Anna Słupianek

The first phase of the Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community Archaeological Project was conducted between 2011 and 2014 in several canyons of the southwestern Colorado, USA. The project involves detailed research into the settlement model of site clusters with well-preserved stone architecture that were inhabited during the final stage of the occupation of the area by the Pueblo culture in the thirteenth century A.D. Additionally, many examples of rock art and murals on the stone walls were recorded and analysed. The thirteenth century A.D. was a time of peak population in the region and, near the end of that century, of emigrations from the area and ultimate depopulation. This period was also a time of many significant changes that can be observed in the settlement structure, site layouts, new types of architecture and material culture; this was also present at the sites examined within the project. The sites investigated in the paper probably formed a cluster or community of allied sites that functioned in the thirteenth century A.D. This community was a part of a larger settlement system consisting of community centres, sometimes called towns , that were surrounded by dispersed small villages. There were more than sixty such communities in the central Mesa Verde region in the thirteenth century A.D. Resumen La primera fase del Proyecto Arqueológico Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community se desarrolló entre 2011 y 2014 en una serie de cañones del suroeste de Colorado, en Estados Unidos. El Proyecto comprende investigación detallada de los asentamientos tipo cluster identificados en los sitios con arquitectura de piedra bien conservada que fueron habitados durante la etapa final de la ocupación del área por la cultura de los indios Pueblo en el siglo XIII. Asimismo, se registraron y analizaron numerosos ejemplos del arte rupestre y pinturas murales sobre paredes de piedra. El siglo XIII fue la época primero del máximo desarrollo de la población en ese área, y luego, hacia finales de dicha centuria, de la despoblación definitiva y abandono de la región. El período en cuestión fue también el momento de varios cambios significativos que pueden observarse en la estructura de los asentamientos, el diseño urbano, nuevos tipos de arquitectura y cultura material presentes en los sitios estudiados en el marco del Proyecto. Los sitios estudiados en el artículo formaban probablemente un cluster o una comunidad de lugares aliados que funcionaba en el siglo XIII. Dicha comunidad fue parte de un sistema de asentamientos más grande que consisitía en centros urbanos,

The first phase of the Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community Archaeological Project was conducted between 2011 and 2014 in several canyons of the southwestern Colorado, USA. The project involves detailed research into the settlement model of site clusters with well-preserved stone architecture that were inhabited during the final stage of the occupation of the area by the Pueblo culture in the thirteenth century A.D. Additionally, many examples of rock art and murals on the stone walls were recorded and analysed. The thirteenth century A.D. was a time of peak population in the region and, near the end of that century, of emigrations from the area and ultimate depopulation. This period was also a time of many significant changes that can be observed in the settlement structure, site layouts, new types of architecture and material culture; this was also present at the sites examined within the project. The sites investigated in the paper probably formed a cluster or community of allied sites that functioned in the thirteenth century A.D. This community was a part of a larger settlement system consisting of community centres, sometimes called towns , that were surrounded by dispersed small villages. There were more than sixty such communities in the central Mesa Verde region in the thirteenth century A.D.

Resumen La primera fase del Proyecto Arqueológico Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community se desarrolló entre 2011 y 2014 en una serie de cañones del suroeste de Colorado, en Estados Unidos. El Proyecto comprende investigación detallada de los asentamientos tipo cluster identificados en los sitios con arquitectura de piedra bien conservada que fueron habitados durante la etapa final de la ocupación del área por la cultura de los indios Pueblo en el siglo XIII. Asimismo, se registraron y analizaron numerosos ejemplos del arte rupestre y pinturas murales sobre paredes de piedra. El siglo XIII fue la época primero del máximo desarrollo de la población en ese área, y luego, hacia finales de dicha centuria, de la despoblación definitiva y abandono de la región. El período en cuestión fue también el momento de varios cambios significativos que pueden observarse en la estructura de los asentamientos, el diseño urbano, nuevos tipos de arquitectura y cultura material presentes en los sitios estudiados en el marco del Proyecto. Los sitios estudiados en el artículo formaban probablemente un cluster o una comunidad de lugares aliados que funcionaba en el siglo XIII. Dicha comunidad fue parte de un sistema de asentamientos más grande que consisitía en centros urbanos,

Alfonso Ortiz, Richard Erdoes (red.) Mity i legendy Indian Ameryki Północnej cz. II, Alter, Kraków, s. 357; przekład: Agata Świerzowska, redakcja tomu: Radosław Palonka, Anna Słupianek

[Alfonso Ortiz, Richard Erdoes (eds.) American Indian Myths and Legends, New York 1984]

47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Kraków, 2019

Our poster focuses on modern techniques of documentation, such as photogrammetry and laser scanning of Ancient Pueblo culture sites with stone architecture and rock art located in several canyons of the central Mesa Verde region, southwestern Colorado, USA. The research was conducted over the course of several seasons by the Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community Archaeological Project led by the Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków. The petroglyphs and paintings from the project research area include Ancient Pueblo and Fremont rock art depicting shamans and warriors, geometric motifs which are connected with astronomical observations as well as historic Indian petroglyphs, mainly created by the Navajos and Ute, illustrating clan symbols, fighting warriors and hunting scenes with buffalo and deer. The registered data has been used to generate accurate 2D documentation and 3D models. The 3D models that were generated have also been used to interpret some details by varying the position of the light (for example with the use of RTI software). Another element is the virtual 3D models that we used in a game engine and Digital Elevation Model that encompasses the sites and the associated environment.