restaurant & Guest House by adapting code BS8110 (British Standard). This code introduces some principle of general notion about this code and technology at site that is illustrated with photos taken at construction site.

This report is divided to five principle parties as following:

1. Chapter I : General introduction
2. Chapter II : Reinforcement and reinforcement element Calculation Method
3. Chapter III : Dimension the elements of the structure
4. Chapter IV : Conclusions
5. Appendix 
"

As the world changing days by days, the world of business is becoming competitive and challenging. Human capitals also play an important role in establishing organizational success. Therefore, manager plays an important role of leading a company or an organization as well as managing human capital to reach goal of company or organization successfully. Managing human capital means making them satisfy with job and willing to work within company or organization for long period. Well-Motivated employees will also bring to company or organization an outstanding outcome. This is the reason that all managers try to find out the tactic of motivation to encourage employees to work. They are variety of motivation theory which be applied yet the manager need to consider among of motivational theories whether they can be appropriately applied or not. In fact, this project is attempting mainly to establish the effective motivational factors at Raffle Hotel Le Royal. Through up the project, researchers have designed six main parts differently which cover with the project proposal, the process of the study research, the related literatures, the overview of motivation at Raffle Hotel Le Royal in Cambodia context, and the detailed effective motivation for enhancing Raffle Hotel Le Royal’s staff.
To be more comprehensive, chapter one describe about the background of the study. Chapter two seeks out through the significance and need for the study the statement of problem, the main objectives of conducting the project, and limitation of study and Definition of Term. Chapter three seeks out through several useful theories and motivation factors that relevant to the motivation and its useful components. Moreover, chapter four explains the processes of how the research study is conducted by describing the research methodologies used, the research instruments, and the processes of data analysis. Chapter five and chapter six involve with the analysis of findings discuss about the research result and interpret the research results. Meanwhile, chapter five discusses the effective and ineffective motivational factors that the researchers have found in Café Monivong. Finally, chapter six the researchers will give conclusions, implication and recommendations from what they have found on the whole project of the study research.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of the laser printer using the dc-remote plasma enhancement chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) method. Only methane (CH4) was used as a source gas for DLC coating. The transmittance of the DLC coatings is over 90% and the hardness of the DLC film (130 nm thick) coated OPC drum is higher than 1,000 Hv. Effects of dc-power on the physical properties of the DLC film and the electrophotographic properties of the DLC coated OPC drum were investigated. The hardness and the deposition rate of the DLC film deposited on the OPC drum increased but the transmittance and the surface roughness nearly did not change with increasing the dc power of the dc-RPECVD. The residual potential, the acceptance voltage, and the dark decay rate significantly increase but the photodischarge rate decreases with increasing the dc power of the RPECVD. The optimum dc power is 8.6 kW (950 V, 6A). The friction coefficient of the OPC drum is also lowered by DLC coating. In addition, it was found that the DLC deposition rate could be doubled by imposing magnetic fields around the cathode.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of the laser printer using the dc-remote plasma enhancement chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) method. Only methane (CH4) was used as a source gas for DLC coating. The transmittance of the DLC coatings is over 90% and the hardness of the DLC film (130 nm thick) coated OPC drum is higher than 1,000 Hv. Effects of dc-power on the physical properties of the DLC film and the electrophotographic properties of the DLC coated OPC drum were investigated. The hardness and the deposition rate of the DLC film deposited on the OPC drum increased but the transmittance and the surface roughness nearly did not change with increasing the dc power of the dc-RPECVD. The residual potential, the acceptance voltage, and the dark decay rate significantly increase but the photodischarge rate decreases with increasing the dc power of the RPECVD. The optimum dc power is 8.6 kW (950 V, 6A). The friction coefficient of the OPC drum is also lowered by DLC coating. In addition, it was found that the DLC deposition rate could be doubled by imposing magnetic fields around the cathode.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of the laser printer using the dc-remote plasma enhancement chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) method. Only methane (CH4) was used as a source gas for DLC coating. The transmittance of the DLC coatings is over 90% and the hardness of the DLC film (130 nm thick) coated OPC drum is higher than 1,000 Hv. Effects of dc-power on the physical properties of the DLC film and the electrophotographic properties of the DLC coated OPC drum were investigated. The hardness and the deposition rate of the DLC film deposited on the OPC drum increased but the transmittance and the surface roughness nearly did not change with increasing the dc power of the dc-RPECVD. The residual potential, the acceptance voltage, and the dark decay rate significantly increase but the photodischarge rate decreases with increasing the dc power of the RPECVD. The optimum dc power is 8.6 kW (950 V, 6A). The friction coefficient of the OPC drum is also lowered by DLC coating. In addition, it was found that the DLC deposition rate could be doubled by imposing magnetic fields around the cathode.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on the organic photoconductor (OPC) drum of the laser printer using the dc-remote plasma enhancement chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) method. Only methane (CH4) was used as a source gas for DLC coating. The transmittance of the DLC coatings is over 90% and the hardness of the DLC film (130 nm thick) coated OPC drum is higher than 1,000 Hv. Effects of dc-power on the physical properties of the DLC film and the electrophotographic properties of the DLC coated OPC drum were investigated. The hardness and the deposition rate of the DLC film deposited on the OPC drum increased but the transmittance and the surface roughness nearly did not change with increasing the dc power of the dc-RPECVD. The residual potential, the acceptance voltage, and the dark decay rate significantly increase but the photodischarge rate decreases with increasing the dc power of the RPECVD. The optimum dc power is 8.6 kW (950 V, 6A). The friction coefficient of the OPC drum is also lowered by DLC coating. In addition, it was found that the DLC deposition rate could be doubled by imposing magnetic fields around the cathode.