- Polska, Poland
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ABSTRACT The ”Adamów–Smulsko” exposure is situated in the eastern part of Wielkopolska about 5 km to the east from Turek. Three till horizons are exposed there. The oldest one is considered to be the deposits of South Polish Glaciation... more
ABSTRACT The ”Adamów–Smulsko” exposure is situated in the eastern part of Wielkopolska about 5 km to the east from Turek. Three till horizons are exposed there. The oldest one is considered to be the deposits of South Polish Glaciation age (Elsterian), the middle one of Odranian age and the upper one — divided in two strata — of Warthanian age (Klatkowa, 1993). Indicator erratics in samples taken in two profiles, lying two kilometres apart, were analysed. The relationship between fundamental indicator erratics has been determined and the comparison with the contribution of particular alimentation areas in the supply of coarse material has been made, also the theoretical home centres of the boulder associations (TGZ) here been marked. The stratigraphical conclusions do not confirm the previous interpretation. The occurrence of Odranian tills has not been supported. The lowest till horizon has been attributed to Nida Glaciation, whereas the middle and upper ones to the Warthanian Glaciation.
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Research Interests: Geology, Glacial Geology, Polish, Pleistocene, Lithostratigraphy, and 3 moreLithology, Erratics, and Pebble
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In the middle section, the Warta River valley runs through the Adamów graben. The graben was characterized by subsidence since the end of the Paleogene and favoured accumulation during the Neogene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary... more
In the middle section, the Warta River valley runs through the Adamów graben. The graben was characterized by subsidence since the end of the Paleogene and favoured accumulation during the Neogene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary deposits consist of several till horizons separated mainly by a series of fluvioglacial sand and a thick series of glaciolacustrine sediments. The research was
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This paper describes a unique succession of alluvial deposits from the Holsteinian Interglacial in eastern Poland. The succession was studied in terms of sedimentology, palaeobotany, and thermoluminescence (TL) geochronology. The... more
This paper describes a unique succession of alluvial deposits from the Holsteinian Interglacial in eastern Poland. The succession was studied in terms of sedimentology, palaeobotany, and thermoluminescence (TL) geochronology. The interglacial alluvial succession includes two facies of a meandering river: point bar and oxbow. TL ages of point bar deposits and palaeobotanical analysis of oxbow lake deposits allow us to associate the deposits with the initial phases (preoptimum period) of the Holsteinian Interglacial. Specific palaeoenvironmental conditions did not favour the formation of a complete interglacial biogenic–clastic succession as it was deposited in the shallow oxbow lake, which underwent rapid eutrophication.
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ERRATIC ”TRIPLETS” – A NEWLY ESTABLISHED NATURE MONUMENT IN TARNOW (SOUTHERN POLAND) Summary Three erratics have been found in Tarnow (southern Poland). They probably represent fragments of a single boulder transported during one of the... more
ERRATIC ”TRIPLETS” – A NEWLY ESTABLISHED NATURE MONUMENT IN TARNOW (SOUTHERN POLAND) Summary Three erratics have been found in Tarnow (southern Poland). They probably represent fragments of a single boulder transported during one of the South-Polish glaciations from Arno Massif in Central Sweden. The largest erratic has a circumference of 10.2 m, making it the second largest dropstone known from the area between the maximum ranges of the ice-sheets of Mid-Polish and South Polish glaciations. In May, 2002, the boulders (named ”Triplets” and moved to a recreational area in Tarnow, were declared a protected monument of inanimate nature
Research Interests: Geography and Archaeology
W monografii zostały przedstawione wyniki wieloletnich badań skał narzutowych w Polsce na tle światowych osiągnięć w tej dziedzinie. Przeanalizowano szereg zagadnień z geologii glacjalnej, mających bezpośredni lub pośredni wpływ na skład... more
W monografii zostały przedstawione wyniki wieloletnich badań skał narzutowych w Polsce na tle światowych osiągnięć w tej dziedzinie. Przeanalizowano szereg zagadnień z geologii glacjalnej, mających bezpośredni lub pośredni wpływ na skład materiału morenowego. Po raz pierwszy w tak szerokim zakresie rozpoznano rozmieszczenie najważniejszych typów skał przewodnich na obszarze Polski. Na podstawie analiz eratyków zostały zweryfikowane współczesne modele termodynamiczne lądolodu fennoskandzkiego. Wskazano możliwości wykorzystania eratyków fennoskandzkich w korelacji osadów glacjalnych. „Praca w sposób wszechstronny porusza zagadnienia metodyki i historii badań eratyków w osadach glacjalnych Europy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski. Zawiera szczegółową dyskusję i krytyczną ocenę danych literaturowych, pokazując jednocześnie nowoczesny sposób podejścia do analizy eratyków, co stanowi wyraźny postęp w metodologii badań. Uzyskane wyniki naukowe wnoszą wiele nowych danych w zakresie pale...
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This paper discusses an assemblage of artillery projectiles discovered in 2012 in the course of archaeological works in the basement of remains of the Medieval High Turret in Olsztyn (Masuria – north-eastern Poland). 113 cannonballs were... more
This paper discusses an assemblage of artillery projectiles discovered in 2012 in the course of archaeological works in the basement of remains of the Medieval High Turret in Olsztyn (Masuria – north-eastern Poland). 113 cannonballs were found altogether, out of which 89 were made from erratic boulders, while the remaining ones were made from well-fired clay. Apart from a discussion on these finds, a analysis of stone raw material used for their manufacture was carried out. Furthermore, it was attempted at identifying types of cannons stored in this part of Olsztyn’s fortifications.
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The complexity of glacial sequences may increase when these formed underneath ice sheets despite subsequent changes in their extent that are accompanied by alterations in the direction of the ice flow. Our aim was to determine whether or... more
The complexity of glacial sequences may increase when these formed underneath ice sheets despite subsequent changes in their extent that are accompanied by alterations in the direction of the ice flow. Our aim was to determine whether or not changes in ice sheet dynamics during the Late Weichselian are also recorded in sediments formed north of the area of its fluctuating margin (i.e., where the ice sheet prevailed independent of such fluctuations). It is shown that in these areas such a record could have occurred, as documented by results of till studies at Babie Doły. The examination was carried out using several analyses: lithofacies properties of sediments, petrographic till composition (fine gravel fraction, indicator erratics), till matrix CaCO
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Presented article deals with the results of structural interpretation of the deposits infilling the Tertiary Kleszczów Graben (in the zone exposed in years 1990-1992). Tghe deposits reveal distinct bipartition. The upper structural unit,... more
Presented article deals with the results of structural interpretation of the deposits infilling the Tertiary Kleszczów Graben (in the zone exposed in years 1990-1992). Tghe deposits reveal distinct bipartition. The upper structural unit, which consists of younger Quaternary deposits, is relatively slightly disturbed. Nevertheless the wide range of deformations can be distinguished here: metadepositional, early-diagenetic, biogenic and cryogenic, glaciotectonic, endogenic and effected by gravity mass movements. Their distribution in the mine area depends mainly on lithology, basement patternstectonic activity and palaeomorphology. The studies allow to assume the polygenic nature of most structures. Great differentiation of the deformation pattern within the Kleszczów Graben is determined by the local variation of the above-mentioneg agents. Standard endogenic deformations relatively slightly influence the upper unit pattern (less then the lower unit). Tectonic instability in the base...
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TECTONICS OF THE RADOMSKO ELEVATION ON THE BASIS OF MESOSTRUCTURAL METHODS Summary The author's analysis of minor tectonic structures in rocks of the Radomsko Elevation (for location see Fig. 1) comprised measurements and statistic... more
TECTONICS OF THE RADOMSKO ELEVATION ON THE BASIS OF MESOSTRUCTURAL METHODS Summary The author's analysis of minor tectonic structures in rocks of the Radomsko Elevation (for location see Fig. 1) comprised measurements and statistic interpretation of attitude of beds, faults and slip structures, slicolites, stylolites and joint (Figs. 3, 5, 7-9). This analysis indicates that the elevation structure is not uniform. Its eastern part is predominated by tectonic structures of the western Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mountains; with strikes of beds of about 150° (Fig. 2). Such Laramian structural pattern is also typical for the Chelm Anticline whereas the Smotryszow Anticline runs at azimuth of about 160° what is to be ref erred to dislocations of the Paleozoic substrate but rejuvenated after the Cretaceous. More westwards and closer to the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, a disjunctive tectonics is more and more important in modelling of tectonic structures of the elevation. Besides a fault-fold development of several large elements there are finer folds and flexures (Fig. 4) expressing displacements along secondary faults that accompany a reverse fault in the substrate (Fig. 6, cf. 13). Similar azimuths of stylolites in the Radomsko Elevation (Fig. 7) as the ones described from the northeastern Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mts prove (in spite of considerably different patterns of local structures) that their origin depend on deep regional reasons but not on local stresses (cf. 2).
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The investigated area is located in the middle section of the Warta River valley, where the Neogen deposits with lignite series occur within the Adamów tectonic graben. In the KoŸmin-North excavation, opened for extraction in 2008 and... more
The investigated area is located in the middle section of the Warta River valley, where the Neogen deposits with lignite series occur within the Adamów tectonic graben. In the KoŸmin-North excavation, opened for extraction in 2008 and belonging to the "Adamów" Lignite Mine, the Neogene deposits are covered with an about 30-m thick Quaternary series. The research was carried out to identify the origin and age of the Quaternary sediments. As a result, four sandy series and three till series were identified, which were deposited during the South Polish Glaciations and Middle Polish Glaciations. North Polish Glaciations sediments developed in extraglacial conditions.
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Wprowadzenie - Trójdzielna sekwencja glacjalna (ang.: tripartite till sequence; Bennet, Glasser, 2009) stanowi interesujący przykład różnych możliwości interpretacji osadów w jednym profilu geologicznym. Powyższe określenie zastosowano... more
Wprowadzenie - Trójdzielna sekwencja glacjalna (ang.: tripartite till sequence; Bennet, Glasser, 2009) stanowi interesujący przykład różnych możliwości interpretacji osadów w jednym profilu geologicznym. Powyższe określenie zastosowano dla występujących w profilach w północno-zachodniej Anglii dwóch warstw diamiktonowych pochodzenia lodowcowego, rozdzielonych osadami nieglacjalnymi (np. Jehu, 1909; Trotter, Hollingworth, 1932; Saunders, 1968). Tradycyjną interpretację takiej sekwencji osadów, w myśl której widziano w niej świadectwo dwóch nasunięć lądolodu (op. cit.), zastąpiono inną, wskazującą na możliwość powstania w trakcie tylko jednego epizodu glacjalnego (Boulton, 1977). Według niej dolny diamikton jest subglacjalną gliną bazalną, rzeczywiście znaczącą nasunięcie lądolodu, natomiast osady leżące wyżej w profilu (piaszczyste osady glacifluwialne oraz górna warstwa diamiktonowa) należy wiązać z etapem deglacjacji i sedymentacją pomiędzy wałami martwego lodu. Osady glacifluwialn...
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In the middle section, the Warta River valley runs through the Adamów graben. The graben was characterized by subsidence since the end of the Paleogene and favoured accumulation during the Neogene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary... more
In the middle section, the Warta River valley runs through the Adamów graben. The graben was characterized by subsidence since the end of the Paleogene and favoured accumulation during the Neogene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary deposits consist of several till horizons separated mainly by a series of fluvioglacial sand and a thick series of glaciolacustrine sediments. The research was
Research Interests: Geology, Stratigraphy, Glacial Geology, Pleistocene, Lithostratigraphy, and 4 moreErratics, Till, Saalian, and Geologija
ABSTRACT In 1981 and 1991, mammoth remains and associated fauna were found in central Poland, at the Belchatów opencast mine in sandy gravel deposits. Most of them lay at approximately 160-175 m above mean sea level (a.s.l.), located in... more
ABSTRACT In 1981 and 1991, mammoth remains and associated fauna were found in central Poland, at the Belchatów opencast mine in sandy gravel deposits. Most of them lay at approximately 160-175 m above mean sea level (a.s.l.), located in the lower and upper members of the alluvial Chojny Formation. This formation belongs to the Middle Pleistocene, and can be connected with the Mazovian (MIS-11, Holsteinian) or Zbójnian (MIS-9, Reinsdorf) Interglacial. The Belchatów mammoth assemblage described here consists of cranial and postcranial elements. Analysis of their morphological characteristics and osteometrics are used to demonstrate that at least two molars and one tusk belong to Mammuthus trogontherii and that the tusk belonged to a male. On the basis of the minimum number of elements of the most common element (left incisors), the mammoth remains represent at least two individuals. Based upon the different ages of death for the various elements, it appears that they represent several individuals. The bulk of the mammoth remains were recovered from the oldest depositional cycle in the lower member of Chojny Formation, and are therefore coincident with a shrub tundra environment and cool temperate conditions. They were deposited in sediments formed by a meandering river with a fairly low power of flow, and were buried soon after transport over a short distance. This conclusion is also supported by the palaeobotanical data. An additional element, a costa, was recovered from the upper member of the Chojny Formation, which is associated with the cooling conditions. The enveloping deposit appears to be the result of a series of more rapid discharge events by a braided river. This element is distinguished from those elements recovered from the lower member due to the presence of a series of unusual striations. SEM analysis suggests that some of the striations were probably made by chipped stone tools used in a slicing action, as if the result of the filleting of flesh from the rib area. The time frame for the depositional context of the costa suggests that the striations may have been made by one of several possible human taxa that occurred in central Europe during this period, including Homo heidelbergensis. Given the dearth of human skeletal remains from this region and time period, this represents the earliest and only example of Middle Pleistocene human butchering activity in Poland. The remains discussed in this paper are presented in light of their depositional and cultural contexts, which not only increases our knowledge of the occurrence of M. trogontherii in Poland, but also provides increased evidence for Lower Palaeolithic human activity in central Europe during an early interglacial.
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This paper describes a unique succession of alluvial deposits from the Holsteinian Interglacial in eastern Poland. The succession was studied in terms of sedimentology, palaeobotany, and thermoluminescence (TL) geochronology. The... more
This paper describes a unique succession of alluvial deposits from the Holsteinian Interglacial in eastern Poland. The succession was studied in terms of sedimentology, palaeobotany, and thermoluminescence (TL) geochronology. The interglacial alluvial succession includes two facies of a meandering river: point bar and oxbow. TL ages of point bar deposits and palaeobotanical analysis of oxbow lake deposits allow us to associate the deposits with the initial phases (preoptimum period) of the Holsteinian Interglacial. Specific palaeoenvironmental conditions did not favour the formation of a complete interglacial biogenic–clastic succession as it was deposited in the shallow oxbow lake, which underwent rapid eutrophication.
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Diamicton in Biesiekierz (cen tral Po land), whose age and or i gin has long pro voked de bate, is lo cated above un ques tion able Eemian biogenic de pos its doc u mented by palynological and Cladocera anal y ses. Petro graphi cally,... more
Diamicton in Biesiekierz (cen tral Po land), whose age and or i gin has long pro voked de bate, is lo cated above un ques tion able Eemian biogenic de pos its doc u mented by palynological and Cladocera anal y ses. Petro graphi cally, this diamicton shows some sim i lar i ties to Warthanian till. Lithologically, it shows con sid er able weath er ing of the de posit, a pos si ble se lec tion of the com po nent min er als and ad di tion of dis persed biogenic mat ter. The re sults ob tained so far as well as the palaeomor phological sit u a tion in di cate that the diamicton is re worked till ma te rial, as are sand in ter ca la tions within it. Given the or ganic con tent of this diamicton, we in fer that a long-term ag ri cul tural ex ploi ta tion of its im me di ate sur round ings was the main fac tor be hind col lu vial re work ing and dis place ment oc cur ring above the Eemian biogenic de pos its in the fos sil de pres sion.
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The site at Orłowo Cliff was used to analyse the stratigraphic position and palaeogeographic interpretations of the properties and depositional conditions of two basal tills from the Late Pleistocene. A multi-proxy approach involved... more
The site at Orłowo Cliff was used to analyse the stratigraphic position and palaeogeographic interpretations of the properties and depositional conditions of two basal tills from the Late Pleistocene. A multi-proxy approach involved lithofacies, petrographic analysis of the fine gravel fraction, analyses of indicator erratics and till fabric. TL dating of intra-moraine deposits was used to determine depositional time frames of tills. The sediment profile at Orłowo Cliff shows a distinct reduction in number of Pleistocene units. Obtained dating results suggest the presence of Middle and Late Pleistocene fluvial units. The main issue discussed is the stratigraphic position of the older till (Unit O-4). It can be assumed that this till was deposited probably during the Middle Weichselian (MIS4). At Orłowo Horn the till of Unit O-4 reveals incorporation of the erratic material derived from an older till in the surrounded area (according to petrographic composition - probably from MIS 8)...
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ABSTRACT The ”Adamów–Smulsko” exposure is situated in the eastern part of Wielkopolska about 5 km to the east from Turek. Three till horizons are exposed there. The oldest one is considered to be the deposits of South Polish Glaciation... more
ABSTRACT The ”Adamów–Smulsko” exposure is situated in the eastern part of Wielkopolska about 5 km to the east from Turek. Three till horizons are exposed there. The oldest one is considered to be the deposits of South Polish Glaciation age (Elsterian), the middle one of Odranian age and the upper one — divided in two strata — of Warthanian age (Klatkowa, 1993). Indicator erratics in samples taken in two profiles, lying two kilometres apart, were analysed. The relationship between fundamental indicator erratics has been determined and the comparison with the contribution of particular alimentation areas in the supply of coarse material has been made, also the theoretical home centres of the boulder associations (TGZ) here been marked. The stratigraphical conclusions do not confirm the previous interpretation. The occurrence of Odranian tills has not been supported. The lowest till horizon has been attributed to Nida Glaciation, whereas the middle and upper ones to the Warthanian Glaciation.
In this paper, the authors focus on some selected lithological properties of tills: petrographic composition of the 5-10 mm fraction, petrographic composition of the coarse fraction (>20... more
In this paper, the authors focus on some selected lithological properties of tills: petrographic composition of the 5-10 mm fraction, petrographic composition of the coarse fraction (>20 mm, analysed by the indicator erratics method) and the long axis orientation of clasts. As the study area the authors chose a territory located in Northern Poland on the NW surroundings of the
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In this paper the authors focus on some selected lithological properties of tills: petrographic composition of the 5-10 fraction, petrographic composition of the coarse fraction (>20 mm), analyzed using indicator erratics method, and... more
In this paper the authors focus on some selected lithological properties of tills: petrographic composition of the 5-10 fraction, petrographic composition of the coarse fraction (>20 mm), analyzed using indicator erratics method, and the clasts long axis orientation. As the key study area the authors chose a well recognized by them territory located in the northern Poland on the borderland of Gdańsk and Koszalin Coasts. Based on the results delivered by the listed above research techniques, the authors discuss complementarity of these methods, analyze similarity of the outcomesand point out possibleinterpretative ambiguities. It can be concluded that the analysis of the coarse fraction petrographic composition by the indicator erratisc method provides most comprehensive information on the glacial transport paths. Nevertheless it should be kept in mind, that employment of circle maps for such analysis can be highly subjective. On the other hand, the long axis orientation studies o...
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Wprowadzenie - Kępa Redłowska jest jednym z najmniejszych płatów wysoczyznowych na Pobrzeżu Kaszubskim. Jej zwrócone ku morzu wschodnie zbocza niemal na całej długości mają charakter klifu (Ryc. 13.1A). Ze względu na cenne walory... more
Wprowadzenie - Kępa Redłowska jest jednym z najmniejszych płatów wysoczyznowych na Pobrzeżu Kaszubskim. Jej zwrócone ku morzu wschodnie zbocza niemal na całej długości mają charakter klifu (Ryc. 13.1A). Ze względu na cenne walory przyrodnicze część kępy podlega ochronie prawnej w ramach rezerwatu przyrodniczego „Kępa Redłowska”. Z racji sąsiedztwa z jedną z dzielnic Gdyni (Orłowem), odcinek klifu objęty granicami rezerwatu, z charakterystycznym cyplem o niemal pionowych ścianach, zwany jest klifem orłowskim. Jego wysokość i aktywność pozwalają na systematyczną obserwację odsłaniających się osadów budujących Kępę Redłowską. Wśród nich występują także pokłady glin lodowcowych, na temat których literatura geologiczna jest dość skromna, a poglądy na ich wiek bywają rozbieżne. Najczęściej jest mowa o dwóch lub trzech glinach glacjalnych: najmłodszy z pokładów wiązany jest zazwyczaj ze stadiałem głównym zlodowacenia wisły, starszy – ze stadiałem świecia, zaś w przypadku trzeciego, najstar...
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Na obszarze nadbużańskiego Podlasia (w pasie granicznym z Białorusią) linia maksymalnego zasięgu lądolodu Warty była różnie kreślona (fig. 1A). Jego nasunięcie po Mielnik przyjmował Zaborski (1927), a na nieco większy (po okolice... more
Na obszarze nadbużańskiego Podlasia (w pasie granicznym z Białorusią) linia maksymalnego zasięgu lądolodu Warty była różnie kreślona (fig. 1A). Jego nasunięcie po Mielnik przyjmował Zaborski (1927), a na nieco większy (po okolice Niemirowa), wskazywali Rühle i Mojski (1968). Znacznie większy zasięg lądolodu (po Łęgi lub okolice Janowa Podlaskiego) kreślili Lindner (1988) oraz Marks i Pavlovskaya (2006), a największy (po Terespol) wyznaczała Nowak (1973).
Z nowszych szczegółowych badań geologicznych Nitychoruka i in. (2006) wynika, że czoło lądolodu Warty w swym maksymalnym rozprzestrzenieniu sięgnęło po linię Mielnik – Niemirów. Tej koncepcji zdają się przeczyć zbieżne wyniki analizy porównawczej składu narzutniaków przewodnich najmłodszej serii glin lodowcowych w stanowiskach Mielnik i Neple, zlokalizowanych w obrębie form marginalnych położonych na linii najmniejszego (stanowisko Mielnik) i zapleczu największego rozprzestrzenienia lądolodu Warty (stanowisko Neple) – Czubla i in. (2010). Sugerują one transgresję lądolodu w formie lobu Bugu po Neple, czyli dalej na południe.
W stanowisku Mielnik prezentujemy wyniki badań osadów moreny czołowej – formy zaliczanej do moren końcowych lądolodu Warty (Nitychoruk i in. 2006), w obrębie której przeprowadzona była analiza petrograficzna składu narzutniaków przewodnich z najmłodszego poziomu glin lodowcowych (Czubla i in. 2010).
Z nowszych szczegółowych badań geologicznych Nitychoruka i in. (2006) wynika, że czoło lądolodu Warty w swym maksymalnym rozprzestrzenieniu sięgnęło po linię Mielnik – Niemirów. Tej koncepcji zdają się przeczyć zbieżne wyniki analizy porównawczej składu narzutniaków przewodnich najmłodszej serii glin lodowcowych w stanowiskach Mielnik i Neple, zlokalizowanych w obrębie form marginalnych położonych na linii najmniejszego (stanowisko Mielnik) i zapleczu największego rozprzestrzenienia lądolodu Warty (stanowisko Neple) – Czubla i in. (2010). Sugerują one transgresję lądolodu w formie lobu Bugu po Neple, czyli dalej na południe.
W stanowisku Mielnik prezentujemy wyniki badań osadów moreny czołowej – formy zaliczanej do moren końcowych lądolodu Warty (Nitychoruk i in. 2006), w obrębie której przeprowadzona była analiza petrograficzna składu narzutniaków przewodnich z najmłodszego poziomu glin lodowcowych (Czubla i in. 2010).
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This study presents the results of the research of erratic assemblages of the fraction >20 mm, collected from the glacial deposits in Poland. A total of 138 samples were analysed from 60 sites located along the latitudinal transect from... more
This study presents the results of the research of erratic assemblages of the fraction >20 mm, collected from the glacial deposits in Poland. A total of 138 samples were analysed from 60 sites located along the latitudinal transect from Lower Silesia, Central Poland to the Podlasie Region, and along the meridional transect from Gdańsk Pomerania to Kuyavia and Central Poland. The results were compared with those of other authors, which allowed a detailed analysis of the distribution of indicator and auxiliary erratics, not only in Poland, but also in the area of the neighbouring countries.
The current erratics research methods and presentation of the results developed in Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Poland were verified, and the new methods were proposed and tested. The collected petrographic data were subjected to statistical analysis, which helped identify the most differentiating features of the variously aged glacial sediments.
The possibilities of the correlation of glacial deposits based on assemblages of indicator erratics in local and regional scale were defined. The petrographic features of tills representing all three glacial complexes in different regions of Poland were compared. The study confirmed the possibility of using petrographic features for distinguishing between the Sanian and the Odranian/Wartanian glacial tills in the area stretching from the eastern Wielkopolska to the Poland’s borders in the east. The research also verified the older analysis of sediments from Central Poland (40 samples), including the reinterpretation of the stratigraphy of sediments filling the Kleszczów Graben as well as proposal of the new Pleistocene stratigraphy of Poland.
The qualitative analysis of pre glacial and other processes influencing the petrographic composition of glacial deposits was conducted. The author analysed mechanisms of inclusion of the bedrock fragments into the ice, as well as glacial erosion, transport and possible processing of the moraine material in the ice sheet. A minor role of the subglacial bed deformation in the ice sheet transgression on the territory of Poland has been shown. The petrographic results were confronted with the thermodynamic models of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, which allowed disproving the models involving a large extent of the cold thermal regime of the ice sheet sole.
Based on the petrographic studies, the importance of the Baltic ice stream in the formation of sediments of the Weichselian Glaciation in Poland was questioned. The author was unable to identify the spreading zones of the Boothia erratics, which is indicative of the stream ice sheet motion. Widespread presence of rocks from the southern and central Sweden in glacial sediments of the Weichselian in Poland precludes the long term separation of the rock source areas in Scandinavia and deposition areas on the Polish territory by the postulated ice stream.
The current erratics research methods and presentation of the results developed in Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Poland were verified, and the new methods were proposed and tested. The collected petrographic data were subjected to statistical analysis, which helped identify the most differentiating features of the variously aged glacial sediments.
The possibilities of the correlation of glacial deposits based on assemblages of indicator erratics in local and regional scale were defined. The petrographic features of tills representing all three glacial complexes in different regions of Poland were compared. The study confirmed the possibility of using petrographic features for distinguishing between the Sanian and the Odranian/Wartanian glacial tills in the area stretching from the eastern Wielkopolska to the Poland’s borders in the east. The research also verified the older analysis of sediments from Central Poland (40 samples), including the reinterpretation of the stratigraphy of sediments filling the Kleszczów Graben as well as proposal of the new Pleistocene stratigraphy of Poland.
The qualitative analysis of pre glacial and other processes influencing the petrographic composition of glacial deposits was conducted. The author analysed mechanisms of inclusion of the bedrock fragments into the ice, as well as glacial erosion, transport and possible processing of the moraine material in the ice sheet. A minor role of the subglacial bed deformation in the ice sheet transgression on the territory of Poland has been shown. The petrographic results were confronted with the thermodynamic models of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, which allowed disproving the models involving a large extent of the cold thermal regime of the ice sheet sole.
Based on the petrographic studies, the importance of the Baltic ice stream in the formation of sediments of the Weichselian Glaciation in Poland was questioned. The author was unable to identify the spreading zones of the Boothia erratics, which is indicative of the stream ice sheet motion. Widespread presence of rocks from the southern and central Sweden in glacial sediments of the Weichselian in Poland precludes the long term separation of the rock source areas in Scandinavia and deposition areas on the Polish territory by the postulated ice stream.
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The analysed set of stone objects from Rzucewo site (334 items) consists of different types rocks, but the most frequent are sandstones (42.8%) following by diabases (15.0%), amphibolites (13.8%) and granitoides (13.5%). If only specimens... more
The analysed set of stone objects from Rzucewo site (334 items) consists of different types rocks, but the most frequent are sandstones (42.8%) following by diabases (15.0%), amphibolites (13.8%) and granitoides (13.5%). If only specimens recognised as a tool are taken to account (251 items), proportions of the hardest rocks increase (40.2%, 17.9%, 15.9%, and 11.2% respectively). This suggest the sorting of collected raw material and using its specific sorts preferred for the manufacturing of given type of a tool.
Axes and their fragments are the most frequent in the analysed set (91 items). They are associated by chisels (13 items) and some hammers and hatchets (the latter ones only as fragments of tools). Very common are artefacts which are an evidence of such tools manufacturing, especially polishing slabs (66 items, commonly only as their fragments), moreover 7 polishing boulders were found. This is the prove that in Rzucewo the workshop of stone tools existed.
The high intensity of tool using is identified, including re-using of worn out and damaged tools, simultaneously with the quite common presence of semi-manufactured tools and tools without signs of use. This confirm previous reports that Rzucewo site shows not only the record of stone-tool manufacturing but as well as the regular processing of a different material, like a wood for dugout canoes.
The analysed stone artefacts were found in different stratigraphic positions, like: the colluvium material (layers I and II), the anthropogenic layer and in selected archaeological objects. The recognised complex of intentionally prepared places for stone-tool manufacturing is a very rare archaeological find in the eastern Pomerania. The Kujawy region is the closest one were analogies for it were found. Those similar objects were recognised in archaeological sites of the Funnel Beaker culture and the Globular Amphora culture.
Axes and their fragments are the most frequent in the analysed set (91 items). They are associated by chisels (13 items) and some hammers and hatchets (the latter ones only as fragments of tools). Very common are artefacts which are an evidence of such tools manufacturing, especially polishing slabs (66 items, commonly only as their fragments), moreover 7 polishing boulders were found. This is the prove that in Rzucewo the workshop of stone tools existed.
The high intensity of tool using is identified, including re-using of worn out and damaged tools, simultaneously with the quite common presence of semi-manufactured tools and tools without signs of use. This confirm previous reports that Rzucewo site shows not only the record of stone-tool manufacturing but as well as the regular processing of a different material, like a wood for dugout canoes.
The analysed stone artefacts were found in different stratigraphic positions, like: the colluvium material (layers I and II), the anthropogenic layer and in selected archaeological objects. The recognised complex of intentionally prepared places for stone-tool manufacturing is a very rare archaeological find in the eastern Pomerania. The Kujawy region is the closest one were analogies for it were found. Those similar objects were recognised in archaeological sites of the Funnel Beaker culture and the Globular Amphora culture.