Dalya Hazar is currently working as the coordinator of Vision 2074 Strategy Office at Izmir Planning Agency. Vision 2074 Strategy Office sets out with the aim of determining Izmir’s 50-year vision, covering predictable and unpredictable processes, while understands that Izmir needs a radical approach to transform into a city resilient to multiple crises such as climate, food, energy and economy. Following the New Generation Municipality principles, which guides the current understanding of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, the Office produces the Vision 2074 Framework Document, one of the main strategic outputs of IZPA. Vision 2074 Framework Document describes Izmir's 50-year vision and focuses on green, digital and social transition that aims to find solutions to multiple crises. Dalya Hazar is also working as a part-time faculty member at Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of City and Regional Planning and continues her research in urban planning, urban design, urban morphology, rural planning, commons and local sustainable development. Their most recent publication is "Can basic design be the base of urban planning education?: A case-oriented quantitative measurement model".
Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture & Planning, 2024
The study of design is considered as a scientific activity; however, the integration of urbanism ... more The study of design is considered as a scientific activity; however, the integration of urbanism with design thought has remained limited, which can easily be observed in the contemporary urban areas, especially in the developing countries. Thus, increasing design thinking ability and the integration of spatial planning should be a priori within urban planning and design education, and thus be practiced preventing the emergence of chaotic urban spaces. The widespread view is that basic design education increases the planning and design skills of students; therefore, it is offered during the first stage of planning education. Within the scope of the basic design courses, students experience using and transferring the formatting tools such as line, stain, texture, color, volume, light-shadow, abstraction, and perspective effectively. They learn design principles such as suitability, unity, sovereignty, contrast balance, repetition, direction, measure, range, value, motion and hierarchy. Gestalt visual perception principles adopted by the Bauhaus school of design are often applied in basic design education. The process is completed by providing technical drawing lessons on principles and abstraction parameters. Teaching is a planned process, and objectives are determined through the cognitive-affective and psychomotor learning areas known as Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains. So, is the current education paradigm accurate and measurable? Is it possible to utilize it to improve planning and design education? For this purpose, this study researches the contribution of basic design learning outcomes to the urban planning studios and the relationship between achievement levels of students in relevant courses through knowledge and attitude tests. The research model is a case study, based on the relational analysis of quantitative data, which quantitatively propounded that the relationship between two different teaching processes is linear and positive.
The urban and rural areas have encountered a rapid transformation and adaptation process while li... more The urban and rural areas have encountered a rapid transformation and adaptation process while living quarters exposed reconstruction activities within ambiguous boundaries such as urban-nature, rural-nature and rural-urban. Ecologically-sensitive action plans have the potential to guide these activities by environmental protection and management, revealing the interaction of existing land uses and natural and sociocultural assets, especially in transition and intersection areas. The rural-urban fringe has potential as a diverse, dynamic and multifunctional region in terms of historical development, biodiversity production, recreation, identity and landscape aesthetics. Within the scope of the study, an urban design competition area in Guzelbahce, located at the rural-urban fringe of Izmir is selected as a study area. The case area is a potential buffer zone to prevent the urban sprawl on the rural-ecological commons. For this purpose, following the literature review, in-situ observations and analyses, the common space approach is proposed for the case area located at the intersection of the potential green belt axis of Izmir and determined rural landscape planning policies and design criteria are evaluated.
The Slow City movement, emerged in Italy in 1999, to increase the recognition of cities and ensur... more The Slow City movement, emerged in Italy in 1999, to increase the recognition of cities and ensure local sustainable development. The Slow City title is used as a tool for increasing the recognition of cities, development of tourism and boosting competitiveness. However, increasing recognition and the number of tourists can lead to changes in urban space and land use that contradict the slow philosophy. These cities are faced with threats such as migration, construction on agricultural and natural areas, sprawl beyond the original urban pattern, increased number of tourists, lack of transportation and infrastructure and increasing vehicle traffic, culminating in departure from the Slow City criteria. Therefore, Slow Cities need a road map in order to combat these pressures and have to create a retrospective improvement paradigm to address the negative urban activities that have been implemented. This study investigates the impacts of increased recognition on urban space in Sığacık neighborhood of Seferihisar, which is the first Slow City of Turkey. Changes in urban land use following the acquisition of the Slow City title are analyzed in association with the local values and increasing migration and tourism pressure is discussed within the scope of slow philosophy and criteria. In the study, a scoring system was applied with slow city criteria. The study proposes planning approaches that aim to improve the Slow City affiliation processes by revealing the conflicts and threats that arise in urban space following increased international recognition of cities that are branded as a Slow City.
Enclosure movements on the commons continue without slowing down especially in the developing cou... more Enclosure movements on the commons continue without slowing down especially in the developing countries; as well as the grassroots movements against them. Enclosure movements frequently contain several foreign investments and appropriations to other uses on natural resources and/or assets such as pastures, forests, rivers, agricultural lands and seashores, which are crucial income sources for rural households. Among other factors, the shortcomings in the common management processes, cooperatives and self-organization capacity of the stakeholders ease the enclosure process. The study investigates the environmental movements as commoning practices in Turkey in the last decade through media analysis and surveys. The study aims to constitute a scientific basis to enhance the EIA processes in order to encourage proactive responses to environmental crises, prevent enclosure movements on the commons and maintain the local sustainable development. Hence, firstly the environmental movements in Turkey are spatialized by GIS analyst tools to constitute an environmental inventory including time, types, frequency and location of the movements; secondly, an online survey is conducted with the environmental NGOs; thirdly, two possible scenarios are suggested through a triple-scale scoring system; and finally, several recommendations are proposed in order to sustain the commons.
Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 2021
Kır-kent çeperinde bulunan ve sıklıkla kentleşme baskısı altında kalan yerleşimler, iyileştirilmi... more Kır-kent çeperinde bulunan ve sıklıkla kentleşme baskısı altında kalan yerleşimler, iyileştirilmiş kırsal planlama politikalarıyla, kentin kır üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini hafifletme potansiyeline sahip, doğa odaklı bir kentleşme modeli uygulamak için uygun alanlardır. Yapılan çalışmada ilk olarak, kırsal alanların geçmişten günümüze hangi süreç ve müdahalelerden geçtiği incelenmektedir. İkinci olarak, saha çalışması ve kartopu mülakatlar aracılığıyla İzmir’in kır-kent çeperinde bulunan Ödemiş ilçesi incelenmiştir. Son olarak, Ödemiş ilçesi için önerilen kırsal planlama politikaları bir puanlama sistemiyle değerlendirilmiştir.
ABSTRACT The settlements located on the rural-urban fringe, which are frequently under the pressure of urbanization, have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of the city on the rural with improved rural planning policies and are suitable areas for implementing a nature-oriented urbanization model. In the study, firstly, the processes and interventions that rural areas have gone through from past to present have been examined. Secondly, snowball interviews through case study of Ödemiş on the rural-urban fringe of İzmir were examined. Finally, rural planning policies proposed for Ödemiş district were evaluated through a scoring system.
Çalışma, İzmir’in önemli bir kent parkı ve kamusal alanı olan Kültürpark’ın bir kentsel müşterek ... more Çalışma, İzmir’in önemli bir kent parkı ve kamusal alanı olan Kültürpark’ın bir kentsel müşterek olarak önemini literatür ve medya taraması, etkinlikler, kullanıcı mülakatları ve kişisel gözlemler üzerinden yapılan karşılaştırmalı analizler ile incelemektedir. Kentlilerin Kültürpark’ın ekolojisine ve belleğine duydukları ilgi parkın son yıllarda bir kentsel müşterek olarak daha çok sahiplenildiğini göstermektedir. Kentliler, ortak bir akıl ve tavır oluşturabilmek için çeşitli etkinlikler yoluyla parka dair taleplerini dile getirmeye devam etmektedirler.
With the growing urbanization trend, the disappearance of the strict borders between the rural an... more With the growing urbanization trend, the disappearance of the strict borders between the rural and urban areas have accelerated and this has increased the heightening pressure towards the rural areas. Also, with the transformation of villages into neighborhoods by means of legislation (Law No. 6360), the common lands, as essential parts of the rural, are under the threat of enclosure. As infrastructural developments, renewable energy appears as one of the triggering agents of the enclosure threats. Renewables are seen as an eco-friendly type of development, which also have political and social legitimacy due to the global concerns of energy-related environmental problems. However, since the wind farms started to be located especially on the rural-ecological commons, several conflicts have emerged. This paper aims to investigate the transformative impacts of wind farm deployments on the rural-ecological commons on the case of Karaburun, the peripheral rural district of İzmir. The study will focus on the conflicts and local oppositions against wind energy investments in order to reveal the fundamental conflicts in relation with the enclosure movements on rural common lands. The methodology of the study is based on media search, in-depth interviews with NGOs and personal observations, which reveal the fundamental conflicts on the pastures in Karaburun.
Çalışma, ‘kente karşı suç’ ile ne ifade edildiğini, literatürde kente karşı suçun nasıl kavramsal... more Çalışma, ‘kente karşı suç’ ile ne ifade edildiğini, literatürde kente karşı suçun nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığını ve İzmir özelinde işlenen kente karşı suçları araştırmaktadır. Son yıllarda Türkiye’de sıklıkla kullanılan ‘kente karşı suç’ kavramı ile ‘kentsel suç’ kavramı arasında, zaman zaman birbiriyle örtüşen eylemler içerseler dahi belirgin farklar vardır. Kentsel suç, kentte işlenen kapkaç, gasp, cinayet gibi kriminal suçları ifade ederken; kente karşı suç, kentsel mekâna, çevreye, kentlilere ve kentli haklarına zarar veren karar ve uygulamaların tümünü ifade etmektedir. Bu suçların en büyük bölümünü ise ‘imar kararlarına rağmen’ ya da ‘imar kararları aracılığıyla’ işlenen ‘imar suçları’ oluşturmaktadır. İlk durumda, imar suçları imar mevzuatına aykırı ve yasal anlamda suç sayılan eylemleri kapsarken; ikinci durumda, hukuk kuralları içerisinde, ayrıcalıklı imar hakları, imar afları, yasalarda ek maddeler vb. araçlar kullanılarak işlenen suçları kapsamaktadır. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışma, dünyada ve Türkiye’de kent suçları hakkında yapılan tartışmaları özetlemekte ve TMMOB İzmir İl Koordinasyon Kurulu tarafından 2019’da çevrimiçi olarak yayınlanan ‘İzmir Kent Suçları Haritası’ üzerinden İzmir’e karşı işlenen suçları tartışmaktadır.
The fringe belt concept that has been handled morphologically by urban geographers since the 1960... more The fringe belt concept that has been handled morphologically by urban geographers since the 1960s has recently gained increasing attention in the urban planning and design spheres. Fringe belts are the former urban peripheries that are embedded within the city in the historical process. Fringe belts continue to contain the peripheral land uses that are important for urban ecology and sustainable urban development. The fringe belt concept is crucial in order to grasp the morphological growth of the city by understanding the location, function and the significance of the fringe belts to see the effects of different planning approaches on these areas. Fringe belts often feature as urban heritages and ecological corridors and they create a buffer zone that protects natural areas against the negative effects of the city. In addition, they reduce the urban heat island effect by their frequent use of open and green areas. Yet, due to the rapid urbanization and the search for the empty lands, fringe belts are embedded within the city center and its surroundings are exposed to alienation. Fringe belt alienation should be seen as one of the basic problems of the urban development. This study focuses on the military areas that form a part of the fringe belts in İzmir and are predicted to be extramuralized in the near future. As a response to the extramuralization risk, this study evaluates the effects and potential of military areas, which form a part of fringe belts in İzmir, as open green areas on urban ecology and on public interest and this study suggests urban fringe belt planning against the possible alienation risks.
Çalışma, sermayenin sürekli hareketini mekansal bir müdahale biçimi olarak ele almakta ve konuya ... more Çalışma, sermayenin sürekli hareketini mekansal bir müdahale biçimi olarak ele almakta ve konuya önemli bir örneklem oluşturan 2016-2018 yılları arası İzmir inşaat sektörü bu bağlamda incelenmektedir.
Bu yazıda, doktora araştırmam süresince İzmir’in köylerinde yaptığım saha çalışmalarına dayanarak... more Bu yazıda, doktora araştırmam süresince İzmir’in köylerinde yaptığım saha çalışmalarına dayanarak, biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik için hayati derecede önem taşıyan mera alanlarını kırsal-ekolojik müştereklerimize dair temel tartışmalar kapsamında değerlendiriyor ve mera alanları üzerindeki temel arazi kullanım çatışmalarına, Türkiye kırsalındaki problemlerin müşterekleri ne boyutta etkilediğine ve planlamanın bu süreçte nasıl bir araç olabileceğine dair yanıtlar bulabilmeyi amaçlıyorum.
Journal of the Environmental Protection and Ecology, 2019
This study aims to reveal the importance of the pastures as the rural-ecological commons in terms... more This study aims to reveal the importance of the pastures as the rural-ecological commons in terms of biodiversity and ecological sustainability by focusing on the transformative impacts of the enclosure and commodification processes. Pastures are crucial especially within four dimensions: (1) rich biodiversity of flora and fauna; (2) rural development; (3) erosion prevention; and (4) rural tradition. Conflicts on the pastures and their triggering mechanisms are the main research interests of the study. Sustainable management of the rural-ecological commons has a potential to prevent the conflicts on the pastures. Three case study districts in Izmir (Turkey) are chosen to determine the conflicts on the pastures in relation with the recent legal regulations, determination, delimitation and allocation processes, malpractices and the civil responses. Data gathered from the interviews with professionals and village headmen, literature review, media analysis, and personal observations are evaluated by the content analysis to determine the main conflicts and the pasture dimensions for the eDPSIR (Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) model, which is an enhanced organisation tool to understand the multi-level relationships in environmental and social issues. The developed pasture dimension set evaluates the rural-ecological commons in relation with the actor relations and geographical aspects during the decision-making, common management and the planning processes.
Araştırma, biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olan kırsal-ekolojik müş... more Araştırma, biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olan kırsal-ekolojik müştereklerimiz olarak tariflediğimiz mera alanları üzerindeki çatışmalara ve mera alanları üzerindeki çitleme hareketlerinin dönüştürücü etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Mera alanları, yüksek karbon bağlama kapasitesi, zengin biyoçeşitlilik, erozyonu önleme, kırsal kalkınma ve kırsal gelenek açılarından önemli varlıklardır. Araştırma tasarımı yöntemi keşifçi vaka çalışmasıdır. Uzmanlarla yapılan kartopu mülakatlar, muhtarlarla yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlar, gözlemler ve medya analizinden edinilen veriler, içerik analiziyle değerlendirilmiş ve bir mera boyut seti oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, mera alanları üzerindeki çatışmalarına sebep olduğu belirlenen faktörler, baskılar, durum ve etkiler, eDPSIR nedensel ağ modeline uyarlanmıştır. Ekolojik duyarlı planlama, otlatma yönetimi ve faktör-baskı temelli yanıtlar ile iyileştirilmiş kırsal politikalar, kırsal müştereklerin korunması açısından önemlidir.
Günümüzde kır ve kenti birbirine bağlayan en önemli husus kuşkusuz gıdadır. Gıda bugün daha önce ... more Günümüzde kır ve kenti birbirine bağlayan en önemli husus kuşkusuz gıdadır. Gıda bugün daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar popüler ve çeşitlenmiş durumdadır. Dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de tüketim pratikleri çok görünür hale gelmiştir. Dr. Emel Karakaya Ayalp, tarımsal gıda sistemlerinin dönüşümünü sorgulayarak İzmir’de üç adet niş inisiyatife odaklandığı, “Agro Food System Transitions? Exploring Alternative Agro Food Initiatives in İzmir, Turkey” (Tarımsal Gıda Sistemlerinin Dönüşümü? İzmir, Türkiye’de Alternatif Tarımsal Gıda Girişimlerinin Keşfi) başlıklı araştırmasında, kentlerin sürdürülebilir yönde dönüşümünü ve mevcut tarımsal gıda sistemine alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmakta olan pratikleri incelemiştir.
Bölgesel büyüme/gelişme yazınında, bölgelerarası gelir eşitsizliğinin evrimi ve boyutları hatırı ... more Bölgesel büyüme/gelişme yazınında, bölgelerarası gelir eşitsizliğinin evrimi ve boyutları hatırı sayılır bir yer kaplamaktadır. Yazında, ampirik çalışmaların çoğu, belirli koşullar altında ekonomilerin kendine özgü bir denge durumuna yakınsamasını tahmin eden neo-klasik büyüme kuramına dayanmaktadır. Dr. Seda Senem Alpaykut Bayrak, Türkiye'de bölgesel yakınsama, göç ve faktör hareketliliğini incelediği bu çalışmasında aşağıdaki temel soruları yanıtlayarak, Türkiye'nin illeri ve bölgeleri arasındaki bölgesel gelir eşitsizliğini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye'de gelir eşitsizlikleri artmakta mı, yoksa azalmakta mıdır? Yani, bölgesel gelir düzeylerinin yakınsama eğilimi var mıdır? İkinci olarak, 2000 sonrası güncel iç göç hareketleri bölgesel gelir eşitsizliklerini azaltmakta mıdır? Son olarak, iç göçün yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyi bağlamında alt bileşenleri bölgesel gelir dağılımını nasıl etkilemektedir?
Hortes Municipals de Santa Eugenia, Girona’da bulunan müşterek bahçelerden (common garden) biri. ... more Hortes Municipals de Santa Eugenia, Girona’da bulunan müşterek bahçelerden (common garden) biri. Bu tür alanlar Katalonya’da hemen her belediyede en az bir tane olmakla birlikte, İspanya’nın genelinde yaygın. Bir kent sakini olan Ferran Mier yardımıyla keşfettiğim alana iki ziyaret yapıyorum ve ikincisinde Santa Eugenia Belediyesi Park ve Bahçeler Müdürlüğünde çalışan ve bu bahçeden sorumlu olan tekniker Christian Geis ile alanda bir röportaj gerçekleştiriyorum. (Şehir ve Toplum dergisi - Sayı 4, s.41)
Neoliberalizmin etkisindeki tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler gibi, ülkemizde de çevre gündemi çok boyu... more Neoliberalizmin etkisindeki tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler gibi, ülkemizde de çevre gündemi çok boyutlu ve çetrefilli süregeliyor. Çevre mücadelelerinden şaibeli ÇED raporlarına, davalardan torba yasalara, 2-B orman arazilerinden delik deşik edilen Mera Yasası’na, koruma statüsü düşürülüp tabiat parkına dönüştürülen milli parklardan yanan ormanlara... Ne yazık ki ülkemizdeki genel algı göstermektedir ki çevre bir manzaradan, bir bakı noktasından ya da bir rant kaynağından öteye geçemiyor. Yani, ancak bir amaca hizmet ediyorsa bir önemi var. Sayısız bilimsel araştırma, seminer, haber, direniş, change.org kampanyaları ve kamuoyu oluşturma çabalarına rağmen bugüne kadar, birkaç bireysel başarı haricinde, yönetsel bir reform başarıyla gerçekleştirilemedi. Bu yazıda irdelenen kır-kent çeperleri çevresel kaynakların bir rant aracı olarak kullanılmasına karşı, doğa odaklı bir kentleşme modeli olarak görülebilir.
The agricultural sector has historically been the forefront economic sector in Turkey and is cruc... more The agricultural sector has historically been the forefront economic sector in Turkey and is crucial for the rural sustainability and the pastures that are critical for biodiversity. However, inadequate policies and factors such as climate change and malpractices result in brittle pastures, rural-urban migration, and a declining agricultural sector. Also, pastures have been left without function and appropriated to other land uses such as quarries, energy power plants, and mines. Although the husbandry sector produces significant greenhouse gas emissions, pastures have a significant capacity of CO 2 sequestration. In this study, Life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the transition between extensive and intensive production. The methodology presents a holistic analysis of the several impact categories and amounts of relevant products, services, and resource emissions along their life cycles. In order to assess the environmental effects of the lamb meat production, three sheep breeding systems in Turkey are evaluated. The study aims to promote a sustainable use of natural resources/assets without compromising the quality, competitiveness, or animal welfare and obtain recommendations for the future husbandry systems and rural development in Turkey. As an overall result, it can be stated that the intensification of sheep farming can lead to a decrease of greenhouse gas emissions per kg of meat. However, extensive sheep farming shows less impacts on soil acidification or eutrophication and can even be beneficial for erosion resistance or biodiversity if properly managed.
Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture & Planning, 2024
The study of design is considered as a scientific activity; however, the integration of urbanism ... more The study of design is considered as a scientific activity; however, the integration of urbanism with design thought has remained limited, which can easily be observed in the contemporary urban areas, especially in the developing countries. Thus, increasing design thinking ability and the integration of spatial planning should be a priori within urban planning and design education, and thus be practiced preventing the emergence of chaotic urban spaces. The widespread view is that basic design education increases the planning and design skills of students; therefore, it is offered during the first stage of planning education. Within the scope of the basic design courses, students experience using and transferring the formatting tools such as line, stain, texture, color, volume, light-shadow, abstraction, and perspective effectively. They learn design principles such as suitability, unity, sovereignty, contrast balance, repetition, direction, measure, range, value, motion and hierarchy. Gestalt visual perception principles adopted by the Bauhaus school of design are often applied in basic design education. The process is completed by providing technical drawing lessons on principles and abstraction parameters. Teaching is a planned process, and objectives are determined through the cognitive-affective and psychomotor learning areas known as Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains. So, is the current education paradigm accurate and measurable? Is it possible to utilize it to improve planning and design education? For this purpose, this study researches the contribution of basic design learning outcomes to the urban planning studios and the relationship between achievement levels of students in relevant courses through knowledge and attitude tests. The research model is a case study, based on the relational analysis of quantitative data, which quantitatively propounded that the relationship between two different teaching processes is linear and positive.
The urban and rural areas have encountered a rapid transformation and adaptation process while li... more The urban and rural areas have encountered a rapid transformation and adaptation process while living quarters exposed reconstruction activities within ambiguous boundaries such as urban-nature, rural-nature and rural-urban. Ecologically-sensitive action plans have the potential to guide these activities by environmental protection and management, revealing the interaction of existing land uses and natural and sociocultural assets, especially in transition and intersection areas. The rural-urban fringe has potential as a diverse, dynamic and multifunctional region in terms of historical development, biodiversity production, recreation, identity and landscape aesthetics. Within the scope of the study, an urban design competition area in Guzelbahce, located at the rural-urban fringe of Izmir is selected as a study area. The case area is a potential buffer zone to prevent the urban sprawl on the rural-ecological commons. For this purpose, following the literature review, in-situ observations and analyses, the common space approach is proposed for the case area located at the intersection of the potential green belt axis of Izmir and determined rural landscape planning policies and design criteria are evaluated.
The Slow City movement, emerged in Italy in 1999, to increase the recognition of cities and ensur... more The Slow City movement, emerged in Italy in 1999, to increase the recognition of cities and ensure local sustainable development. The Slow City title is used as a tool for increasing the recognition of cities, development of tourism and boosting competitiveness. However, increasing recognition and the number of tourists can lead to changes in urban space and land use that contradict the slow philosophy. These cities are faced with threats such as migration, construction on agricultural and natural areas, sprawl beyond the original urban pattern, increased number of tourists, lack of transportation and infrastructure and increasing vehicle traffic, culminating in departure from the Slow City criteria. Therefore, Slow Cities need a road map in order to combat these pressures and have to create a retrospective improvement paradigm to address the negative urban activities that have been implemented. This study investigates the impacts of increased recognition on urban space in Sığacık neighborhood of Seferihisar, which is the first Slow City of Turkey. Changes in urban land use following the acquisition of the Slow City title are analyzed in association with the local values and increasing migration and tourism pressure is discussed within the scope of slow philosophy and criteria. In the study, a scoring system was applied with slow city criteria. The study proposes planning approaches that aim to improve the Slow City affiliation processes by revealing the conflicts and threats that arise in urban space following increased international recognition of cities that are branded as a Slow City.
Enclosure movements on the commons continue without slowing down especially in the developing cou... more Enclosure movements on the commons continue without slowing down especially in the developing countries; as well as the grassroots movements against them. Enclosure movements frequently contain several foreign investments and appropriations to other uses on natural resources and/or assets such as pastures, forests, rivers, agricultural lands and seashores, which are crucial income sources for rural households. Among other factors, the shortcomings in the common management processes, cooperatives and self-organization capacity of the stakeholders ease the enclosure process. The study investigates the environmental movements as commoning practices in Turkey in the last decade through media analysis and surveys. The study aims to constitute a scientific basis to enhance the EIA processes in order to encourage proactive responses to environmental crises, prevent enclosure movements on the commons and maintain the local sustainable development. Hence, firstly the environmental movements in Turkey are spatialized by GIS analyst tools to constitute an environmental inventory including time, types, frequency and location of the movements; secondly, an online survey is conducted with the environmental NGOs; thirdly, two possible scenarios are suggested through a triple-scale scoring system; and finally, several recommendations are proposed in order to sustain the commons.
Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 2021
Kır-kent çeperinde bulunan ve sıklıkla kentleşme baskısı altında kalan yerleşimler, iyileştirilmi... more Kır-kent çeperinde bulunan ve sıklıkla kentleşme baskısı altında kalan yerleşimler, iyileştirilmiş kırsal planlama politikalarıyla, kentin kır üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini hafifletme potansiyeline sahip, doğa odaklı bir kentleşme modeli uygulamak için uygun alanlardır. Yapılan çalışmada ilk olarak, kırsal alanların geçmişten günümüze hangi süreç ve müdahalelerden geçtiği incelenmektedir. İkinci olarak, saha çalışması ve kartopu mülakatlar aracılığıyla İzmir’in kır-kent çeperinde bulunan Ödemiş ilçesi incelenmiştir. Son olarak, Ödemiş ilçesi için önerilen kırsal planlama politikaları bir puanlama sistemiyle değerlendirilmiştir.
ABSTRACT The settlements located on the rural-urban fringe, which are frequently under the pressure of urbanization, have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of the city on the rural with improved rural planning policies and are suitable areas for implementing a nature-oriented urbanization model. In the study, firstly, the processes and interventions that rural areas have gone through from past to present have been examined. Secondly, snowball interviews through case study of Ödemiş on the rural-urban fringe of İzmir were examined. Finally, rural planning policies proposed for Ödemiş district were evaluated through a scoring system.
Çalışma, İzmir’in önemli bir kent parkı ve kamusal alanı olan Kültürpark’ın bir kentsel müşterek ... more Çalışma, İzmir’in önemli bir kent parkı ve kamusal alanı olan Kültürpark’ın bir kentsel müşterek olarak önemini literatür ve medya taraması, etkinlikler, kullanıcı mülakatları ve kişisel gözlemler üzerinden yapılan karşılaştırmalı analizler ile incelemektedir. Kentlilerin Kültürpark’ın ekolojisine ve belleğine duydukları ilgi parkın son yıllarda bir kentsel müşterek olarak daha çok sahiplenildiğini göstermektedir. Kentliler, ortak bir akıl ve tavır oluşturabilmek için çeşitli etkinlikler yoluyla parka dair taleplerini dile getirmeye devam etmektedirler.
With the growing urbanization trend, the disappearance of the strict borders between the rural an... more With the growing urbanization trend, the disappearance of the strict borders between the rural and urban areas have accelerated and this has increased the heightening pressure towards the rural areas. Also, with the transformation of villages into neighborhoods by means of legislation (Law No. 6360), the common lands, as essential parts of the rural, are under the threat of enclosure. As infrastructural developments, renewable energy appears as one of the triggering agents of the enclosure threats. Renewables are seen as an eco-friendly type of development, which also have political and social legitimacy due to the global concerns of energy-related environmental problems. However, since the wind farms started to be located especially on the rural-ecological commons, several conflicts have emerged. This paper aims to investigate the transformative impacts of wind farm deployments on the rural-ecological commons on the case of Karaburun, the peripheral rural district of İzmir. The study will focus on the conflicts and local oppositions against wind energy investments in order to reveal the fundamental conflicts in relation with the enclosure movements on rural common lands. The methodology of the study is based on media search, in-depth interviews with NGOs and personal observations, which reveal the fundamental conflicts on the pastures in Karaburun.
Çalışma, ‘kente karşı suç’ ile ne ifade edildiğini, literatürde kente karşı suçun nasıl kavramsal... more Çalışma, ‘kente karşı suç’ ile ne ifade edildiğini, literatürde kente karşı suçun nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığını ve İzmir özelinde işlenen kente karşı suçları araştırmaktadır. Son yıllarda Türkiye’de sıklıkla kullanılan ‘kente karşı suç’ kavramı ile ‘kentsel suç’ kavramı arasında, zaman zaman birbiriyle örtüşen eylemler içerseler dahi belirgin farklar vardır. Kentsel suç, kentte işlenen kapkaç, gasp, cinayet gibi kriminal suçları ifade ederken; kente karşı suç, kentsel mekâna, çevreye, kentlilere ve kentli haklarına zarar veren karar ve uygulamaların tümünü ifade etmektedir. Bu suçların en büyük bölümünü ise ‘imar kararlarına rağmen’ ya da ‘imar kararları aracılığıyla’ işlenen ‘imar suçları’ oluşturmaktadır. İlk durumda, imar suçları imar mevzuatına aykırı ve yasal anlamda suç sayılan eylemleri kapsarken; ikinci durumda, hukuk kuralları içerisinde, ayrıcalıklı imar hakları, imar afları, yasalarda ek maddeler vb. araçlar kullanılarak işlenen suçları kapsamaktadır. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışma, dünyada ve Türkiye’de kent suçları hakkında yapılan tartışmaları özetlemekte ve TMMOB İzmir İl Koordinasyon Kurulu tarafından 2019’da çevrimiçi olarak yayınlanan ‘İzmir Kent Suçları Haritası’ üzerinden İzmir’e karşı işlenen suçları tartışmaktadır.
The fringe belt concept that has been handled morphologically by urban geographers since the 1960... more The fringe belt concept that has been handled morphologically by urban geographers since the 1960s has recently gained increasing attention in the urban planning and design spheres. Fringe belts are the former urban peripheries that are embedded within the city in the historical process. Fringe belts continue to contain the peripheral land uses that are important for urban ecology and sustainable urban development. The fringe belt concept is crucial in order to grasp the morphological growth of the city by understanding the location, function and the significance of the fringe belts to see the effects of different planning approaches on these areas. Fringe belts often feature as urban heritages and ecological corridors and they create a buffer zone that protects natural areas against the negative effects of the city. In addition, they reduce the urban heat island effect by their frequent use of open and green areas. Yet, due to the rapid urbanization and the search for the empty lands, fringe belts are embedded within the city center and its surroundings are exposed to alienation. Fringe belt alienation should be seen as one of the basic problems of the urban development. This study focuses on the military areas that form a part of the fringe belts in İzmir and are predicted to be extramuralized in the near future. As a response to the extramuralization risk, this study evaluates the effects and potential of military areas, which form a part of fringe belts in İzmir, as open green areas on urban ecology and on public interest and this study suggests urban fringe belt planning against the possible alienation risks.
Çalışma, sermayenin sürekli hareketini mekansal bir müdahale biçimi olarak ele almakta ve konuya ... more Çalışma, sermayenin sürekli hareketini mekansal bir müdahale biçimi olarak ele almakta ve konuya önemli bir örneklem oluşturan 2016-2018 yılları arası İzmir inşaat sektörü bu bağlamda incelenmektedir.
Bu yazıda, doktora araştırmam süresince İzmir’in köylerinde yaptığım saha çalışmalarına dayanarak... more Bu yazıda, doktora araştırmam süresince İzmir’in köylerinde yaptığım saha çalışmalarına dayanarak, biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik için hayati derecede önem taşıyan mera alanlarını kırsal-ekolojik müştereklerimize dair temel tartışmalar kapsamında değerlendiriyor ve mera alanları üzerindeki temel arazi kullanım çatışmalarına, Türkiye kırsalındaki problemlerin müşterekleri ne boyutta etkilediğine ve planlamanın bu süreçte nasıl bir araç olabileceğine dair yanıtlar bulabilmeyi amaçlıyorum.
Journal of the Environmental Protection and Ecology, 2019
This study aims to reveal the importance of the pastures as the rural-ecological commons in terms... more This study aims to reveal the importance of the pastures as the rural-ecological commons in terms of biodiversity and ecological sustainability by focusing on the transformative impacts of the enclosure and commodification processes. Pastures are crucial especially within four dimensions: (1) rich biodiversity of flora and fauna; (2) rural development; (3) erosion prevention; and (4) rural tradition. Conflicts on the pastures and their triggering mechanisms are the main research interests of the study. Sustainable management of the rural-ecological commons has a potential to prevent the conflicts on the pastures. Three case study districts in Izmir (Turkey) are chosen to determine the conflicts on the pastures in relation with the recent legal regulations, determination, delimitation and allocation processes, malpractices and the civil responses. Data gathered from the interviews with professionals and village headmen, literature review, media analysis, and personal observations are evaluated by the content analysis to determine the main conflicts and the pasture dimensions for the eDPSIR (Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) model, which is an enhanced organisation tool to understand the multi-level relationships in environmental and social issues. The developed pasture dimension set evaluates the rural-ecological commons in relation with the actor relations and geographical aspects during the decision-making, common management and the planning processes.
Araştırma, biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olan kırsal-ekolojik müş... more Araştırma, biyoçeşitlilik ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olan kırsal-ekolojik müştereklerimiz olarak tariflediğimiz mera alanları üzerindeki çatışmalara ve mera alanları üzerindeki çitleme hareketlerinin dönüştürücü etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Mera alanları, yüksek karbon bağlama kapasitesi, zengin biyoçeşitlilik, erozyonu önleme, kırsal kalkınma ve kırsal gelenek açılarından önemli varlıklardır. Araştırma tasarımı yöntemi keşifçi vaka çalışmasıdır. Uzmanlarla yapılan kartopu mülakatlar, muhtarlarla yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlar, gözlemler ve medya analizinden edinilen veriler, içerik analiziyle değerlendirilmiş ve bir mera boyut seti oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, mera alanları üzerindeki çatışmalarına sebep olduğu belirlenen faktörler, baskılar, durum ve etkiler, eDPSIR nedensel ağ modeline uyarlanmıştır. Ekolojik duyarlı planlama, otlatma yönetimi ve faktör-baskı temelli yanıtlar ile iyileştirilmiş kırsal politikalar, kırsal müştereklerin korunması açısından önemlidir.
Günümüzde kır ve kenti birbirine bağlayan en önemli husus kuşkusuz gıdadır. Gıda bugün daha önce ... more Günümüzde kır ve kenti birbirine bağlayan en önemli husus kuşkusuz gıdadır. Gıda bugün daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar popüler ve çeşitlenmiş durumdadır. Dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de tüketim pratikleri çok görünür hale gelmiştir. Dr. Emel Karakaya Ayalp, tarımsal gıda sistemlerinin dönüşümünü sorgulayarak İzmir’de üç adet niş inisiyatife odaklandığı, “Agro Food System Transitions? Exploring Alternative Agro Food Initiatives in İzmir, Turkey” (Tarımsal Gıda Sistemlerinin Dönüşümü? İzmir, Türkiye’de Alternatif Tarımsal Gıda Girişimlerinin Keşfi) başlıklı araştırmasında, kentlerin sürdürülebilir yönde dönüşümünü ve mevcut tarımsal gıda sistemine alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmakta olan pratikleri incelemiştir.
Bölgesel büyüme/gelişme yazınında, bölgelerarası gelir eşitsizliğinin evrimi ve boyutları hatırı ... more Bölgesel büyüme/gelişme yazınında, bölgelerarası gelir eşitsizliğinin evrimi ve boyutları hatırı sayılır bir yer kaplamaktadır. Yazında, ampirik çalışmaların çoğu, belirli koşullar altında ekonomilerin kendine özgü bir denge durumuna yakınsamasını tahmin eden neo-klasik büyüme kuramına dayanmaktadır. Dr. Seda Senem Alpaykut Bayrak, Türkiye'de bölgesel yakınsama, göç ve faktör hareketliliğini incelediği bu çalışmasında aşağıdaki temel soruları yanıtlayarak, Türkiye'nin illeri ve bölgeleri arasındaki bölgesel gelir eşitsizliğini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye'de gelir eşitsizlikleri artmakta mı, yoksa azalmakta mıdır? Yani, bölgesel gelir düzeylerinin yakınsama eğilimi var mıdır? İkinci olarak, 2000 sonrası güncel iç göç hareketleri bölgesel gelir eşitsizliklerini azaltmakta mıdır? Son olarak, iç göçün yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyi bağlamında alt bileşenleri bölgesel gelir dağılımını nasıl etkilemektedir?
Hortes Municipals de Santa Eugenia, Girona’da bulunan müşterek bahçelerden (common garden) biri. ... more Hortes Municipals de Santa Eugenia, Girona’da bulunan müşterek bahçelerden (common garden) biri. Bu tür alanlar Katalonya’da hemen her belediyede en az bir tane olmakla birlikte, İspanya’nın genelinde yaygın. Bir kent sakini olan Ferran Mier yardımıyla keşfettiğim alana iki ziyaret yapıyorum ve ikincisinde Santa Eugenia Belediyesi Park ve Bahçeler Müdürlüğünde çalışan ve bu bahçeden sorumlu olan tekniker Christian Geis ile alanda bir röportaj gerçekleştiriyorum. (Şehir ve Toplum dergisi - Sayı 4, s.41)
Neoliberalizmin etkisindeki tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler gibi, ülkemizde de çevre gündemi çok boyu... more Neoliberalizmin etkisindeki tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler gibi, ülkemizde de çevre gündemi çok boyutlu ve çetrefilli süregeliyor. Çevre mücadelelerinden şaibeli ÇED raporlarına, davalardan torba yasalara, 2-B orman arazilerinden delik deşik edilen Mera Yasası’na, koruma statüsü düşürülüp tabiat parkına dönüştürülen milli parklardan yanan ormanlara... Ne yazık ki ülkemizdeki genel algı göstermektedir ki çevre bir manzaradan, bir bakı noktasından ya da bir rant kaynağından öteye geçemiyor. Yani, ancak bir amaca hizmet ediyorsa bir önemi var. Sayısız bilimsel araştırma, seminer, haber, direniş, change.org kampanyaları ve kamuoyu oluşturma çabalarına rağmen bugüne kadar, birkaç bireysel başarı haricinde, yönetsel bir reform başarıyla gerçekleştirilemedi. Bu yazıda irdelenen kır-kent çeperleri çevresel kaynakların bir rant aracı olarak kullanılmasına karşı, doğa odaklı bir kentleşme modeli olarak görülebilir.
The agricultural sector has historically been the forefront economic sector in Turkey and is cruc... more The agricultural sector has historically been the forefront economic sector in Turkey and is crucial for the rural sustainability and the pastures that are critical for biodiversity. However, inadequate policies and factors such as climate change and malpractices result in brittle pastures, rural-urban migration, and a declining agricultural sector. Also, pastures have been left without function and appropriated to other land uses such as quarries, energy power plants, and mines. Although the husbandry sector produces significant greenhouse gas emissions, pastures have a significant capacity of CO 2 sequestration. In this study, Life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the transition between extensive and intensive production. The methodology presents a holistic analysis of the several impact categories and amounts of relevant products, services, and resource emissions along their life cycles. In order to assess the environmental effects of the lamb meat production, three sheep breeding systems in Turkey are evaluated. The study aims to promote a sustainable use of natural resources/assets without compromising the quality, competitiveness, or animal welfare and obtain recommendations for the future husbandry systems and rural development in Turkey. As an overall result, it can be stated that the intensification of sheep farming can lead to a decrease of greenhouse gas emissions per kg of meat. However, extensive sheep farming shows less impacts on soil acidification or eutrophication and can even be beneficial for erosion resistance or biodiversity if properly managed.
İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA) ve İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü (İYTE) işbirliği ile Yarımada Sü... more İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA) ve İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü (İYTE) işbirliği ile Yarımada Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Stratejisi çalışması yürütülmektedir.
Urla, Çeşme, Karaburun, Seferihisar, Güzelbahçe ilçeleri ile belde ve köylerini kapsayan bölgenin çevresel değerlerini koruyarak yerel ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmasına yönelik tematik stratejik hedeflerin belirlenmesi ve gelişme senaryolarının oluşturulması amaçlanmaktadır.
EcoLamb is a project funded under the TÜBİTAK European Research Area Network on Sustainable Anima... more EcoLamb is a project funded under the TÜBİTAK European Research Area Network on Sustainable Animal Production (ERA-Net SusAn) by the consortium of 6 countries and 8 partners: Meat Technology Centre of Galicia (CTC), Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACYL) and Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (Serida), Spain; Mountain Research Centre (IPB), Portugal; Univerza V Novi Gorici, Slovenia; University of Stuttgart, Germany; University of Turin, Italy; and Adnan Menderes University, Turkey.
Research Area 1: Improve the productivity, resilience and competitiveness of European Animal Production, Research Area 2: Improve and manage resource use to reduce waste and enhance the environmental sustainability of European Animal Production, Research Area 3: Improve on-farm practices to enhance consumer acceptability and address societal challenges associated with animal welfare, product quality and safety, biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services.
Urban fringe belts are crucial entities for ecological sustainability as they are frequently the ... more Urban fringe belts are crucial entities for ecological sustainability as they are frequently the urban heritages, ecological corridors and buffer zones that protect natural areas. Fringe belts are also potential public spaces that usually contain open green areas, institutional areas and industrial heritage sites. The study aims to identify the fringe belt formation and modification process during the urban growth of İzmir, which is a western Mediterranean port and the third metropolitan city of Turkey. Comparative map analysis is the main research methodology of the study by focusing on the historical maps, aerial photos and master plans. In addition, consolidated fringe belts of İzmir are digitized by ArcGIS tool in order to assist in proposals for a common green belt policy within the urban planning and design strategies and the commons literature, which may improve the quality of life and ecological sustainability of the city by protecting the fringe characteristics. Thus, the study suggests that urban fringe belt planning within the green belt policies, green infrastructure and commons management strategies should be necessity to eliminate the capital-promoted alienation and enclosure processes.
Urban morphologists and geographers have studied the urban fringe belt concept since the 1960s. F... more Urban morphologists and geographers have studied the urban fringe belt concept since the 1960s. From the late 1990s, there has been a rising interest in the concept of the urban fringe belt in the literature of both urban planning and urban design, and fringe belts continue to have an increasing significance for urban ecology and sustainable development. For a better understanding of the effects of different planning policies on these areas, it is essential to realize that their locations and functions contribute to the city. Fringe belts have importance for ecological sustainability as they are usually comprised of urban heritage sites, ecological corridors and buffer zones which protect natural areas from the negative effects of the city. However, due to population increases and the need for new development plots, inner fringe belt areas in particular have become new development areas, and this has triggered the fringe belt alienation process. In this paper, we propose a fringe belt development and transformation model for Istanbul, the former capital city of Turkey, which is related to its historical development. Fringe belt formation, transformation and alienation cycles are determined according to economic stagnation periods. Fringe belt alienation, in relation to fringe belt development in general and more specifically to that occurring along the old city walls, is considered to be a problem created by the historical development of Istanbul. Therefore, this paper provides insight for understanding the fringe belt development and the structural transformation of Istanbul.
As a result of the rapidly increasing population after the 19th century, intensive studies have b... more As a result of the rapidly increasing population after the 19th century, intensive studies have been carried out on urban development and urbanization, and the development of the city has been approached by various disciplines in many different ways. One of these approaches is urban morphology. There are many and various concepts related to urban morphology; one of which is ‘urban fringe belt ’, that has been explored by urban morphologists and geographers since the 1960s; however, it is not a well-known concept in planning and design scales.
The urban fringe belts are the former urban peripheries which are embedded within the city during the urban growth. In contrast to densely constructed areas, fringe belts are the potential green areas, common spaces and public spaces. Urban fringe belts are frequently the potential public spaces including open green areas, institutional areas and industrial heritage that are crucial for the urban memory. Urban fringe belts, which are frequently the urban heritages and ecological corridors are crucial in order to create buffer zones to protect the natural areas. However, due to the rapid population and the need for the new urban development areas, fringe belts are seen as the new development areas and exposed to alienation.
The urban fringe belt concept is crucial to understand the effects of the different planning approaches on their locations and functions and grasp the value that they contribute to the city. Urban fringe belts are an integral part of the urban ecological sustainability; thus, they need to be defined as an important component in planning practices in order to have a comprehensive city plan. Positioning the urban fringe belt concept as a common green belt policy within the Green Infrastructure strategies is crucial in order to sustain the fringe belt characteristics, biodiversity and ecological sustainability. Fringe belts are often important urban heritage features, urban ecological corridors and places for less constrained movement by urban populations, which also provides the qualifications of the Green Infrastructure strategies.
The growing urbanization trend triggers new development, which expose great pressures at the rura... more The growing urbanization trend triggers new development, which expose great pressures at the rural-urban fringe. The disappearance of the borders between the urban and the rural, and the ascending urban pressure towards the rural requires a "right to the village" attitude in order to prevent the loss of rural areas. Today, the villages of Turkey are facing the threat of transformation into neighborhoods, as well as the rural common lands are being enclosed by several initiatives, legislations and malpractices including new infrastructural developments such as renewable energy. The renewables, on the other hand, are seen as an eco-friendly type of development, which have political and social legitimacy due to the global concerns on energy-related environmental problems. However, since the wind farms started to be located especially on the rural common lands, several conflicts have emerged. This study aims to reveal the fundamental conflicts at the rural-ecological commons in relation with the transformative impacts of the enclosure movements resulted by wind farm deployments, by focusing on the importance of the pastures as the rural-ecological commons; and evaluate the conflicts at the local scale related to wind farm initiatives to reveal the possibilities and the potentials on behalf of the rural-ecological commons.
Özellikle 19. yüzyıl sonrasında doğan ihtiyaçlar ve hızla artan nüfus sonucunda kent gelişimi ve ... more Özellikle 19. yüzyıl sonrasında doğan ihtiyaçlar ve hızla artan nüfus sonucunda kent gelişimi ve kentleşme konularında yoğun çalışmalar yapılmış, kent gelişimine çeşitli disiplinlerce birçok farklı açıdan yaklaşılmıştır. Bu yaklaşımlardan biri de morfolojik yaklaşımdır. İnsan yerleşmelerinin formunu, oluşum ve dönüşüm süreçlerini, mekânsal yapı ve karakterini, tarihsel gelişim süreçleri ve yerleşmeleri oluşturan bileşen parçalarını analiz ederek anlamayı sağlayan bir yaklaşım olarak tanımlanabilecek kent morfolojisi içinde kente dair çok ve çeşitli kavramlar bulunmaktadır. Kentsel kuşak alanı kavramı da son yarım yüzyıldır kent morfologları ve coğrafyacılar tarafından araştırılan, ancak planlama ve tasarım ölçeklerinde fazla tanımlanmamış bir kavramdır. Bu sebepten çalışmada öncelikle kuşak alanı teorisi anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Kuşak alanları, yapılaşma halkaları arasında oluşmuş, ilk başta kent çeperinde iken, kentin büyümesi ile iç kısımlara gömülmüş, doku ve kullanım bakımından kentin diğer yapılaşmış alanlarından farklılık gösteren kentsel birimlerdir. Bu alanlar, kent içine gömülmüş eski kent çeperleri olarak tanımlanabilir. İlk geniş kapsamlı tanımlama ise Conzen (1960) tarafından yapılmıştır: “Kuşak alanı, geçici ya da çok yavaş büyüyen bir kent çeperinden kaynaklanan ve başlangıçta çeperde yer arayan arazi kullanım birimlerinin karakteristik karışımından oluşan kuşak benzeri bölgedir”. (Conzen, 1960)
Sıklıkla önemli kent mirası ve ekolojik koridor özellikleri gösteren kuşak alanları, turizm potansiyeline sahip olmakla birlikte, kent sakinlerinin geleneksellik ve süreklilik hissi açısından önemlidir. Ayrıca bu alanlar, kentin doğaya ve kırsal bölgelere olan olumsuz etkilerini azaltan tampon bölgelerdir. Açık alanlar, endüstriyel alanlar, kurumsal alanlar, düşük yoğunluklu konut alanları ve rekreasyon alanları çeper kuşak alanları içinde sayılabilirler. Bu alanlar, daha geniş ve az yapılaşmış parselleriyle, yoğun kent kütlesinden kolaylıkla ayırt edilebilirler. Ülkesel ve yerel ekonominin etkilediği arazi değerlerindeki değişiklikler sonucu yapılan çeşitli yatırımlar sayesinde farklı karakterlerde oluşabilirler.
Bu alanlar, yoğun yapılaşmış alanların aksine, nefes alınabilecek, ihtiyaca göre alternatif kullanımlarla değerlendirilebilecek ve korunabilecek alanlardır. Son yıllarda, çeşitli ülkelerde korunmalarına yönelik planlama politikaları geliştirilmiş; örneğin İngiltere’de yeşil kuşak olarak planlanmışlardır. Ancak Türkiye’de, hızlı nüfus artışı ve yapılaşma için yeni parsellere duyulan ihtiyaç sonucunda, özellikle kent merkezinde kalan iç kuşak alanlarına yatırım ve gelişim alanları olarak bakılmaya başlanmıştır. Kent içindeki tarım alanlarının ve bostanlık alanların yerleşime açılması kuşak alanı yabancılaşmasına, kuşak alanlarının tarihi, özgün karakterinin yok olmasına ve kentin tarihi kimliğinin zarar görmesine sebep olmaktadır. Kuşak alanı yabancılaşması, bir kentsel risk olarak tanımlanmalı ve problem olarak ele alınmalıdır.
Kuşak alanı kavramı bir planlama aracı olarak ele alınıp, kapsamlı planlama ve tasarım politikalarının oluşumunda ve kent gelişimi yönetiminde yardımcı olabilir (Gu, 2010). Ayrıca bu sayede iş merkezi ve konut alanı baskısı sonucunda meydana gelen kuşak alanı yabancılaşmasına engel olunabilir. Kuşak alanları, zaman içerisinde, hükümet politikaları ve farklı disiplinlerin tavsiyeleriyle, gelişim, dönüşüm ve koruma planlarına maruz kalacağı öngörülen alanlardır. Bu kavramın bütünleşik planlama politikalarında, kentsel tasarım ve dönüşüm süreçlerindeki yeri, kent ekolojisi ve sürdürülebilir gelişme içindeki önemi, Avrupa’da olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de tartışmaya açılmalıdır.
Yapılan çalışmada çeşitli kavramlar belirlenmiş ve bir puanlama sistemi oluşturularak sayısallaştırılmıştır. İstanbul ve Barselona kentleri üzerinde uygulanan bu yöntem ile kentlerin gelişim süreçleri, kuşak alanları üzerindeki olası etkileri ve kuşak alanı oluşumları karşılaştırılmıştır. Kentsel kuşak alanı kavramının planlama ve kentsel dönüşüm süreçlerinde dikkate alınması, sağlıklı kent gelişimi için önemlidir. Kuşak alanlarının kim- liklerini korumalarının, geleceğe miras bırakılabilecek bir kentsel kalite olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
II. Kentsel Morfoloji Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 2018
Kent morfologları ve coğrafyacılar çeper kuşak alanı kavramını 1960’lı yıllardan beri morfolojik ... more Kent morfologları ve coğrafyacılar çeper kuşak alanı kavramını 1960’lı yıllardan beri morfolojik (biçimbilimsel) açıdan ele almaktadır. 1990’lı yılların sonları itibariyle ise, çeper kuşak alanı kavramına kentsel planlama ve kentsel tasarım literatüründe artan bir ilgi olmuş ve çeper kuşak alanlarının kent ekolojisi ve sürdürülebilir gelişim açılarından önemi vurgulanmıştır. Çeper kuşak kavramı, farklı planlama yaklaşımlarının etkilerini, çeper kuşakların yerlerini ve fonksiyonlarını anlamak ve bu alanların kente kattıkları değeri kavramak açısından önemlidir. Çoğunlukla kent mirası ve ekolojik koridor özellikleri gösteren çeper kuşak alanları, ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemlidir ve doğal alanları kentin negatif etkilerine karşı koruyan bir tampon bölge yaratırlar. Ancak, hızlı artan nüfus ve yeni gelişim alanlarına duyulan ihtiyaç sonucunda, özellikle iç çeper kuşak alanlarının yabancılaşmaya maruz kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çeper kuşak yabancılaşması, İstanbul’un tarihsel gelişim sürecinin temel problemlerinden biri olarak ele alınmalıdır. Bu çalışma, İstanbul’un çeper kuşak oluşumu ve değişiminin, farklı kentsel büyüme etaplarıyla ilişkili anlaşılması için bir kavramsallaştırma sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, İstanbul’un tarihi ve coğrafik yapısı içinde, iç ve orta çeper kuşak alanları analiz edilerek değerlendirilmiş; çeper kuşak alanlarının oluşum, değişim ve yabancılaşma süreçleri üzerinden bir çeper kuşak süreç modeli oluşturulmuştur.
After 19th century, many substantial developments about urbanization have been made to fulfill th... more After 19th century, many substantial developments about urbanization have been made to fulfill the needs of the population increase. In this process, many heuristic approaches have been used to maintain an efficient development in urban planning. One of those approaches is urban morphology. Urban morphology can be defined as an approach that analyze human settlements’ forms, historical development processes and the elements that form the settlements. In addition to those, the approach contains many varied concepts about the city. Urban morphologists and geographers have been studying urban fringe belt concept since the last half of the century. However, it is not a well-known concept in planning and design scales. In this study, I tried to apprehend what is urban fringe belt, the areas that were affected by different planning systems, their locations in the urban landscape, and their functions via their values for the general needs of the city. Firstly, a scoring system has been created to evaluate and compare the fringe belt formations by several concepts in İstanbul and Barcelona, the cities that have different historical processes, planning and design policies and they are located in different geographic regions. For scholars, fringe belts are signatures of the pulsations of urban growth, and a reflection of urban space needs beyond those of the residential and retail sectors. For planners, they merit recognition for their cultural and natural attributes and beg the question whether they should be regulated given their broad social value? And for designers, they present opportunities to design and redesign at lower densities, to design in more mixed environments, and face the challenge of retaining their inherent character (M.P. Conzen, 2009). Planners have a regional perception; especially they consider land use of the area. On the other hand, land developers consider the environmental possible effects of the planning policies. At this context, fringe belt concept is important to develop the general plan of the city. Urban fringe belts are usually the areas of important heritage and ecological corridor, where population can move more easily. These areas have a tourism potential in the landscape management plan and also crucial for the conventionalism and persistence feeling of the residents. Moreover, these areas create a buffer zone decreasing the effects of the city to nature and rural areas. Urban fringe belts are the urban entities, which have been created between the building cycles at urban periphery, then embedded within the city during the process of urbanization. These areas are different from the other parts of the urbanized area according to their pattern and usage. Changes in land prices due to national and local economy effects the investments and the formation of these areas. In contrast to densely built up areas, fringe belts are the breathing spaces where people can be freshen up, evaluate with several alternative usages and protect. Recently, several planning policies have been developed for these areas like green belt planning. However, as a result of the rapid population increase and need for new development plots, these areas have been under the threat of alienation. Market garden lands, which open up to be development areas, are example for this case. In this study, fringe belt alienation is taken as the main problem and several suggestions have been made to prevent this phenomena. Fringe areas emerge spontaneously. Their continuity is about physical, socio- economic and cultural powers’ operations like their formation. This interaction shows that the fringe belt concept has a potential in the process of planning. Additionally, using fringe belt concept as a tool of planning sounds to be helpful in the integrated planning (Whitehand & Morton, 2004), urban design and land development management (Kropf, 2001; Whitehand, 2005). Urban fringe belt concept is important to grasp the city’s physical form and development processes. Socio-economic development, transportation models, land reclamation and topography (Gu, 2010) are the main elements that affect fringe belt formation. Urban landscape reflects the city’s history, economical process and evolution of the city. Public spaces can be developed with new usages and fringe areas can be protected in the urbanization process. This creates an urban quality, an inheritance to be left in the future. These areas which have a potential to create efficient and inviting places but unfortunately have been projected seperately (Gu, 2010) from the urban fabric without an interest of the historical landscape. Urban fringe belt areas are under the pressure of government policies, different disciplines’ advices, development, renewal and conservation plans. This concept is proper for today’s conditions and for better coordination of the decision-making processes in planning. Cultural variety and richness of these areas haven’t been understood totally yet (M.P. Conzen, 2009). In this study, fringe areas’ locations in the urban fabric, importance, effects on city’s development and potantials are searched by the rewieving of the previous studies and determinations and comparisons between İstanbul and Barcelona cities. In this process, physical reflections of the formation and change of fringe areas to the urban landscape and similarities and differences in international levels have determined. In the first section; the purpose, content and the method of the study were defined. A method and scoring system proposed to compare and evaluate the inner fringe belt areas of İstanbul ve Barselona cities. In the second section; fringe belt concept and several related concepts were defined. In the third section; three models explained to understand fringe area characteristics and formation strategies. In the forth section; started with the emergence of the conceptand development phases, types, formation strategies and dynamics were explained. Previous studies and their conclusions had been given as examples and the possible effects of these areas to the city whole and to the development and planning processes were evaluated. In the fifth section; by taking models as reference, historico-morphological processes of İstanbul and Barcelona cities searched and fringe belt formations in different periods determined. In the sixth section; İstanbul and Barcelona cities’ current general and inner fringe areas were mapped. Inner fringe belt areas around the city walls evaluated by the scoring system. İstanbul and Barcelona development models, planning policies and their possible effects on the fringe areas were evaluated. In the seventh and last section, a general assessment and command were made for the results of the study.
The main research interest of this study is to determine the conflicts on the pastures, which are... more The main research interest of this study is to determine the conflicts on the pastures, which are defined as the rural-ecological commons that are important for biodiversity and ecological sustainability. The study focuses on the transformative impacts of enclosure and commodification processes on the pastures. Pastures are crucial entities especially within the four dimensions, rich biodiversity of flora and fauna, rural development, erosion prevention, and rural traditions. Case study areas are located at three districts of İzmir are examined within the context of the conflicts on the pastures in relation with the recent legal regulations, determination, delimitation and allocation processes, malpractices, climate change and the civil responses. The data gathered from the snowball interviews, in-depth interviews with professionals and village headmen, personal observations, commission reports and media analysis are evaluated by the content analysis to determine the main conflicts to generate the pasture dimensions for the eDPSIR causal network model. DPSIR is a facilitative organization tool, which aims to understand the cause and effect relationships in the environmental and social issues to eliminate the socio-environmental conflicts and to simplify the data transmission for better communication with the decision-makers, which also has a potential to be used during the EIA and SIA report processes. In this study, a pasture dimension set within an eDPSIR causal analysis model is constituted for re-positioning and re-evaluating pastures in the planning and design literatures, and the verification of the data enhanced by the methodological triangulation. The exploratory case study method is the research design strategy of the study. Outcomes of the study reveals the main land use conflicts on the pastures and the triggering drivers, pressures, states, impacts and the recommended responses. The study confirms that the ecological-sensitive planning can be a crucial tool in terms of protecting and improving the pastures.
Uploads
ABSTRACT
The settlements located on the rural-urban fringe, which are frequently under the pressure of urbanization, have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of the city on the rural with improved rural planning policies and are suitable areas for implementing a nature-oriented urbanization model. In the study, firstly, the processes and interventions that rural areas have gone through from past to present have been examined. Secondly, snowball interviews through case study of Ödemiş on the rural-urban fringe of İzmir were examined. Finally, rural planning policies proposed for Ödemiş district were evaluated through a scoring system.
(Şehir ve Toplum dergisi - Sayı 4, s.41)
ABSTRACT
The settlements located on the rural-urban fringe, which are frequently under the pressure of urbanization, have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of the city on the rural with improved rural planning policies and are suitable areas for implementing a nature-oriented urbanization model. In the study, firstly, the processes and interventions that rural areas have gone through from past to present have been examined. Secondly, snowball interviews through case study of Ödemiş on the rural-urban fringe of İzmir were examined. Finally, rural planning policies proposed for Ödemiş district were evaluated through a scoring system.
(Şehir ve Toplum dergisi - Sayı 4, s.41)
Urla, Çeşme, Karaburun, Seferihisar, Güzelbahçe ilçeleri ile belde ve köylerini kapsayan bölgenin çevresel değerlerini koruyarak yerel ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmasına yönelik tematik stratejik hedeflerin belirlenmesi ve gelişme senaryolarının oluşturulması amaçlanmaktadır.
Research Area 1: Improve the productivity, resilience and competitiveness of European Animal Production,
Research Area 2: Improve and manage resource use to reduce waste and enhance the environmental sustainability of European Animal Production,
Research Area 3: Improve on-farm practices to enhance consumer acceptability and address societal challenges associated with animal welfare, product quality and safety, biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services.
The urban fringe belts are the former urban peripheries which are embedded within the city during the urban growth. In contrast to densely constructed areas, fringe belts are the potential green areas, common spaces and public spaces. Urban fringe belts are frequently the potential public spaces including open green areas, institutional areas and industrial heritage that are crucial for the urban memory. Urban fringe belts, which are frequently the urban heritages and ecological corridors are crucial in order to create buffer zones to protect the natural areas. However, due to the rapid population and the need for the new urban development areas, fringe belts are seen as the new development areas and exposed to alienation.
The urban fringe belt concept is crucial to understand the effects of the different planning approaches on their locations and functions and grasp the value that they contribute to the city. Urban fringe belts are an integral part of the urban ecological sustainability; thus, they need to be defined as an important component in planning practices in order to have a comprehensive city plan. Positioning the urban fringe belt concept as a common green belt policy within the Green Infrastructure strategies is crucial in order to sustain the fringe belt characteristics, biodiversity and ecological sustainability. Fringe belts are often important urban heritage features, urban ecological corridors and places for less constrained movement by urban populations, which also provides the qualifications of the Green Infrastructure strategies.
Kuşak alanları, yapılaşma halkaları arasında oluşmuş, ilk başta kent çeperinde iken, kentin büyümesi ile iç kısımlara gömülmüş, doku ve kullanım bakımından kentin diğer yapılaşmış alanlarından farklılık gösteren kentsel birimlerdir. Bu alanlar, kent içine gömülmüş eski kent çeperleri olarak tanımlanabilir. İlk geniş kapsamlı tanımlama ise Conzen (1960) tarafından yapılmıştır: “Kuşak alanı, geçici ya da çok yavaş büyüyen bir kent çeperinden kaynaklanan ve başlangıçta çeperde yer arayan arazi kullanım birimlerinin karakteristik karışımından oluşan kuşak benzeri bölgedir”. (Conzen, 1960)
Sıklıkla önemli kent mirası ve ekolojik koridor özellikleri gösteren kuşak alanları, turizm potansiyeline sahip olmakla birlikte, kent sakinlerinin geleneksellik ve süreklilik hissi açısından önemlidir. Ayrıca bu alanlar, kentin doğaya ve kırsal bölgelere olan olumsuz etkilerini azaltan tampon bölgelerdir. Açık alanlar, endüstriyel alanlar, kurumsal alanlar, düşük yoğunluklu konut alanları ve rekreasyon alanları çeper kuşak alanları içinde sayılabilirler. Bu alanlar, daha geniş ve az yapılaşmış parselleriyle, yoğun kent kütlesinden kolaylıkla ayırt edilebilirler. Ülkesel ve yerel ekonominin etkilediği arazi değerlerindeki değişiklikler sonucu yapılan çeşitli yatırımlar sayesinde farklı karakterlerde oluşabilirler.
Bu alanlar, yoğun yapılaşmış alanların aksine, nefes alınabilecek, ihtiyaca göre alternatif kullanımlarla değerlendirilebilecek ve korunabilecek alanlardır. Son yıllarda, çeşitli ülkelerde korunmalarına yönelik planlama politikaları geliştirilmiş; örneğin İngiltere’de yeşil kuşak olarak planlanmışlardır. Ancak Türkiye’de, hızlı nüfus artışı ve yapılaşma için yeni parsellere duyulan ihtiyaç sonucunda, özellikle kent merkezinde kalan iç kuşak alanlarına yatırım ve gelişim alanları olarak bakılmaya başlanmıştır. Kent içindeki tarım alanlarının ve bostanlık alanların yerleşime açılması kuşak alanı yabancılaşmasına, kuşak alanlarının tarihi, özgün karakterinin yok olmasına ve kentin tarihi kimliğinin zarar görmesine sebep olmaktadır. Kuşak alanı yabancılaşması, bir kentsel risk olarak tanımlanmalı ve problem olarak ele alınmalıdır.
Kuşak alanı kavramı bir planlama aracı olarak ele alınıp, kapsamlı planlama ve tasarım politikalarının oluşumunda ve kent gelişimi yönetiminde yardımcı olabilir (Gu, 2010). Ayrıca bu sayede iş merkezi ve konut alanı baskısı sonucunda meydana gelen kuşak alanı yabancılaşmasına engel olunabilir. Kuşak alanları, zaman içerisinde, hükümet politikaları ve farklı disiplinlerin tavsiyeleriyle, gelişim, dönüşüm ve koruma planlarına maruz kalacağı öngörülen alanlardır. Bu kavramın bütünleşik planlama politikalarında, kentsel tasarım ve dönüşüm süreçlerindeki yeri, kent ekolojisi ve sürdürülebilir gelişme içindeki önemi, Avrupa’da olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de tartışmaya açılmalıdır.
Yapılan çalışmada çeşitli kavramlar belirlenmiş ve bir puanlama sistemi oluşturularak sayısallaştırılmıştır. İstanbul ve Barselona kentleri üzerinde uygulanan bu yöntem ile kentlerin gelişim süreçleri, kuşak alanları üzerindeki olası etkileri ve kuşak alanı oluşumları karşılaştırılmıştır. Kentsel kuşak alanı kavramının planlama ve kentsel dönüşüm süreçlerinde dikkate alınması, sağlıklı kent gelişimi için önemlidir. Kuşak alanlarının kim- liklerini korumalarının, geleceğe miras bırakılabilecek bir kentsel kalite olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Urban morphologists and geographers have been studying urban fringe belt concept since the last half of the century. However, it is not a well-known concept in planning and design scales. In this study, I tried to apprehend what is urban fringe belt, the areas that were affected by different planning systems, their locations in the urban landscape, and their functions via their values for the general needs of the city.
Firstly, a scoring system has been created to evaluate and compare the fringe belt formations by several concepts in İstanbul and Barcelona, the cities that have different historical processes, planning and design policies and they are located in different geographic regions.
For scholars, fringe belts are signatures of the pulsations of urban growth, and a reflection of urban space needs beyond those of the residential and retail sectors. For planners, they merit recognition for their cultural and natural attributes and beg the question whether they should be regulated given their broad social value? And for designers, they present opportunities to design and redesign at lower densities, to design in more mixed environments, and face the challenge of retaining their inherent character (M.P. Conzen, 2009).
Planners have a regional perception; especially they consider land use of the area. On the other hand, land developers consider the environmental possible effects of the planning policies. At this context, fringe belt concept is important to develop the general plan of the city.
Urban fringe belts are usually the areas of important heritage and ecological corridor, where population can move more easily. These areas have a tourism potential in the landscape management plan and also crucial for the conventionalism and persistence feeling of the residents. Moreover, these areas create a buffer zone decreasing the effects of the city to nature and rural areas.
Urban fringe belts are the urban entities, which have been created between the building cycles at urban periphery, then embedded within the city during the process of urbanization. These areas are different from the other parts of the urbanized area according to their pattern and usage. Changes in land prices due to national and local economy effects the investments and the formation of these areas.
In contrast to densely built up areas, fringe belts are the breathing spaces where people can be freshen up, evaluate with several alternative usages and protect. Recently, several planning policies have been developed for these areas like green belt planning. However, as a result of the rapid population increase and need for new development plots, these areas have been under the threat of alienation. Market garden lands, which open up to be development areas, are example for this case.
In this study, fringe belt alienation is taken as the main problem and several suggestions have been made to prevent this phenomena.
Fringe areas emerge spontaneously. Their continuity is about physical, socio- economic and cultural powers’ operations like their formation. This interaction shows that the fringe belt concept has a potential in the process of planning. Additionally, using fringe belt concept as a tool of planning sounds to be helpful in the integrated planning (Whitehand & Morton, 2004), urban design and land development management (Kropf, 2001; Whitehand, 2005).
Urban fringe belt concept is important to grasp the city’s physical form and development processes. Socio-economic development, transportation models, land reclamation and topography (Gu, 2010) are the main elements that affect fringe belt formation. Urban landscape reflects the city’s history, economical process and evolution of the city. Public spaces can be developed with new usages and fringe areas can be protected in the urbanization process. This creates an urban quality, an inheritance to be left in the future. These areas which have a potential to create efficient and inviting places but unfortunately have been projected seperately (Gu, 2010) from the urban fabric without an interest of the historical landscape. Urban fringe belt areas are under the pressure of government policies, different disciplines’ advices, development, renewal and conservation plans. This concept is proper for today’s conditions and for better coordination of the decision-making processes in planning.
Cultural variety and richness of these areas haven’t been understood totally yet (M.P. Conzen, 2009). In this study, fringe areas’ locations in the urban fabric, importance, effects on city’s development and potantials are searched by the rewieving of the previous studies and determinations and comparisons between İstanbul and Barcelona cities. In this process, physical reflections of the formation and change of fringe areas to the urban landscape and similarities and differences in international levels have determined. In the first section; the purpose, content and the method of the study were defined. A method and scoring system proposed to compare and evaluate the inner fringe belt areas of İstanbul ve Barselona cities. In the second section; fringe belt concept and several related concepts were defined.
In the third section; three models explained to understand fringe area characteristics and formation strategies.
In the forth section; started with the emergence of the conceptand development phases, types, formation strategies and dynamics were explained. Previous studies and their conclusions had been given as examples and the possible effects of these areas to the city whole and to the development and planning processes were evaluated.
In the fifth section; by taking models as reference, historico-morphological processes of İstanbul and Barcelona cities searched and fringe belt formations in different periods determined.
In the sixth section; İstanbul and Barcelona cities’ current general and inner fringe areas were mapped. Inner fringe belt areas around the city walls evaluated by the scoring system. İstanbul and Barcelona development models, planning policies and their possible effects on the fringe areas were evaluated.
In the seventh and last section, a general assessment and command were made for the results of the study.
In this study, a pasture dimension set within an eDPSIR causal analysis model is constituted for re-positioning and re-evaluating pastures in the planning and design literatures, and the verification of the data enhanced by the methodological triangulation. The exploratory case study method is the research design strategy of the study. Outcomes of the study reveals the main land use conflicts on the pastures and the triggering drivers, pressures, states, impacts and the recommended responses. The study confirms that the ecological-sensitive planning can be a crucial tool in terms of protecting and improving the pastures.