Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos individualių ir organizacinių veiksnių sąsajos su patyčiomis darbe ir ... more Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos individualių ir organizacinių veiksnių sąsajos su patyčiomis darbe ir įvertinama veiksnių svarba aiškinant patyčių darbe reiškinį Lietuvos darbuotojų grupėje. Rezultatai atskleidžia didesnę organizacinių veiksnių svarbą ir iš dalies patvirtina H. Leymann (1996) darbo aplinkos hipotezę.
Theoretical arguments suggest that transformational leaders deter work harassment by facilitating... more Theoretical arguments suggest that transformational leaders deter work harassment by facilitating a moral and ethical environment, by effectively managing stress and employee conflicts, by addressing self-worth of the followers, and by facilitating the core job characteristics of autonomy, feedback, and task identity. In the present study we investigated the potential effect of transformational leadership and the core job characteristics as deterrents of workplace harassment. The findings in a sample of 320 employees demonstrated that the probability to report elevated levels of work harassment was negatively related to transformational leadership. In addition, the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace harassment decreased when three job characteristics were included in the analysis. The mediation analysis in process (Hayes, 2012) indicated that only autonomy partially explained the indirect relationship between transformational leadership and harassment. The present study demonstrated that a transformational leader facilitates autonomy and provides employees with the resources of independence and power. This deters work harassment, because the target does not appear in an inferior position in comparison with the instigator.
Keywords: Work harassment; Transformational leadership; Core job characteristics
The complexity of the workplace bullying phenomenon is reflected by various interpretations of it... more The complexity of the workplace bullying phenomenon is reflected by various interpretations of its underlying factors following different theoretical approaches. However, the field of workplace bullying is lacking of a holistic view towards antecedents of the phenomenon. Individual Psychology seems to be a useful theory to explain the underlying factors of workplace bullying, because it provides insights related to dysfunctional behavior, principles for successful implementation of the work task, the impact of the social context and viewing the individual from a holistic perspective. The goal in the present manuscript is to explain the underlying factors of workplace bullying based on the Individual Psychology principles of family of origin, belonging, inferiority and superiority dynamics, social interest, lifestyle, and social context of an organization. Keywords: workplace bullying, Individual Psychology, lifestyle, conflict/problem solving, transformational leader, organizational culture
Patyčių darbe reiškiniu pradėta domėtis prieš daugiau kaip trisdešimt metų, tačiau šioje tyrimų k... more Patyčių darbe reiškiniu pradėta domėtis prieš daugiau kaip trisdešimt metų, tačiau šioje tyrimų kryptyje vis dar egzistuoja keletas esminių problemų ir tyrimais neatsakytų klausimų. Pavyzdžiui, iki šiol nėra identifikuotas tiksliausias reiškinio apibrėžimas; mokslinėje literatūroje vartojami skirtingi terminai apibūdinantys panašų ar net tą patį reiškinį; nėra nustatyti vieningi reiškinio įvertinimo kriterijai ir metodai. Be to, patyčių darbe reiškinys, būdamas vienas svarbiausių stresą darbe keliančių veiksnių, įtakojančių darbuotojų sveikatą ir organizacijų efektyvumą, nusipelnė išskirtinio tyrėjų ir praktikų dėmesio analizuojant reiškinio priežastis (t.y. rizikos ir saugos veiksnius), kurių supratimas gali būti naudingas formuluojant patyčių darbe prevenciją. Straipsnio tikslas - išanalizuoti patyčių darbe sampratą, paplitimą, pasekmes ir priežastis. Straipsnio tikslas pasiekiamas per reiškinio elementų analizę, vystymosi etapų aptarimą, skirtumų ir panašumų su artimais reiškiniais analizę, reiškinio įvertinimo galimybių aptarimą, patyčių darbe paplitimo ir rizikos grupių pristatymą, pasekmių asmeniui ir organizacijai analizę bei pagrindinių reiškinio priežasčių identifikavimą.
Raktiniai žodžiai: patyčios darbe, samprata, paplitimas, pasekmės, priežastys
Despite a number of studies in the field of job satisfaction, there are still some problematic ar... more Despite a number of studies in the field of job satisfaction, there are still some problematic areas left. A question, which still lacks explanation, is whether specific sample may be evaluated using instruments which were primarily developed based on a different type of a sample than the one under research. With regard to the problematic area, we generated the purpose for our research. The purpose of the present study is to examine Job Satisfaction Survey’s (JSS) relevance for estimation of job satisfaction in teacher population. Results of the standard Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the teachers’ sample did not support the existence of 9 facets, suggesting that some of the JSS’s scales do not reflect teachers’ job satisfaction. The best model in the present study was determined to be a three facet model, including promotion, supervision and nature of work. The obtained research results, limitations and recommendations are discussed. Keywords: Job Satisfaction Survey, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Teachers
Previous research findings on work harassment and personality do not answer the question on how t... more Previous research findings on work harassment and personality do not answer the question on how the lifestyle construct (as presented by A. Adler) is related to the individual’s experience of workplace harassment. In fact to date there are no statistical studies related to workplace harassment and lifestyle reported in the literature. In the present study, it is hypothesized that research on one’s lifestyle that is developed in early childhood may reveal some important additive information related to the lifestyle dynamics of potential victims of workplace harassment. To assess the dynamics of workplace harassment and lifestyle, the Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success Form-A (BASIS-A) (Wheeler, Kern & Curlette, 1993), Work Harassment Scale (WHS) (Björkqvist & Österman, 1992), and a demographic survey were administered to a sample of 320 employees from three organizations located in a metro area of Lithuania. The logistic regression analysis was performed including a binary variable of work harassment, whereas, the two groups were formed based on the mean score of work harassment (the group of lower work harassment ≤11 (N=195); the group of higher work harassment >11 (N=109)). Results of a logistic regression analysis of the data set indicated that three of the five major scales of the BASIS-A: Taking Charge, Wanting Recognition, and Being Cautious were significantly related to work harassment as reported by employees on the WHS. Discussions and conclusions support some of the other research findings related to personality attributes of the potential victim, but provide additional information indicating that positive lifestyle attributes may also become problematic when the individual is placed in a stressful work environment.
Keywords: life style, personality, work task, work harassment, potential victim
Summary. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among colleagues’ harassment, emoti... more Summary. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among colleagues’ harassment, emotional exhaustion, and sickness absence with a sample of teachers. Material and methods. The sample consisted of 351 teachers from 8 secondary schools in Kaunas. Instruments used in the study included the Work Harassment Scale (WHS) developed by Björkqvist and Österman (1992), the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (the MBI-ES) by Maslach et al. (1996), and a questionnaire of demographic information. Results. Data analysis indicated that a higher level of work harassment was related to higher emotional exhaustion. Regression analysis findings indicated that a higher level of emotional exhaustion was related to higher levels of disruption, humiliation, alienation, and indignity. Teachers who observed harassment reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Respondents who missed work due to illness reported higher levels of disruption on the WHS. Conclusions. The study indicated that work harassment could be an important aspect in teacher’s health. The seriousness of the work harassment phenomenon may be supported by the results showing that teachers who witnessed others being harassed experienced a higher level of emotional exhaustion. The phenomenon appears to be an area that requires additional research. Key words: work harassment; emotional exhaustion; sickness absence; teachers.
Tyrimo tikslas. Straipsnyje analizuojami subjektyviai suvokiamo priekabiavimo reiškinio ry... more Tyrimo tikslas. Straipsnyje analizuojami subjektyviai suvokiamo priekabiavimo reiškinio ryšiai su mokytojų pasitenkinimu darbu. Metodai. Priekabiavimo darbe analizei naudota priekabiavimo darbe skalė (WHS, Björkqvist, Österman, 1992). Pasitenkinimo darbu analizei naudotasi pasitenkinimo darbu klausimynu (JSS, Spector, 1985). Ištirti 99 mokytojai iš Kauno vidurinių mokyklų. Rezultatai, išvados. Aukštesnį priekabiavimo lygį jaučiantys mokytojai yra mažiau patenkinti darbu: didesnis priekabiavimas darbe susijęs su mažesniu pasitenkinimu vadovu, mažesniu pasitenkinimu nenumatytais apdovanojimais, darbo sąlygomis, bendradarbiais, darbo pobūdžiu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: priekabiavimas darbe, pasitenkinimas darbu, mokytojai
Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos individualių ir organizacinių veiksnių sąsajos su patyčiomis darbe ir ... more Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos individualių ir organizacinių veiksnių sąsajos su patyčiomis darbe ir įvertinama veiksnių svarba aiškinant patyčių darbe reiškinį Lietuvos darbuotojų grupėje. Rezultatai atskleidžia didesnę organizacinių veiksnių svarbą ir iš dalies patvirtina H. Leymann (1996) darbo aplinkos hipotezę.
Theoretical arguments suggest that transformational leaders deter work harassment by facilitating... more Theoretical arguments suggest that transformational leaders deter work harassment by facilitating a moral and ethical environment, by effectively managing stress and employee conflicts, by addressing self-worth of the followers, and by facilitating the core job characteristics of autonomy, feedback, and task identity. In the present study we investigated the potential effect of transformational leadership and the core job characteristics as deterrents of workplace harassment. The findings in a sample of 320 employees demonstrated that the probability to report elevated levels of work harassment was negatively related to transformational leadership. In addition, the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace harassment decreased when three job characteristics were included in the analysis. The mediation analysis in process (Hayes, 2012) indicated that only autonomy partially explained the indirect relationship between transformational leadership and harassment. The present study demonstrated that a transformational leader facilitates autonomy and provides employees with the resources of independence and power. This deters work harassment, because the target does not appear in an inferior position in comparison with the instigator.
Keywords: Work harassment; Transformational leadership; Core job characteristics
The complexity of the workplace bullying phenomenon is reflected by various interpretations of it... more The complexity of the workplace bullying phenomenon is reflected by various interpretations of its underlying factors following different theoretical approaches. However, the field of workplace bullying is lacking of a holistic view towards antecedents of the phenomenon. Individual Psychology seems to be a useful theory to explain the underlying factors of workplace bullying, because it provides insights related to dysfunctional behavior, principles for successful implementation of the work task, the impact of the social context and viewing the individual from a holistic perspective. The goal in the present manuscript is to explain the underlying factors of workplace bullying based on the Individual Psychology principles of family of origin, belonging, inferiority and superiority dynamics, social interest, lifestyle, and social context of an organization. Keywords: workplace bullying, Individual Psychology, lifestyle, conflict/problem solving, transformational leader, organizational culture
Patyčių darbe reiškiniu pradėta domėtis prieš daugiau kaip trisdešimt metų, tačiau šioje tyrimų k... more Patyčių darbe reiškiniu pradėta domėtis prieš daugiau kaip trisdešimt metų, tačiau šioje tyrimų kryptyje vis dar egzistuoja keletas esminių problemų ir tyrimais neatsakytų klausimų. Pavyzdžiui, iki šiol nėra identifikuotas tiksliausias reiškinio apibrėžimas; mokslinėje literatūroje vartojami skirtingi terminai apibūdinantys panašų ar net tą patį reiškinį; nėra nustatyti vieningi reiškinio įvertinimo kriterijai ir metodai. Be to, patyčių darbe reiškinys, būdamas vienas svarbiausių stresą darbe keliančių veiksnių, įtakojančių darbuotojų sveikatą ir organizacijų efektyvumą, nusipelnė išskirtinio tyrėjų ir praktikų dėmesio analizuojant reiškinio priežastis (t.y. rizikos ir saugos veiksnius), kurių supratimas gali būti naudingas formuluojant patyčių darbe prevenciją. Straipsnio tikslas - išanalizuoti patyčių darbe sampratą, paplitimą, pasekmes ir priežastis. Straipsnio tikslas pasiekiamas per reiškinio elementų analizę, vystymosi etapų aptarimą, skirtumų ir panašumų su artimais reiškiniais analizę, reiškinio įvertinimo galimybių aptarimą, patyčių darbe paplitimo ir rizikos grupių pristatymą, pasekmių asmeniui ir organizacijai analizę bei pagrindinių reiškinio priežasčių identifikavimą.
Raktiniai žodžiai: patyčios darbe, samprata, paplitimas, pasekmės, priežastys
Despite a number of studies in the field of job satisfaction, there are still some problematic ar... more Despite a number of studies in the field of job satisfaction, there are still some problematic areas left. A question, which still lacks explanation, is whether specific sample may be evaluated using instruments which were primarily developed based on a different type of a sample than the one under research. With regard to the problematic area, we generated the purpose for our research. The purpose of the present study is to examine Job Satisfaction Survey’s (JSS) relevance for estimation of job satisfaction in teacher population. Results of the standard Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the teachers’ sample did not support the existence of 9 facets, suggesting that some of the JSS’s scales do not reflect teachers’ job satisfaction. The best model in the present study was determined to be a three facet model, including promotion, supervision and nature of work. The obtained research results, limitations and recommendations are discussed. Keywords: Job Satisfaction Survey, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Teachers
Previous research findings on work harassment and personality do not answer the question on how t... more Previous research findings on work harassment and personality do not answer the question on how the lifestyle construct (as presented by A. Adler) is related to the individual’s experience of workplace harassment. In fact to date there are no statistical studies related to workplace harassment and lifestyle reported in the literature. In the present study, it is hypothesized that research on one’s lifestyle that is developed in early childhood may reveal some important additive information related to the lifestyle dynamics of potential victims of workplace harassment. To assess the dynamics of workplace harassment and lifestyle, the Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success Form-A (BASIS-A) (Wheeler, Kern & Curlette, 1993), Work Harassment Scale (WHS) (Björkqvist & Österman, 1992), and a demographic survey were administered to a sample of 320 employees from three organizations located in a metro area of Lithuania. The logistic regression analysis was performed including a binary variable of work harassment, whereas, the two groups were formed based on the mean score of work harassment (the group of lower work harassment ≤11 (N=195); the group of higher work harassment >11 (N=109)). Results of a logistic regression analysis of the data set indicated that three of the five major scales of the BASIS-A: Taking Charge, Wanting Recognition, and Being Cautious were significantly related to work harassment as reported by employees on the WHS. Discussions and conclusions support some of the other research findings related to personality attributes of the potential victim, but provide additional information indicating that positive lifestyle attributes may also become problematic when the individual is placed in a stressful work environment.
Keywords: life style, personality, work task, work harassment, potential victim
Summary. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among colleagues’ harassment, emoti... more Summary. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among colleagues’ harassment, emotional exhaustion, and sickness absence with a sample of teachers. Material and methods. The sample consisted of 351 teachers from 8 secondary schools in Kaunas. Instruments used in the study included the Work Harassment Scale (WHS) developed by Björkqvist and Österman (1992), the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (the MBI-ES) by Maslach et al. (1996), and a questionnaire of demographic information. Results. Data analysis indicated that a higher level of work harassment was related to higher emotional exhaustion. Regression analysis findings indicated that a higher level of emotional exhaustion was related to higher levels of disruption, humiliation, alienation, and indignity. Teachers who observed harassment reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Respondents who missed work due to illness reported higher levels of disruption on the WHS. Conclusions. The study indicated that work harassment could be an important aspect in teacher’s health. The seriousness of the work harassment phenomenon may be supported by the results showing that teachers who witnessed others being harassed experienced a higher level of emotional exhaustion. The phenomenon appears to be an area that requires additional research. Key words: work harassment; emotional exhaustion; sickness absence; teachers.
Tyrimo tikslas. Straipsnyje analizuojami subjektyviai suvokiamo priekabiavimo reiškinio ry... more Tyrimo tikslas. Straipsnyje analizuojami subjektyviai suvokiamo priekabiavimo reiškinio ryšiai su mokytojų pasitenkinimu darbu. Metodai. Priekabiavimo darbe analizei naudota priekabiavimo darbe skalė (WHS, Björkqvist, Österman, 1992). Pasitenkinimo darbu analizei naudotasi pasitenkinimo darbu klausimynu (JSS, Spector, 1985). Ištirti 99 mokytojai iš Kauno vidurinių mokyklų. Rezultatai, išvados. Aukštesnį priekabiavimo lygį jaučiantys mokytojai yra mažiau patenkinti darbu: didesnis priekabiavimas darbe susijęs su mažesniu pasitenkinimu vadovu, mažesniu pasitenkinimu nenumatytais apdovanojimais, darbo sąlygomis, bendradarbiais, darbo pobūdžiu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: priekabiavimas darbe, pasitenkinimas darbu, mokytojai
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Papers by Milda (Astrauskaite) Perminiene
Keywords: Work harassment; Transformational leadership; Core job characteristics
Keywords: workplace bullying, Individual Psychology, lifestyle, conflict/problem solving, transformational leader, organizational culture
Raktiniai žodžiai: patyčios darbe, samprata, paplitimas, pasekmės, priežastys
The purpose of the present study is to examine Job Satisfaction Survey’s (JSS) relevance for estimation of job satisfaction in teacher population.
Results of the standard Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the teachers’ sample did not support the existence of 9 facets, suggesting that some of the JSS’s scales do not reflect teachers’ job satisfaction. The best model in the present study was determined to be a three facet model, including promotion, supervision and nature of work. The obtained research results, limitations and recommendations are discussed.
Keywords: Job Satisfaction Survey, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Teachers
Keywords: life style, personality, work task, work harassment, potential victim
Material and methods. The sample consisted of 351 teachers from 8 secondary schools in Kaunas. Instruments used in the study included the Work Harassment Scale (WHS) developed by Björkqvist and Österman (1992), the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (the MBI-ES) by Maslach et al. (1996), and a questionnaire of demographic information.
Results. Data analysis indicated that a higher level of work harassment was related to higher emotional exhaustion. Regression analysis findings indicated that a higher level of emotional exhaustion was related to higher levels of disruption, humiliation, alienation, and indignity. Teachers who observed harassment reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Respondents who missed work due to illness reported higher levels of disruption on the WHS.
Conclusions. The study indicated that work harassment could be an important aspect in teacher’s health. The seriousness of the work harassment phenomenon may be supported by the results showing that teachers who witnessed others being harassed experienced a higher level of emotional exhaustion. The phenomenon appears to be an area that requires additional research.
Key words: work harassment; emotional exhaustion; sickness absence; teachers.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: priekabiavimas darbe, pasitenkinimas darbu, mokytojai
Keywords: Work harassment; Transformational leadership; Core job characteristics
Keywords: workplace bullying, Individual Psychology, lifestyle, conflict/problem solving, transformational leader, organizational culture
Raktiniai žodžiai: patyčios darbe, samprata, paplitimas, pasekmės, priežastys
The purpose of the present study is to examine Job Satisfaction Survey’s (JSS) relevance for estimation of job satisfaction in teacher population.
Results of the standard Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the teachers’ sample did not support the existence of 9 facets, suggesting that some of the JSS’s scales do not reflect teachers’ job satisfaction. The best model in the present study was determined to be a three facet model, including promotion, supervision and nature of work. The obtained research results, limitations and recommendations are discussed.
Keywords: Job Satisfaction Survey, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Teachers
Keywords: life style, personality, work task, work harassment, potential victim
Material and methods. The sample consisted of 351 teachers from 8 secondary schools in Kaunas. Instruments used in the study included the Work Harassment Scale (WHS) developed by Björkqvist and Österman (1992), the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (the MBI-ES) by Maslach et al. (1996), and a questionnaire of demographic information.
Results. Data analysis indicated that a higher level of work harassment was related to higher emotional exhaustion. Regression analysis findings indicated that a higher level of emotional exhaustion was related to higher levels of disruption, humiliation, alienation, and indignity. Teachers who observed harassment reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Respondents who missed work due to illness reported higher levels of disruption on the WHS.
Conclusions. The study indicated that work harassment could be an important aspect in teacher’s health. The seriousness of the work harassment phenomenon may be supported by the results showing that teachers who witnessed others being harassed experienced a higher level of emotional exhaustion. The phenomenon appears to be an area that requires additional research.
Key words: work harassment; emotional exhaustion; sickness absence; teachers.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: priekabiavimas darbe, pasitenkinimas darbu, mokytojai