Department of Geology and Geomorphology

The ”Adamów–Smulsko” exposure is situated in the eastern part ofWielkopolska about 5 km to the east from Turek. Three till horizons are exposed there. The oldest one is considered to be the deposits of South Polish Glaciation age (Elsterian), the middle one of Odranian age and the upper one — divided in two strata — of Warthanian age (Klatkowa, 1993). Indicator erratics in samples taken in two profiles, lying two kilometres apart, were analysed. The relationship between fundamental indicator erratics has been determined and the comparison with the contribution of particular alimentation areas in the supply of coarse material has been made, also the theoretical home centres of the boulder associations (TGZ) here been marked. The stratigraphical conclusions do not confirm
the previous interpretation. The occurrence of Odranian tills has not been supported. The lowest till horizon has been attributed to Nida Glaciation, whereas the middle and upper ones to the Warthanian Glaciation.

In the middle section, the Warta River valley runs through the Adamów graben. The graben was characterized by subsidence since the end of the Paleogene and favoured accumulation during the Neogene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary deposits consist of several till horizons separated mainly by a series of fluvioglacial sand and a thick series of glaciolacustrine sediments. The research was concentrated on three upper levels of tills and selected series of sand available in Koźmin and Koźmin-Północ “Adamów” opencast mines. The lithological, petrographical features and long-axis azimuth of pebbles were analyzed. The results showed that the lower till could be dated to the Elsterian, middle till to the Wartanian, and the upper till is probably also Wartanian. Glaciolacustrine deposits which filled the erosional form and appeared in the middle till correlate with the end of the Wartanian.

The investigated area is located in the middle section of the Warta River valley, where the Neogen deposits with lignite series occur within the Adamów tectonic graben. In the KoŸmin-North excavation, opened for extraction in 2008 and belonging to the "Adamów" Lignite Mine, the Neogene deposits are covered with an about 30-m thick Quaternary series. The research was carried out to identify the origin and age of the Quaternary sediments. As a result, four sandy series and three till series were identified, which were deposited during the South Polish Glaciations and Middle Polish Glaciations. North Polish Glaciations sediments developed in extraglacial conditions.

Diamicton in Biesiekierz (central Poland), whose age and origin has long provoked debate, is located above unquestionable Eemian biogenic deposits documented by palynological and Cladocera analyses. Petrographically, this diamicton shows some similarities to Warthanian till. Lithologically, it shows considerable weathering of the deposit, a possible selection of the component minerals and addition of dispersed biogenic matter. The results obtained so far as well as the palaeomorphological situation indicate that the diamicton is re worked till material, as are sand intercalations within it. Given the organic content of this diamicton, we infer that a long-term agricultural exploitation of its immediate surroundings was the main factor behind colluvial reworking and displacement occurring above the Eemian biogenic deposits in the fossil depression.

This article presents a case study of a large, isolated convex form lying on the watershed between the Vistula and the Odra rivers, on the axis of the so-called Lodz hump. Morphometric analysis of the hill and results of sediment studies (structural and textural, including petrographic and magnetic ones) carried out at the I-V sites in active gravel pits at Mąkolice (Piekary) on the Bełchatów Plateau were discussed. The complex internal structure of the form was highlighted.
Within it, 10 series of different age sediments assigned to 6 lithocomplexes were distinguished.
The hill is built mainly of glacifluvial and glacial series originating from the Wartanian stadial of the Odranian glaciation (MIS 6, Late Saalian, Middle Polish Complex), which were formed in the interlobal node zone – between the Widawka lobe and the Rawka, Pilica and Luciąża one. Detailed research, especially petrographic allowed to determine the age of the oldest clay, considered hitherto to have come from Wartanian, as san II (MIS 30-10, Southern Polish Complex). The youngest deposits were formed under conditions of periglacial and normal moderate climates. The internal structure of the hill
classifies it as a moraine or a kame with a stamped core which became an erosive remnant hill at the end of the Odranian
glaciation. Retouch of the original glacial relief has taken place in the Vistulian, then in Holocene and continues to this day thanks to the industrial activity of Man.
The Mąkolice hill is a good example of the polygenic character of Central Poland relief because structure and tectonics of the
substratum, the activities of ice sheets and ice water, river, slope and aeolian postglacial processes, and also Man, participated in its development.
Na przykładzie jednej z form wyznaczających dział wodny Wisły i Odry – pagóra w Mąkolicach (Piekarach), przedstawiono częściowe wyniki prowadzonych od 2005 roku badań mających na celu weryfikację hipotezy na temat zasięgu i kierunków
transgresji lądolodu warty w regionie łódzkim. Zaprezentowano analizę morfometryczną pagóra oraz wyniki badań strukturalno-teksturalnych (w tym petrograficznych i magnetycznych). Opisano złożoną budowę wewnętrzną formy, w której wyróżniono 10 różnowiekowych serii przypisanych 6 kompleksom osadowym.
Pagór budują głównie serie glacifluwialne i glacjalne wywodzące się ze stadiału warty zlodowacenia odry (MIS 6, Late
Saalian, Middle Polish Complex), które tworzyły się w strefie węzła interlobalnego dwóch lobów – Widawki oraz Rawki,
Pilicy i Luciąży. Wiek najstarszej gliny, dotąd uważanej za warciańską, określono na zlodowacenie san II (MIS 10, Southern
Polish Complex). Najmłodsze osady powstawały w warunkach klimatu peryglacjalnego i klimatu umiarkowanego. Retusz
pierwotnej rzeźby glacjalnej, który dokonał się w vistulianie, a następnie w holocenie, dzięki eksploatacyjnej działalności
człowieka trwa do dziś.
Pagór w Mąkolicach jest formą poligeniczną, na jego rozwój wpłynęła: struktura i tektonika podłoża, działalność lądolodów
i wód lodowcowych, rzeczne, stokowe i eoliczne procesy polodowcowe oraz człowiek.