Floods

In a historical moment of hurricanes, flooding, and unprecedented weather events, it is becoming increasingly clear that climate change is neither imagined nor distant—and that it is changing the coastline of the United States in irrevocable ways.

In Rising, Elizabeth Rush guides readers through our nation’s disappearing places, from Louisiana to Miami, Staten Island to the Bay Area. The wetlands that define these regions are among the most imperiled ecosystems on the planet—accustomed to periods of change, of ebb and flow, yet overwhelmed by rapidly shifting conditions. For many of the plants and animals who live there, the options are stark: retreat or perish in place.

Is human civilization facing a similar set of limited options? And how do we move forward in a world whose borders are already becoming unsettled and strange? Weaving the firsthand accounts of those who are living through sea level rise today—scientists, activists, and members of the communities both currently at risk and already displaced—with eyewitness reporting from our shoreline’s disappearing places, Rising is at once polyphonic and precise, lyric reportage that privileges the voices of those usually kept at the margins.

A shimmering meditation on vulnerability and on vulnerable communities, both human and more than human, and on how to let go of the places we love.

https://milkweed.org/book/rising

On May 4, 1927, the Ouachita River rose to near record levels, cutting through the warm summer air of Monroe, Louisiana, drenching it in what most assumed would be the flood of the century. Less than five years later, in February, with leftover debates about how to prevent another disaster still raging in the papers and the courts, the river rose a foot and a half higher than in 1927. It fed an already bone-cold winter and destroyed much of what was left from the ravages of depression. This was Monroe’s true 1927, with necessity breeding resolve, hardship heaping upon anguishing hardship, and disaster feeding a desire for prevention reform. In a community shaped by its relationship to water, nature’s 1932 re-exertion upon the region cut through political and legal squabbles, social division, and years of neglect to prompt Monroe to protect itself.

Tartaria (originally pronounced “Tataria” without the first “r”) is the name of the pre Mongolian empire that originated in northern Asia before spanning the entire northern hemisphere. Great Tartaria was the largest empire during its time and would have still been the largest empire today. The Tartarian empire flourished due in part of the civilization being a leader in advanced technology, free energy, and grand architecture.
Tartaria is also where the Greek word “Tartarus” originated from.
The denotation of lost souls spending eternity in Tartarus the underworld is due to the Tartarian Empire having been buried and wiped out during the mud flood. The world of the Tartarians is literally the world under our world. The underworld. Tartarus wasn’t the underworld and will never be the underworld. Tartaria is the underworld. The religionists used the Mud Flood deluge and how it wiped out the Tartarian Empire to confuse the populous into thinking they would join those in the “underworld” if they challenged the religious authority.
Who were the Tartarians?
The Tartarians (or Tartars) were the indigenous people (quite possibly founded by Noah’s sons) making up the world renowned Tartarian empire. The Tartarians were a tall people, averaging some eight to twelve feet in height. They would have been considered giants to our current average height of only around six feet; however, back then the height of ten feet was the average. Like the civilizations before them whose heights averaged twelve feet, fifty feet, two+ miles, etc…each preceding civilization had an average taller height than the civilizations coming after them and each succeeding civilization had an average shorter height than the civilizations predating them. Statures are diminishing after each deluge and with each new astrological age we enter.
Civilizations in the current astrological age (the Age of Pisces) are shorter in height than civilizations that existed in the previous astrological age (the Age of Aries) and will be taller in height than civilizations that will exist in the next astrological age (the Age of Aquarius).
The Tartarians are thought to have been “Breatherians,” a being who does not rely on the digestion and burning of calories from food/water, but instead rather receives energy straight from the aether. The aether is thought to be the very fabric of the space time continuum that some would associate with electrons, the wind, the holy spirit, the atmosphere, and the gasses in the atmosphere such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Since the The Tartarians quite possibly had a completely altered digestion system than the one we now have, they had no need for toilets in their bathrooms. Which could hint at one of the reasons why bathrooms in the recent past have been used quite extensively as social gathering powder rooms to not only freshen oneself up but to hear and spread local gossip.
The Tartarians were masters of masonry, brickwork, steam punk style technology, universally free energy, and grand architecture. Their Roman/Gothic esque style architecture can still be found in the current guise as water ducts, city halls, banks, water stations, cathedrals, churches, hospitals and similar public and city works type buildings.

Honolulu is susceptible to coastal flooding hazards. Like other coastal cities, Honolulu&s long-term economic viability and sustainability depends on how well it can adapt to changes in the natural and built environment. While there is a disagreement over the magnitude and extent of localized impacts associated with climate change, it is widely accepted that by 2100 there will be at least a meter in sea level rise (SLR) and an increase in extreme weather events. Increased exposure and vulnerabilities associated with urbanization and location of human activities in coastal areas warrants serious consideration by planners and policy makers. This article has three objectives. First, flooding due to the combined effects of SLR and episodic hydro-meteorological and geophysical events in Honolulu are investigated and the risks to the community are quantified. Second, the risks and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure and the surface transportation system are described. Third, using ...

Stretta è la relazione che corre tra lo svolgimento millenario della tecnica di lavoro dell'uomo, e i rapporti con l'ambiente naturale. L'uomo primitivo, come l'animale, raccoglie e consuma frutti spontanei colla semplice operazione prensile, e come l'animale fugge senza controllo davanti al dirompere del fenomeno naturale che ne minacci la vita. Come la produzione artificiale di prodotti pel consumo, e l'accumulazione di riserve di prodotti stessi e di utensili, lo costringe a fissarsi, così lo costringe a difendersi dalle minacce di meteore e sconvolgimento naturali. Una tale difesa, non diversamente da quella contro altri gruppi concorrenti alla sede migliore, o predatori della accumulata riserva, non può che essere collettiva. Da queste esigenze collettive, come tante volte vedemmo, nasce la divisione in classi e lo sfruttamento da parte dei dominatori.

In Marx, "il modo di produzione capitalistico presuppone il dominio dell'uomo sulla natura". Esso presuppone anche la guerra della natura contro l'uomo. Una troppo generosa e prodiga natura non sarebbe ambiente favorevole al sorgere del capitalismo.

In May 2014, extreme floods occurred in the lower Sava River basin, causing major damage, with catastrophic consequences. Based on the data gathered, the weather situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina's (BiH) Bosna River basin was analysed and the hydrological conditions were provided, including the results of the probability analysis of the size of the recorded precipitation and flow rates. A hydrological model of the Bosna River basin was developed using HBV-light for the purposes of reconstructing and forecasting such events more effectively. All analyses confirmed that the May 2014 event was an extreme event whose returning period greatly exceeds 100 years.

China's historiographical traditions tell of the successful control of a Great Flood leading to the establishment of the Xia dynasty and the beginning of civilization. However, the historicity of the flood and Xia remain controversial. Here, we reconstruct an earthquake-induced landslide dam outburst flood on the Yellow River about 1920 BCE that ranks as one of the largest freshwater floods of the Holocene and could account for the Great Flood. This would place the beginning of Xia at ~1900 BCE, several centuries later than traditionally thought. This date coincides with the major transition from the Neolithic to Bronze Age in the Yellow River valley and supports hypotheses that the primary state-level society of the Erlitou culture is an archaeological manifestation of the Xia dynasty.

The flood is devastating and destructive which may cause damages in urban areas. Resiliency to greater vulnerability emphasizes positive aspects, and today governments are working to improve life in the areas at risk by promoting resilience to natural disasters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reaction of jiroft urban managers facing the flood as an environmental hazards with emphasis on resiliency. Library methods (books, articles, documents, internet ...) and field studies have been used to collect information. Statistical society of the research includes the urban managers in Jiroft city in which 20 participants were selected randomly using Delphi technique. Analyzing the data, statistical tests, one-sample t-test and stepwise regression and the DEMATEL and BWM model were used to prioritize the significance score and the effect of the indices. The results of a one-sample t-test for evaluating the local management response in promoting the spatial resiliency against flood in Jiroft city show that there is no significant difference between the base limit (3) and the calculated value of 3/17. The results of stepwise regression show that the institutional-managerial index with the beta coefficient of 0/347 has the highest effect, while the physical-physical index with the beta coefficient of 0/302 has the least effect on the resiliency management in Jiroft city. The results of DEMATEL technique show that among the indices affecting the resiliency of Jiroft, city against flood, the social index with 43/385 had the highest interaction and institutional-managerial index has with 43/352 minimum interaction, the social index with 1/474 the most effective factor and the economic index with the value of -1/008 is the most influential factor. The results of BWM technique reveal that social index with the value of /258 is placed in the first rank, institutional-managerial index with the value of /252 in the second rank, the physical-environmental index with the value of /245 in the third place and economic index with the value of /244 in the fourth rank.
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Today, cities and communities are mostly located in the places which are exposed both to natural disasters due to natural hazards, and various types of human accidents due to technological advances. In terms of occurrence, the flood is the highest and in terms of damage it is considered to be the most costly natural disaster in the world which has an impact on human societies. Meanwhile, the concept of resiliency is a new concept that should be the central concept of all disaster management and development programs in the community. Flood basins in Jiroft have been affected by floods in recent years, with many damages including land destructions and riverside gardens, the destruction of livestock, housing and public infrastructure such as road networks and communication bridges and even deaths. Therefore, promoting the resilience of the city of Jiroft against natural hazards, especially floods, is imperative for urban managers to be prepared. The purpose of this study is to assess the role of urban managers in promoting resiliency in the face of flood in Jiroft city.
2-Materials and Methods
Regarding the main objective of the research, library methods (books, articles, documents, internet ...) and field studies have been used to collect information. Statistical society of the research includes the urban managers in Jiroft city in which 20 participants were selected randomly using delphi technique. Statistical tests, one-sample t-test and stepwise regression were applied to analyze the data. Moreover, DEMATEL technique was applied to determine the importance of the coefficient and prioritize the criteria using MATLAB and BWM software LINGO 11 software.
3-Results and Discussion
The results of the single sample T for measuring the resilience of Jiroft city managers against the flood crisis in the sample population indicate that there is no significant difference between the baseline (3) and the calculated value (3/17) (sig = 179) . Since the calculated value is more than standard, it can be concluded that the city of Jiroft is in a relatively suitable position in terms of the role of urban management in the face of crises and disasters caused by the flood.
Multiple regressions can be used to measure the factors of the Jiroft city's flood alleviation and create a causal model that illustrates the interactions between indicators and reagents. In general, the institutional-management index with the beta coefficient of 0/347 has the highest effect, while the physical-environmental index with the beta coefficient of 0/302 has the least effect on resilience of the Jiroft city to the flood.
Dimetal model in overlapping multiple regression and to achieve the research goal. Among the indicators that affect the resilience of the flood in Jiroft, the social index with the highest value of 43/358 is the most interaction and the institutional- managerial index with the least amount of interaction with 43/352, the social index with the 1/741 most effective factor and the economic index with the value of -1/008. The most influential factor.
The final step in determining the rank of each factor affecting the resilience of the city of Jiroft is the model of the best and worst method that the researchers will achieve in their final destination. The results of the best and worst case model show that the social index with the value of 0/258 is ranked first, institutional-management index with the value of 0/252 in the second rank, the physical-environmental index with a value of 0/254 in the third, and, finally, the economic index with The value of 0/244 is in fourth place.
According to the statistical tests and multi-index models used in the research, there is a significant relationship between urban management and flood. In other words, the greater the response of urban management, the lower the risk of flood. The current status of Jiroft city resilience management is in desirable condition in all indicators. In other words, the average of all indicators is higher than the base (3). In this regard, Farzad Behtash et al in evaluating and analyzing the dimensions and components of the resilience of the metropolitan city of Tabriz, estimated the average of the Tabriz city's wavering (less than 3), which suggests that the city Tabriz is in an unfavorable situation in terms of resilience. In other words, the condition of the city of Tabriz is inappropriate. Therefore, it can be admitted that, in spite of the difference in the location of the city, the two cities of city management have had a different experience in dealing with the flood crisis.
4-Conclusion
The results of a one-sample t-test for measuring the local management response in promoting the spatial resiliency against flood in Jiroft city show that there is no significant difference between the base limit (3) and the calculated value of 3/17. The results of stepwise regression show that the institutional-managerial index with the beta coefficient of /347 has the highest effect and the physical-physical index with the beta coefficient of /302 has the least effect on the resiliency management in Jiroft city. The results of DEMATEL technique show that among the indices affecting the resiliency of Jiroft city against flood, the social index with 43/385 had the highest interaction, institutional-managerial index with 43/352 has the minimum interaction, the social index index with 1/474 the most effective factor and the economic index with the value of -1/008 is the most influential factor. The results of BWM technique reveal that The results of BWM technique reveal that social index with the value of /258 is placed in the first rank, institutional-managerial index with the value of /252 in the second rank, the physical-environmental index with the value of /245 in the third place and economic index with the value of /244 in the fourth rank.

In the last 20 years of disaster history, floods have been the most recurrent hazard (EM-DAT 2015) and probably they will keep this way in the future due to more extreme precipitation events (Milly et al. 2002; Wisner et al. 2004). This global trend replicates in Argentina, a country where 50% of its disasters in the 1990-2014 period are flood accounted (UNISDR 2015a; Ambrosino et al. 2004).
The 2013 April 2nd and 3rd unprecedented rainfalls in the Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which includes La Plata

‘Boom and bust’ rainfall is one challenge as weather patterns change. The other is how to produce more potable water through processes such as desalination without raising carbon emissions.

Too much, too little, and never quite enough – that sums up Singapore’s water challenge now compounded by climate change. As we mark World Environment Day today, it is timely to take stock of the existential challenge posed by climate change through the lens of water and what Singapore is doing to overcome that.

Fluvial geomorphology affects river character, behaviour, evolution, trajectory of change and recovery potential, and as such affects biophysical interactions within a catchment. Water bodies in South Africa, in common with many other water-stressed parts of the world, are generally under threat due to increasing natural and anthropogenic influences including aridity, siltation and pollution, as well as climate and environmental change. This study reports on a case study to characterise the geomorphology of different river systems in South Africa, with the aim of better understanding their properties, controls, and implications for biophysical interactions including water quality, biodiversity (aquatic and riparian), and human activity within the catchment. The approach adopted is based on the River Styles® framework (RSF), a geomorphology-based approach developed for rivers in New Zealand and Australia, but applied here for the first time to South Africa. Based on analysis of remote sensing imagery, SRTM-2 digital topographic data and field observations on sites through the entire river system, six geomorphic elements were identified along the Sabie River, northeast South Africa (gorge, bedrock-forced meander, low-moderate sinuosity planform controlled sand bed, meandering sand bed, low sinuosity fine grained sand bed, and floodouts), using the RSF classification scheme and based on the RSF procedural tree of Brierley and Fryirs (2005). Previous geomorphological studies along the Sabie River have shown that different reaches respond differently to episodic floods; we use these data to link river geomorphological character (as defined by the RSF) to the hydrodynamic conditions and processes giving rise to such character. This RSF approach can be used to develop a new management approach for river systems that considers their functional biophysical behaviour within individual reaches, rather than considering them as homogeneous and uniform systems.

Carlisle in northwest England suffered its worse floods for more than 180 years in 2005. A study, reported here, was undertaken to assess the health and social impacts of these floods via in-depth, taped individual and focus-group interviews with people whose homes had been flooded and with agency workers who helped them. Respondents spoke of physical health ailments, psychological stress, water health-and-safety issues related to the floods, and disputes with insurance and construction companies, which they felt had caused and exacerbated psychological health problems. Support workers also suffered from psychological stress. Furthermore, it was found that people had low expectations of a flood and were not prepared. The findings are presented in five sections covering flood risk awareness, water contamination issues, physical health, mental health, and impact on frontline support workers. The discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for policy and practice vis-à-vis psychological health provision, contamination issues, training and support for frontline support workers, matters relating to restoration, and preparation for flooding.

Environmental hazard is a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or property, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation (UNO). It is apparent from the above UN definition that hazards are physical events i.e. causes or processes of disasters whether natural or man-induced. North east India falls in earthquake zone area, face numerous hazard, be it natural or manmade hazard. Every year thousands of people lost their life and property. In the state of Assam, flood is the most often occurring phenomena, flooded by the mighty Brahmaputra and its tributaries, surrounded by the hills on all side. Thunderstorm and cyclone also have great effect in the area. From the past one year, cyclone has been the distraous in the hilly district of Karbi Anglong, Assam. Lots of houses, property and many injured have been reported from the affected area. This paper tries to understand and analyze the environmental hazard and vulnerability in Karbi Anglong district of Assam. Data is based on both primary and secondary data collected from different sources.

At noon on September 25, 15,124 BP (13,174 BC; 12,680 C14 BP), gravity from a close pass of planet Nibiru raised a tide in West Siberian Lake that breached the outlet sill and created a wide channel to the Aral Sea. Over a period of six months, the outlet drained West Siberian Lake from 250 m to 113 m asl. Fresh water flooded the Caspian Sea Basin to an initial height of 120 m, then settled at 75 m asl, the maximum height of the Romanian Plain.
West Siberian Lake enclosed 2.24 million km2, about the size of the Mediterranean Sea (Figure 1). To the north, Kara Ice Sheet blocked the Ob, Yenisei and Angara Rivers, which gradually raised lake level to a sill leading south to the Aral Sea.  For twelve millennia, lake level remained constant; its legacy is a prodigious swamp.

Disasters are inevitable and can strike anywhere at any time. Whether it's a natural event (such as a hurricane, flood, or earthquake), a disease pandemic, or a purposeful or accidental human action (such as an act of terrorism or fire), the consequences can be wide-ranging and devastating. Scientifically trained personnel often play vital roles in emergency response and recovery efforts. Under the right circumstances, they can mobilize research to better understand the nature of the event and how best to respond to similar events in the future. But the scientific community also needs to plan carefully for disaster preparedness and mitigation for its own infrastructure and resources. *

National River linking project (NRLP) is designed to transfer river water from water surplus portion to water deficit portion on the national level in terms of enhancing production in almost every aspect of economy i.e. To enhance agriculture production, production of electricity and to increase inland navigation facilities of transport. In India agriculture and farmers totally depends on the south-east and north-west monsoon causes by western disturbance and local cyclonic formation over regions. The un-parallel distribution of monsoon in India causes water deficiency in the southern land (Eastern Ghats) and at the same time abundance of water remains available in northern land causes several natural catastrophes i.e. flood. The design of national river linking project is created in the manner of degrading these several natural catastrophes and to transfer water which is scarce in nature and valuable commodity to human life in a parallel way. This paper presents the significance and challenges of national river linking project in the country.

As humanity enters a new era of climate‐induced unpredictability, research into the role of religion in shaping perceptions of, and responses to disaster will become increasingly important. This is particularly true of South Asia, which contains dense populations certain to be adversely affected by climate change. This contribution explores the way religion shapes and mediates responses to disaster in Pakistan. Where previous work in this field has focused on extremists and militants, mine considers currents of lived Islam that take explicit stances on questions of natural resource development. Drawing upon extensive primary data, I identify two distinct disaster cosmologies permeating state and society. First, I consider the official Islam of experts and policymakers, whose approach to development is derived from, but arguably surpasses the modernism of British and American colonial and Cold War paradigms in its dogmatic, faith‐based belief in the imperative of mastering and exploiting nature. The second is an altogether contrasting formation embedded in a political protest movement representing a marginalized constituency, the Siraiki speaking population of Southern Punjab, which mobilized flood affectees in the aftermath of the 2010 floods around issues of social and environmental justice.

Numerous international studies have corroborated the value of public-private sector partnerships in reducing vulnerability and building resilience to emergencies and disasters. This paper proposes a simple conceptual framework for publicprivate partnerships in emergency and disaster management that could be applied to research and policy analysis in Australia. The framework proposes three dimensions: sector types (public, business and community), partnership arrangements (legislated and formal to informal agreements), and partnership roles (strategic and resilience-building and response and recovery). This paper describes how the three sectors can work together under various partnership arrangements for preventive or responsive measures in emergency and disaster management. Public-private partnerships during and after the Queensland floods of 2010-11 are used to illustrate the relationships presented in the framework and to give a snapshot of these partnerships in Queensland.

An all-embracing approach is necessary to decrease the vulnerability of our societies through coordinated activities and to lead the way to establishing an effective system for coping with the risks of disasters. The need for an all-embracing approach has been recognized in the Republic of North Macedonia as well, a country where crises have not been a rare phenomenon throughout the years. The area where this country is located doubtlessly makes it a geographical, economic and geopolitical unique centre. In such circumstances, complemented with the great progress of technological-technical development, the Republic of North Macedonia has decided to join the countries which have agreed to a common approach in the realization of common interest – disaster risk reduction.

Soil is used as a building material in different parts of the world. Earth construction, with the least demand for resources, is economically the most efficient means for house construction in developing countries. The recent flood in Kerala (August 2018) resulted in a huge loss of lives, many lost their homes, houses partially destructed, landslides occurred, many animals died. The overall effect was devastating. Post-flood Kerala saw huge deposits of waste and clayey soil accumulated in lands, which needs to be cleared and life should be brought back to normal. Why can't we use these deposits as raw material for construction? To study this possibility, deposited soil from the areas of Periyar, Kerala, where the most amount of deposits were found and several tests were conducted on it to check its efficiency. Different types of blocks were prepared from this soil with and without adding stabilizers. Tests such as compressive strength and total water absorption were conducted on these blocks to evaluate their strength and durability. Finally, the values and properties of prepared sample blocks were compared and its efficiency to be used as a construction block is proved. The block can be made in low-cost and is energy efficient. This paper is a review of the construction of such clay blocks produced from flood deposits. It's an overview to demonstrate the scope of building walling using these clay bricks. Its advantages are realized in terms of rescuing the heritage and as a rediscovered environmentally friendly building material.

Singapore in the 1950s was a deeply divided society. Struggling to recover from the hardships of the Second World War and fighting an internal battle that the British government termed an 'emergency', it was a time of hardship, tension, and anxiety. In the midst of this crisis, Singapore's inhabitants continued to manage the natural elements of their climate and environment, especially the dangerous combination of heavy monsoonal rains, low-lying marshland, and tidal flooding. This article examines the circumstances surrounding a particularly severe episode of flooding that occurred in December 1954. It explores how the flood's impact was exacerbated by human exigencies, especially recent government resettlement plans and infrastructural weaknesses. In line with the themes of this special issue, it explores the notion of 'justice' during a disaster. In this case, justice was intimately related to political agency, social vulnerability and resilience. Viewed in this way, the flood story can be used as a lens into the wider socio-political contexts of the time.