Resultats de plusieurs enquetes concernant l'evaluation des ressources en biomasse dans diffe... more Resultats de plusieurs enquetes concernant l'evaluation des ressources en biomasse dans differentes zones ecologiques. Etude des possibilites de valorisation des pailles, (composts, biogaz)
Abstract Traceability in agri-food supply chains is mandatory in all 27 European Union Member Sta... more Abstract Traceability in agri-food supply chains is mandatory in all 27 European Union Member States. Novel ingredients or foodstuffs such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are subject to specific regulations and traceability, mainly due to their media coverage. This chapter provides an overview of the various regulations, social, economic and particularly technological facts regarding traceability, as defined in the ISO standard, and GMO testing in non-GMO supply chains. It also discusses some of the potential uses ...
Resultats de plusieurs enquetes concernant l'evaluation des ressources en biomasse dans diffe... more Resultats de plusieurs enquetes concernant l'evaluation des ressources en biomasse dans differentes zones ecologiques. Etude des possibilites de valorisation des pailles, (composts, biogaz)
Abstract Traceability in agri-food supply chains is mandatory in all 27 European Union Member Sta... more Abstract Traceability in agri-food supply chains is mandatory in all 27 European Union Member States. Novel ingredients or foodstuffs such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are subject to specific regulations and traceability, mainly due to their media coverage. This chapter provides an overview of the various regulations, social, economic and particularly technological facts regarding traceability, as defined in the ISO standard, and GMO testing in non-GMO supply chains. It also discusses some of the potential uses ...
The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - gen... more The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - genome structure provides an increasing number of detection targets that can be used to identify species or genetic lines, whether modified or not. Biotic and abiotic stresses also induce numerous unintentional genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic modifications. Those changes are transmissible and can be ordered in regions and classified. The detection target is characterised by the mutagenesis technique used. For instance, the detection of transgenic GMO or SDN3 modification of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) will target their insertion's junction fragments into the genome. Each insertion induces epigenetic, and probably epitranscriptomic, changes which can also be targeted. In addition, one group of markers is linked to the trait(s) introduced or modified by the breeder whose sequence could be used in quantification and "screening". The other target will be a subset of the elements of a matrix approach (as described in the previous chapter). General selection markers, such as those used for plant breeding, together with mutagenesis techniques specific markers, could differentiate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of any origin. They can be used to quantify and certify, through a global approach to the organism, that the trait modification is artefactual and not "natural." The growing mastery of single-cell sequencing techniques should soon make it possible to differentiate the modifications due, for example, to each step of a Crispr-Cas transformation of cells in culture. This chapter will focus mainly on detection targets based on nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, modified or unmodified, for their routine use in private and enforcement detection laboratories to comply with food labelling and European traceability rules. The chapter use the wording “hidden” GMOs and “new” GMOs as defined by the French NGOs and farmers’ union at the origin of the 2018 European Court of Justice ruling.
Developing smart-agrifood supply chains: using technology to improve safety and quality, 2021
The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - gen... more The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - genome structure provides an increasing number of detection targets that can be used to identify species or genetic lines, whether modified or not. Biotic and abiotic stresses also induce numerous unintentional genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic modifications. Those changes are transmissible and can be ordered in regions and classified. The detection target is characterised by the mutagenesis technique used. For instance, the detection of transgenic GMO or SDN3 modification of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) will target their insertion's junction fragments into the genome. Each insertion induces epigenetic, and probably epitranscriptomic, changes which can also be targeted. In addition, one group of markers is linked to the trait(s) introduced or modified by the breeder whose sequence could be used in quantification and "screening". The other target will be a subset of the elements of a matrix approach (as described in the previous chapter). General selection markers, such as those used for plant breeding, together with mutagenesis techniques specific markers, could differentiate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of any origin. They can be used to quantify and certify, through a global approach to the organism, that the trait modification is artefactual and not "natural." The growing mastery of single-cell sequencing techniques should soon make it possible to differentiate the modifications due, for example, to each step of a Crispr-Cas transformation of cells in culture. This chapter will focus mainly on detection targets based on nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, modified or unmodified, for their routine use in private and enforcement detection laboratories to comply with food labelling and European traceability rules. The chapter use the wording “hidden” GMOs and “new” GMOs as defined by the French NGOs and farmers’ union at the origin of the 2018 European Court of Justice ruling.
Developing smart-agrifood supply chains: using technology to improve safety and quality, 2021
The discovery in the 1980s of the pathogenesis’ mechanisms of Agrobacterium tumefaciens led to tr... more The discovery in the 1980s of the pathogenesis’ mechanisms of Agrobacterium tumefaciens led to transgenesis, a technique for increasing the diversity of traits that could be used in plant breeding. Various other means of plant transformation were then implemented. This new technique came when in vitro mutagenesis was stalled due to the lack of mutations’ screening systems until the description in 2000 of the Tilling technique which was then followed by various developments. Consumers received the genetically modified organisms (GMO) products resulting from these artefactual transformations in different ways in different countries. In European countries with a long culinary tradition and numerous products under official quality labels, the precautionary principle, which had previously prevailed in third countries, was introduced in the face of these new techniques which at the time had lacked any history of safe use. From then on, these GMOs were only produced and marketed after a risk assessment. In addition, labelling and traceability, according to the farm-to-fork approach, are required with specific and general post-market environmental monitoring. This chapter describes the scientific, technical and regulatory framework of this European traceability system, which allows all European consumers to make informed choices about their food. Moreover, this traceability approach enables the coexistence of GM and non-GM supply chains and should thus make it possible to avoid mixing food products with those for pharmaceutical, functional food or industrial use. The framework we describe in this chapter must be used to deal with the traceability of "new" GMOs and "hidden" GMOs. GMOs resulting from in vitro mutagenesis of isolated cells and NBT techniques, so named by the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and farmers' union that brought the dispute before the French Conseil d’Etat in 2015 engendered a conflict that led to the European Court of Justice recalling the 2001/18 directive’s definition of GMOs in 2018. The feasibility of this traceability of these "hidden" and "new" GMOs is discussed in the next chapter.
… Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food …, 2013
GMO coexistence and traceability are tools used to manage the GMO controversy, which is itself pa... more GMO coexistence and traceability are tools used to manage the GMO controversy, which is itself part of a broader demand within society for the participatory management of technological innovations. This means that scientists are being asked to acknowledge that science and expertise are social constructs. Scientists and politicians should take this demand for participatory democracy into greater account as of the risk assessment phase, by a means which remains to be defined
… Modified and Non-Genetically Modified Food …, 2012
This chapter describes the European framework which induced coexistence and traceability needs in... more This chapter describes the European framework which induced coexistence and traceability needs in the EU. After having rapidly reviewed the context of GMO development, production and trade, this chapter outlines the socio-economic issues and consumers’ concerns raised by the introduction of GM plants into the agricultural system. It then summarizes increasing demands of consumers for safe and healthy produce, generally represented by “quality signs”.
After summarizing the European regulatory framework, it develops the actions undertaken by the European Commission and EU member states for satisfying the often conflicting, freedom of cultivation of the farmers and freedom of choice for European consumers. The 2 main results are the coexistence of supply chains’ with an important traceability framework. The actions encompass, in particular, an enforcement network for traceability, with the duties for companies to provide detection methods of GMOs and to financially participate to the incurred costs of methods validation, research projects on traceability and coexistence issues. Some coexistence rules in place were either enacted by EU –MS, developed by the farmers and their organizations, or both.
Finally, the commercialization of GMOs shall be accompanied in the EU by the post-market monitoring of environment and human health whose implementation is far from easy.
This European frame of coexistence and traceability targets a peaceful development of GMO despite a very controversial situation, and should ensure that next generations of GMO, designed for e.g. pharmacy and industry, will not enter the food and feed chains.
Hydrolases et dépolymérases. Enzymes d'intérêt industriel, 1985
Cet ouvrage est destiné à faire le point sur les enzymes qui catalysent l'hydrolyse ou la dépolym... more Cet ouvrage est destiné à faire le point sur les enzymes qui catalysent l'hydrolyse ou la dépolymérisation des molécules d'origine biologique. Il rassemble les textes d'une série de conférences prononcées au cours d'un séminaire animé par Annette Mouranche et Claude Costes au Centre de Grignon de l'Institut national agronomique. Lorsqu'il s'agit de macromoléeules, comme par exemple l'amidon, la cellulose ou les caséines, leur utilisation industrielle implique souvent une simplification chimique préalable. Cette simplification est souvent à l'origine l'hydrolyse d'une fonction ester ou amide. Cette réaction hydrolytique est à la base de bien des processus technologiques dans les industries alimentaires: fromagerie, industrie des viandes, industrie des jus de fruits, brasserie, amidonnerie. De même la valorisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique commence par une série de réactions de dépolymérisation. L'ensemble de ces réactions est le plus souvent réalisé par voie enzymatique. Une meilleure connaissance des enzymes concernées permettra un élargissement des technologies alimentaires, un renouvellement de certaines stratégies phytosanitaires, une exploitation plus rationnelle des déchets animaux et végétaux ou la fabrication de substances nouvelles par hémisynthèse industrielle. Quelle est l'origine biologique de ces enzymes? Que sait-on sur leur structure, leurs propriétés et leur mode d'action? Comment les met-on en œuvre ou comment peut-on élargir leur utilisation industrielle? Cet ouvrage essaie de présenter une analyse de ces problèmes et propose des perspectives nouvelles. La vaste catégorie des nucléases n'a pas été abordée dans ce travail qui s'adresse principalement à tous ceux qui, étudiants, ingénieurs, responsables d'entreprise ou enseignants, sont concernés par la transformation industrielle de la production agricole, végétale ou animale.
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Papers by Yves Bertheau
Consumers received the genetically modified organisms (GMO) products resulting from these artefactual transformations in different ways in different countries. In European countries with a long culinary tradition and numerous products under official quality labels, the precautionary principle, which had previously prevailed in third countries, was introduced in the face of these new techniques which at the time had lacked any history of safe use. From then on, these GMOs were only produced and marketed after a risk assessment. In addition, labelling and traceability, according to the farm-to-fork approach, are required with specific and general post-market environmental monitoring. This chapter describes the scientific, technical and regulatory framework of this European traceability system, which allows all European consumers to make informed choices about their food. Moreover, this traceability approach enables the coexistence of GM and non-GM supply chains and should thus make it possible to avoid mixing food products with those for pharmaceutical, functional food or industrial use.
The framework we describe in this chapter must be used to deal with the traceability of "new" GMOs and "hidden" GMOs. GMOs resulting from in vitro mutagenesis of isolated cells and NBT techniques, so named by the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and farmers' union that brought the dispute before the French Conseil d’Etat in 2015 engendered a conflict that led to the European Court of Justice recalling the 2001/18 directive’s definition of GMOs in 2018. The feasibility of this traceability of these "hidden" and "new" GMOs is discussed in the next chapter.
After summarizing the European regulatory framework, it develops the actions undertaken by the European Commission and EU member states for satisfying the often conflicting, freedom of cultivation of the farmers and freedom of choice for European consumers. The 2 main results are the coexistence of supply chains’ with an important traceability framework. The actions encompass, in particular, an enforcement network for traceability, with the duties for companies to provide detection methods of GMOs and to financially participate to the incurred costs of methods validation, research projects on traceability and coexistence issues. Some coexistence rules in place were either enacted by EU –MS, developed by the farmers and their organizations, or both.
Finally, the commercialization of GMOs shall be accompanied in the EU by the post-market monitoring of environment and human health whose implementation is far from easy.
This European frame of coexistence and traceability targets a peaceful development of GMO despite a very controversial situation, and should ensure that next generations of GMO, designed for e.g. pharmacy and industry, will not enter the food and feed chains.