Physical Geography

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

O presente livro apresenta uma rica abordagem sobre os
estudos relacionados ao tema do Tecnógeno e Antropoceno,
vinculado a uma perspectiva eminentemente geográfica. Neste
sentido, a Geografia como a ciência que estuda o espaço
geográfico, sendo este materializado a partir das relações que a
sociedade exerce sobre a natureza, não poderia deixar de se furtar
a respeito do tema das transformações que a sociedade tem
acarretado ao ambiente, gerando modificações nas formas de
relevo em áreas urbanas.
https://asebabaolorigbin.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/geomorfologia-tecno-antropo.pdf

U radu su predstavljeni rezultati geoekološko-pedoloških istraživanja koncentracija kadmija (Cd) u tlu grada Tuzle. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi do koje mjere je područje grada Tuzle kontaminirano kadmijem i utvrditi porijeklo zagađivača. Terenskim istraživanjima su prikupljena 264 uzorka tla, na površini od 303 km 2. Ispitivanje koncentra-cije kadmija u uzorcima tla je obavljeno masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS) sa rasponom detekcije 0,02-4000 ppm. Prekoračenje maksimalno dozvoljenih koncentracija kadmija, definisanih Pravilnikom o utvrđivanju dozvoljenih količina štetnih i opasnih tvari u zemljištu i metodama njihovog ispitivanja je zabilježeno u uzorcima tla broj: 66, 87, 106, 109, 115, 116, 120, 121, 179, 220 i 252a. Raspon povišenih koncentracija kadmija iznosi < 0,02-4,62ppm, a prosječna vrije-dnost je 0,515ppm. Najviša koncentracija kadmija je evidentirana na uzorku 116 (4,62ppm), prikupljenom u neposrednoj blizini gradske deponije otpada. Povišene koncentracije kadmija zabilježene su i u blizini odlagališta šljake i komunalnog otpada, putne infrastrukture, površinskog kopa "Dubrave" te na određenim površinama koje se koriste u poljoprivredne svrhe, što ukazuje da su izvori zagađenja ovim elementom posljedica ljudskih djelovanja na istraživanom području. Ključne riječi: kadmij (Cd), onečišćenje, tlo, Tuzla.

The methodological basis of geographical tourism requires a systematic division of methods related to geography and tourism into research stages, taking into account the real political and environmental situation, economic opportunities, social conditions. This article describes the methodological basis of geographical tourism, taking into account the above requirements

In the landscapes with immobile or weakly movable  water the upward rocks penetrations have significant mean. This phenomenon includes tree stages. First - the solution of the carbonate underlies rocks. Second - the travel of the dissolved rocks as ions and cations. Third - the rock segmentation in the near surface zопе due to the season temperature exchange. In this way the mass of the underlying rocks are penetrating in the upper layers. The main features of this phenomenon is reduction of the rocks volume that is reason of the earth surface depression beginning.
В ландшафтах, які характеризуються незначною швидкістю руху підземних та поверхневих вод, - переміщення гірських порід може відбуватися за ра¬хунок руху іонів та катіонів Під час сезонних змін температур розчинені речовини з закономірною ци¬клічністю будуть осідати в приповерхневій зоні, що призводить до взаємопроникнення мас гірських порід, зменшення їх загального об'єму та форму¬вання від'ємних форм рельєфу.

ABSTRACT To understand river channel changes and fluvial activity it is necessary to know the magnitude, frequency, and sequence of flows and the controls upon them and compare the channel responses in periods with known conditions. This paper identifies the characteristics of mean and maximum flows of the Gila River in southeast Arizona in the twentieth century and examines their relationship to precipitation, to the Palmer Hydrological Index, and to land and water management. Flow records show very high total flows in the period 1905–1916 and very low flows in the 1940s and 1950s. Eleven of the 20 highest annual peaks since 1914 have occurred since 1965. The 1983 flood was nearly comparable with the flood of 1905, which is associated with the destabilization of the Gila River. Increased flooding is found to be associated primarily with increased winter precipitation and the evidence available indicates that water usage and land management have much less influence on flows than has climate. Major variations, on the scale of a few decades, are similar to those identified in Australia, which have had profound effects on river channels. Widespread recognition of the magnitude and persistence of the flow variations has important implications for water resources and flood management. [Key words: hydrology, climatic variation, precipitation, river discharge, floods, Arizona.]

The development of summer drought reconstructions for 12 Piedmont and Coastal Plain climate divisions in the southeastern U.S. from existing and original tree-ring chronologies is described. The drought metric reconstructed is the Palmer Meteorological Drought Index (PMDI), a modification of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). A composite chronology of average yearly growth index values from individual chronologies covers the common period 1690-1984. The reconstructions have been tested for validity using PMDI data not included in regression modeling. The reconstructions included 6 periods of sustained (&gt; 4 yr) summer drought in the study area during the period 1690-1900. The instrumental record (1900-2006) contains 5 such droughts. Two periods of multi-year summer drought more severe than any in the observed record were found in the reconstructions, the most recent of which ended around 1821. After 1900, prolonged summer droughts in the Piedmont exhibited similar severity ...

Hydropower and water resources management are an important issue in most countries of the world, included Switzerland. The scientific community is currently engaged to produce numerical models and simulations which aim at understanding the most important concurring factors of climate with the support of different tools and methods, at both regional and global scales. In this case, the purpose is to simplify reality while reducing errors and uncertainties related to streamflow prediction. The latter uncertainties can be due to different sources, such as the initial hydrologic conditions of a catchment, the hydrological model’s input data and structure, or a too high amount of subjectivity which is applied while implementing such modelling procedures.

The aim of this work is to investigate the propagation of uncertainties from the input meteorological forecasts to the resulting streamflow predictions. A weather generator has been used to create synthetic weather decadal forecasts. These forecasts have then been fed into the hydrological model Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV), and simulations have been run in order to obtain corresponding runoff forecasts. The accuracy of the meteorological and runoff forecasts has been calculated with similar statistical metrics with the aim to assess the propagation of uncertainty. Three statistical metrics, defined as “skill scores”, have been applied for this purpose. The experiment was performed for two glacierized catchments both located in the Swiss Alps, Findelen and Gries. The simulations were performed by assuming different scenarios of glacier extent in order to observe the influence of the amount of ice present in the catchment on the results. The effect of a varying input glacier extent on simulated runoff has then been studied, together with an assessment of the modifications on the hydrological regime. The simulations have been run by applying the recently-implemented glacier routine in the hydrological model with different settings, with the aim to analyze how skill transfer can be affected. In addition, a sensitivity analysis has been performed on the parameters and routines of the hydrological model in order to study their contribution to model efficiency.

It has been observed that the influence of precipitation on runoff forecasts is lower than the one of temperature for highly-glacierized catchments. This influence increases with diminishing glacierization. In a hypothetical ice-free catchment, the effect of precipitation on skill transfer tends to become more relevant, for both Findelen and Gries catchments. Another important factor of skill transfer is the lead time from which a forecast is produced, and also the morphological and topographical features of the catchment. Moreover, the application of different settings of the glacier routine can also have an influence on skill transfer and on the influence of temperatures and precipitation.

Keywords: Decadal forecast, streamflow forecast, synthetic forecast, forecast skill, forecast lead time, uncertainty propagation, skill score, scenario, “perfect” model, glacierized catchment, Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model.

In this chapter (of book 'Living rivers, dying rivers, edited by Prof Ramaswamy Iyer) I argue that the answer to this inconsistency lies in epistemology: the nature of geomorphological knowledge as it had traditionally developed in India and was taught by most Indian scholars. The two characteristics of traditional geomorphology were the separation of human elements from the rivers and the treatment of all rivers as similar systems. I will call them the first and the second sins, and attempt to make a case for a more holistic treatment of rivers, that integrates both human and physical views of what a river is and how it comes into existence. In other words, my attempt is to build the case for a ‘co-production’ of rivers, while considering them to be as different from each other as individuals are. To justify my case, I will also show how a new generation of scholars is critiquing these conventional views of rivers and by crossing over the nature–culture chasm, putting forth a more holistic view of them.

Spatiotemporal patterns are difficult to portray through traditional methods, but the space-time cube allows time to be analyzed as a third dimension. The spatio-temporal GIS analysis of the MODIS data enables us to know about the varying degree of stubble burning in the regions of Punjab and Haryana. The said activity is one of the crucial reasons for the smog problem that is faced by the NCR (National Capital Region) every winter for last decade. With the help of spatio-temporal tools in GIS, the intensity and trends of the study area, that burns agricultural waste, can be assessed and analyzed.

Esta contribución presenta cronológicamente los resúmenes de los trabajos de grado culminados y de los proyectos de investigación en curso, desarrollados por los egresados y estudiantes regulares de la Maestría en Geografía Física del Instituto Pedagógico de Caracas (IPC) respectivamente, destacando los aportes que cada uno de ellos nos han brindado. Es propósito de este trabajo fungir de inventario y depositario, además de su publicación y difusión, de los productos de investigación generados en la maestría, muchos de ellos desconocidos para la comunidad académica y científica. Entre otras funciones, esta información es útil para el conocimiento, planificación y protección de nuestros recursos naturales, puesto que recoge una multitud de factores y procesos estudiados en las diferentes regiones naturales del país, así como de su geodiversidad y biodiversidad. Finalmente, se plantean los beneficios y ventajas de disponer de este tipo de inventario.

Flood is one of the calamitous events which disturbs not only the life pattern of the human beings but also destroys their lifelong stored properties every year. Floods are high stream flows, which overlap natural or artificial banks of a river or a stream and are markedly higher than usual as well as inundation of low land. Sometimes copious monsoon rains combine with massive flows from the rivers, and then the floods indeed become calamitous. Through geophysical studies, it has been found that more than one and half billion of people on the Earth planet reside on riverside or coastal flood plains where they produce 1/3 of world’s food production. At least some fraction of these plains go under flood water one or the other day, hence causing widespread losses to human lives, devasted homes and heads of cattle dead, destroy agricultural  crops and disrupt the communication links such as railways, roads as well health hazards. Even after the receding of floods, it takes several months or even years before the community comes to the pre-flood level. In flood control and management, the strategy should be reduced the intensity of floods. Indiscriminate occupation of, and economic activity in coastal areas and flood plain zones should be regulated.
Key words - Flood hazard, inundation, health hazard, geophysical study, flood intensity, flood calamity, flood control, flood plain zones

Flood frequency analysis is a means of understanding the hydrologic characteristics of a stream system. The variation in stream discharge and stream stage (gauge height) are continuously measured and recorded by a hydrograph. An extensive historical record of stream flow provides a means for assessing the flow characteristics by flood frequency and magnitude. Stream flow statistics also provide a means for understanding the nature of the evolution and processes responsible for streams and their encompassing drainage basin.

The present paper connects nature with religious understanding in regard to Christianity and Islam. Many studies show that religious beliefs and practices were shaped and reshaped, to many points, being influenced by a specific geographical environment. So, the paper aims to focus how nature serves continuously in generating human thought, feeling and experience especially with respect to religions. By correlating some verses of the Bible and the Quran alongside some interpretations by religious scholars, the paper attempts to explore why religious understanding of nature seems significant for preventing the natural environment from further degradation caused by uncontrolled human activities in nature. In so doing, it will be an effort to enrich the current discussions relating to religions and natural environment.

I am very pleased that my textbook Coastal Systems is currently listed as a resource on the Cambridge International website to support learners studying AS & A Level Geography 9696. ‘Coastal environments’ is one of the Advanced Physical Geography Options (Topic 8) available to learners. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, I have produced this short guide to online learning resources to assist teachers and learners in continuing to teach and learn about coastal environments.
In addition to the Coastal Systems textbook, which I assume is available online to learners through their institutional libraries as an e-book, I have also made around 50 videos to accompany the textbook which are freely available through my YouTube Channel.
To assist teachers and learners I have mapped the current Cambridge International AS & A Level Geography 9696 Syllabus and Learner Guide to the Coastal Systems resources including suggested reading in the Coastal Systems textbook and links to suggested videos that might be relevant to specific topics. I hope that both teachers and learners might find this useful.

This paper assessed the Changes in land cover distribution in Damaturu the state capital of Yobe state, Nigeria over 26-year period. The study used satellite imagery of Landsat TM (1988), Landsat 8 2014 Landsat and ETM+ (2003) for the study area and aerial photograph for 2008 as well as population data. The satellite imageries undergo general pre-processing procedures, classification and eventually change detection using ERDAS Imagine 2013, the imageries and maps were also digitized using ArcMap 10.0 GIS software for analysis. The results show that vegetation covered 13.37 square kilometres of the land area and constituted 44.54% in 1988 and 7.01 square kilometer which represent 20.90% in 2003 which also constituted the most extensive land cover type in the study area in 1988. The built-up areas have increased from 1.59 square kilometer which is 5.29% in 1988 to 5.38 square kilometer which represent 16.04% in 2003. The change was however, attributed to the increasing population and economic growth that put pressure on the available land resources. This paper highlights the land cover/use types, the change over the years and the causes of the change. The significance of remote sensing and GIS approach in mapping, monitoring, detecting and controlling change were also highlighted.

In present Quaternary research, there is a dominant focus upon learning about the past using biophysical proxies, as well as mathematical modelling and analogues. Perhaps neglected has been the human-produced record of rock art- markings made on rock surfaces by prehistoric humans which provide a c.50,000 year window onto environmental change and its consequences for humans and animals during the Quaternary Period. This essay synthesises a series of case studies which demonstrate that rock art- although dissimilar to conventional palaeoclimate proxies, suffering from neglect by researchers and limited by problems with dating and interpretation- is not irrelevant to Quaternary scientists, but can be, if sensitively interpreted, an interesting and informative source regarding climate, societal change and change in faunal distributions in the Quaternary period.

Temperature reconstructions from Europe for the past 500 years based on documentary and instrumental data are analysed. First, the basic documentary data sources, including information about climate and weather-related extremes, are described. Then, the standard palaeoclimatological reconstruction method adopted here is discussed with a particular application to temperature reconstructions from documentary-based proxy data. The focus is on two new reconstructions; January–April mean temperatures for Stockholm (1502–2008), based on a combination of data for the sailing season in the Stockholm harbour and instrumental temperature measurements, and monthly Central European temperature (CEuT) series (1500–2007) based on documentary-derived temperature indices of the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland combined with instrumental records from the same countries. The two series, both of which are individually discussed in greater detail in subsequent papers in this special edition, are here compared and analysed using running correlations and wavelet analysis. While the Stockholm series shows a pronounced low-frequency component, the CEuT series indicates much weaker low-frequency variations. Both series are analysed with respect to three different long-period reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and are compared with other European temperature reconstructions based on tree-rings, wine-harvest data and various climate multiproxies. Correlation coefficients between individual proxy-based series show weaker correlations compared to the instrumental data. There are also indications of temporally varying temperature cross-correlations between different areas of Europe. The two temperature reconstructions have also been compared to geographically corresponding temperature output from simulations with global and regional climate models for the past few centuries. The findings are twofold: on the one hand, the analysis reinforces the hypothesis that the index-data based CEuT reconstruction may not appropriately reflect the centennial scale variations. On the other hand, it is possible that climate models may underestimate regional decadal variability. By way of a conclusion, the results are discussed from a broader point of view and attention is drawn to some new challenges for future investigations in the historical climatology in Europe.

The vertical distribution patterns of grain-size parameters, carbonate and organic carbon contents, and clay mineral abundances were examined in ten sediment cores from basins of the northern Aegean Sea. Sedi-mentation rates for Holocene deposition were determined on the basis of 11 14 C datings and indirectly from the age of the lower sapropel S1