The Hittite cuneiform texts dated to the 2nd millennium BCE contain some of the earliest informat... more The Hittite cuneiform texts dated to the 2nd millennium BCE contain some of the earliest information about the production of honey as an economic product and its consumption in daily life, as well as the theological perception of honey bees. Thanks to the information obtained from the texts, the material and spiritual role of apiculture have been tried to be revealed in this paper. According to laws, honey is a commercial product and is traded at a value. In addition, apiculture is a profession made with expert knowledge and the right of ownership of the honey bee colony and hive associated with this profession is legally protected. In the texts giving information about culinary knowledge, honey is added to bread as a sweetening product and used in the production of various sauces and some beverages. The aromatic properties of honey are also known. In this context, it is included in the mixtures used for incense in rituals. Also in rituals, some of its qualities were used in analogical spells. In mythological/religious texts, the honey bee is a creature that brings abundance and fertility in spring. In this context, it plays an important role in myths of finding the Disappearing Gods, the symbol of fertility. At the same time, it represents fertility, peace, and reconciliation as a creature associated with the Sun Goddess of the Earth, another symbol of fertility.
Evidence of systematic astronomical observation and the impact of celestial knowledge on culture ... more Evidence of systematic astronomical observation and the impact of celestial knowledge on culture is plentiful in the Bronze Age societies of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Europe. An interest in astral phenomena is also reflected in Hittite documents, architecture and art. The rock-cut reliefs of 64 deities in the main chamber of Yazılıkaya, a Hittite rock sanctuary associated with Ḫattuša, the Hittite capital in central Anatolia, can be broken into groups marking days, synodic months and solar years. Here, we suggest that the sanctuary in its entirety represents a symbolic image of the cosmos, including its static levels (earth, sky, underworld) and the cyclical processes of renewal and rebirth (day/night, lunar phases, summer/winter). Static levels and celestial cyclicities are emphasised throughout the sanctuary - every single relief relates to this system. We interpret the central panel with the supreme deities, at the far north end of Chamber A, as a reference to the northern stars, the circumpolar realm and the world axis. Chamber B seems to symbolise the netherworld.
Öz
Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihç... more Öz Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihçiler yazın gerçekleştirilen tarımsal faaliyetler için kullanılan BURU 14 kelimesinin aynı zamanda yaz mevsimi için de kullanıldığını iddia etmişlerdir. Bu makalenin amacı Hitit takviminde ayların sıralanışını açıklayarak söz konusu öneriyi desteklemek ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerine ilişkin tespitler yapmaktır. Ayrıca Anadolu'daki geleneksel halk takvimlerinde kullanılan terminoloji ile yaz mevsimine ilişkin Hititçe metinlerde kullanılan kelimeler arasındaki benzerliklere dikkat çekmektir. Zira Anadolu halk takvimlerinde hasat zamanı olarak adlandırılan dönem Hitit takviminde benzer bir isimle anılıyor ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini gösteriyor olabilir. Anahtar Kelime: Hitit, çivi yazılı metinler, yaz mevsimi, BURU 14 , Anadolu, halk takvimi
Abstract There is an uncertainty about the naming or presence of summer season in Hittite cuneiform texts. However, some scholars claimed that certain agricultural activities in summer written as BURU 14 in Hittite cuneiform texts indicate the summer period. The purpose of this article is to support this argument by explaining the sequence of the months in the Hittite calendar and to make determinations about the start and end dates of the summer season. It is also to draw attention to the similarities between the terminology used for the summer in traditional calendars in Anatolia and the words used for the summer period in the Hittite cuneiform texts. The period called harvest time in Anatolian traditional calendars may be referred to by a similar name in the Hittite calendar and it may indicate the beginning and end dates of the summer season.
Localization of Azzi-Hayaša Land mentioned in Hittite
cuneiform texts dated 2nd millennium BC is ... more Localization of Azzi-Hayaša Land mentioned in Hittite cuneiform texts dated 2nd millennium BC is not certain. This land equates generally some part of Eastern Black Sea region, but the determinations about this topic are mostly a statement of personal opinion, The purpose of this article is to examine Hittite cuneiform texts which provide information on the subject-matter and to strengthen the argument that Eastern Anatolia (region between Erzurum and Lake Van) may be more suitable for Azzi-Hayaša Land. It will also be pointed out that, in terms of contributing to the subject, the archaeological evidences related cultural and political conditions of the region and dated in the Late Bronze Age, are similar features with the Hittite cuneiform texts.
Özet
Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. A... more Özet Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. Ancak bu bitki ismi tek bir bitkiyi ifade etmiyor olabilir. Sumer ve Akad dillerindeki karşılıkları ve Hititçe metinlerde kelimenin siyah ve beyaz olmak üzere iki farklı sıfat ile birlikte kullanılması dikkate alındığında kelimenin farklı iki bitkiyi ifade ediyor olabileceğine dikkat edilmelidir. kappani-bitkisinin " siyah " olarak nitelendirilen türü kullanım tarzı bakımından " beyaz " olarak nitelendirilen türü ile uyuşmaz. Siyah kappani kelimesi yeniden değerlendirilirse, kelimenin çörek otuna atfen kullanıldığı fark edilebilir. Abstract kappani-mentioned in Hittite texts are traditionally translated as cumin. However, this plant name may not mean as single plant. It can be seen that the name used for two plants in Hittite texts considering Sumerian and Akkadian equivalent and to use with two different adjectives as white and black. Moreover described as black of kappani-plant is different than described as white in terms of use of style. Therefore, if black kappani- plant name is re-evaluated, it can be noticed that the name is used for nigella.
Öz
Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin... more Öz Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin özellikle tohumu günlük yaşamda yakın zamana dek kullanılmıştır. Ancak keten tohumuna Hititçe metinlerde rastlanmamıştır. Eski Yakın Doğu çalışmalarında olduğu gibi susam ve keten arasındaki benzerliğin bu duruma neden olduğu söylenebilir. Hititçe metinlerde geçen ve genellikle susam ile ilişkilendirilen Sümerce ve Akadca birtakım kelimelerin keten tohumu olarak okunabileceklerine dikkat edilmelidir. Abstract One of the most widely used vegetables from Neolithic Age is flax in Anatolia. Especially linseed is used in Daily life until recently. However linseed is not found in Hittite Texts. It is said that the similarities between sesame and flax have caused this situation in analogy to the Ancient Near Eastern studies. It should be noted that some Sumerian and Akkadian words mentioned in Hittite texts associated sesame can be read as linseed.
Due to the lack of adequate information, there is no an attempt to make a Hittite cultic calendar... more Due to the lack of adequate information, there is no an attempt to make a Hittite cultic calendar. But, festivals associated with the agricultural cycle for the Hittite cultic calendar can be taken into account. There were numerous festivals in Hittite Anatolia during the second millennium BC. While some of these festivals took more than one month, some were taking in a few hours. Typically, Hittite festivals have spiritual characteristics and consist of libations for different types of gods. It is possible to make a cultic calendar considering the distribution of festivals during the year. Most of the festivals are taking place in autumn and spring. Therefore, it may be said that Hittite festivals are connected with the agricultural cycle. The spring feats in the beginning of agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "seed" and the autumn feats in the end of the agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "harvest". This situation indicates that the Hittite cultic calendar has an economic aspect. The gods in the Hittite pantheon represent natural events that determine agricultural activities. For this reason it can be said that the agricultural cycle formed the Hittite cultic calendar
Hitit Devleti'nin kuzey sınırlarında yaşayan Kaškalar hakkında yeterince bilgi yoktur. Hititçe çi... more Hitit Devleti'nin kuzey sınırlarında yaşayan Kaškalar hakkında yeterince bilgi yoktur. Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerden elde edilen bilgilere göre bu halklar yerleşik yaşama henüz geçememiş, yağmacı ve barbar kabilelerdir. Ancak bu bilgilerin doğruluğu yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışma içerisinde, Hitit kaynaklarından alınan bilgiler yine aynı kaynaklardan alınan aksi bilgilerle kıyaslanarak konu ile ilgili bazı tespitler yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Neticede bu halkın en azından bir kısmının yerleşik yaşam koşullarını benimsemiş, üretim yapan bir cemiyet olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle Kaškalar da Ana-dolu'daki diğer toplumlar kadar dönemin şartları içerisinde uygarlıktan nasiplenmiş bir halk olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Abstract There is not enough informations about Kaškas living in the North of the Hittite State. According to the information obtained from the Hittite cuneiform texts, these people are nomadic, grabber and barbaric tribes. However, the accuracy of this information has not been investigated enough. In this study, informations that collected from the Hittite sources are compared with the adverse informations that collected from the same sources and tried to make some determinations about the subject. As a result, understood that at least portion of these people are community that have settled life and producing. For this reason, should be evaluated that Kashkans are as a people, civilized the period up to other communities in Anatolia. Giriş M.Ö. II. binyıl Anadolu'sunda varlıklarını hissettiren en önemli halk hiç şüp-hesiz Hititler'dir. Anadolu'ya merkezi devlet geleneğini kazandırmış olan bu halk sadece siyasi değil aynı zamanda kültürel açıdan da yaşadığı toprakla-ra değer katmıştır. Yazı, bu değerler içerisinde elbette ki en kıymetli olanıdır. Anadolu'da çivi yazısının kullanımını yaygınlaştıran Hititler, bu sayede sadece kendileri hakkında değil aynı coğrafyayı paylaşmış olduğu diğer halklar hak-kında da önemli ve hatta yegâne bilgileri vermektedir. Söz konusu binyıl içe-risinde Anadolu'da yaşayan ancak yazıyı kullanmadığı düşünülen Kaškalar da,
Kumarbi Efsanesi ile bu efsanenin devamı niteliğindeki Ullikummi Şarkısı, Hurri/Hitit edebiyatını... more Kumarbi Efsanesi ile bu efsanenin devamı niteliğindeki Ullikummi Şarkısı, Hurri/Hitit edebiyatının en önemli örnekleri arasındadır. Bu efsaneler bir silsile halinde devam eden ve tanrısal iktidarları konu alan kurgusu ile dikkat çekicidir. Bu kurgu, efsanenin kabul görmüş olduğu coğrafyadaki halkın zirai faaliyetleri ile ilişkili izler taşıyor olabilir. Tanrılar, yılın belli dönemlerinin, özellikle de tarım ile şekillenmiş olan mevsimsel döngülerin kişileştirilmiş halleri olabilir mi? Anahtar Kelimeler; Kumarbi Efsanesi, Ullikummi Şarkısı, Hititçe, Hurri Edebiyatı, Tarım Abstract A Discussion Note About The Kumarbi Myth and The Song of Ullikummi Mentioned in Hittite Cuneiform Texts Kumarbi Epic and Song of Ullikummi on continuation of Kumarbi Epic are most important examples in Hurrian/Hittite literature. This myths is remarkable for its fiction have in a range of on going divine power. This fiction can be indicate agricultural behaivor of people that lived in the region accepted the myth. Can be gods personified some periods of theye are specially seasonal cycle identified by agricultural practice?
There is a few information about the settlements of Sinop region dated in the Late Bronze Age. Se... more There is a few information about the settlements of Sinop region dated in the Late Bronze Age. Settled life, which began at the region in the Early Chalcolithic Age spread rapidly and continued until the end of Early Bronze Age. However, from the Middle Bronze Age, settlements in the region are rare or abandoned, similar to settlements in East Anatolia, and almost disappeared in the Late Bronze Age. After this period, settled life of the region continued through the Early Iron Age. It is also seen that the settlements are mostly located near the coast in the Late Bronze Age, unlike the previous periods. This situation may indicate that the political or cultural condition in the region has changed. However, due to the lack of archaeological evidence, it can not be understood completely. This period is being tried to be understood with Hittite cuneiform texts. According to these sources, the lifestyle of the people living in the region is similar to the features of the Late Bronze Age settlements. With regard to the topic, the question arises whether the people living on the northern border of Hittite Empire can be immigrants or not.
The Hittite cuneiform texts dated to the 2nd millennium BCE contain some of the earliest informat... more The Hittite cuneiform texts dated to the 2nd millennium BCE contain some of the earliest information about the production of honey as an economic product and its consumption in daily life, as well as the theological perception of honey bees. Thanks to the information obtained from the texts, the material and spiritual role of apiculture have been tried to be revealed in this paper. According to laws, honey is a commercial product and is traded at a value. In addition, apiculture is a profession made with expert knowledge and the right of ownership of the honey bee colony and hive associated with this profession is legally protected. In the texts giving information about culinary knowledge, honey is added to bread as a sweetening product and used in the production of various sauces and some beverages. The aromatic properties of honey are also known. In this context, it is included in the mixtures used for incense in rituals. Also in rituals, some of its qualities were used in analogical spells. In mythological/religious texts, the honey bee is a creature that brings abundance and fertility in spring. In this context, it plays an important role in myths of finding the Disappearing Gods, the symbol of fertility. At the same time, it represents fertility, peace, and reconciliation as a creature associated with the Sun Goddess of the Earth, another symbol of fertility.
Evidence of systematic astronomical observation and the impact of celestial knowledge on culture ... more Evidence of systematic astronomical observation and the impact of celestial knowledge on culture is plentiful in the Bronze Age societies of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Europe. An interest in astral phenomena is also reflected in Hittite documents, architecture and art. The rock-cut reliefs of 64 deities in the main chamber of Yazılıkaya, a Hittite rock sanctuary associated with Ḫattuša, the Hittite capital in central Anatolia, can be broken into groups marking days, synodic months and solar years. Here, we suggest that the sanctuary in its entirety represents a symbolic image of the cosmos, including its static levels (earth, sky, underworld) and the cyclical processes of renewal and rebirth (day/night, lunar phases, summer/winter). Static levels and celestial cyclicities are emphasised throughout the sanctuary - every single relief relates to this system. We interpret the central panel with the supreme deities, at the far north end of Chamber A, as a reference to the northern stars, the circumpolar realm and the world axis. Chamber B seems to symbolise the netherworld.
Öz
Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihç... more Öz Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihçiler yazın gerçekleştirilen tarımsal faaliyetler için kullanılan BURU 14 kelimesinin aynı zamanda yaz mevsimi için de kullanıldığını iddia etmişlerdir. Bu makalenin amacı Hitit takviminde ayların sıralanışını açıklayarak söz konusu öneriyi desteklemek ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerine ilişkin tespitler yapmaktır. Ayrıca Anadolu'daki geleneksel halk takvimlerinde kullanılan terminoloji ile yaz mevsimine ilişkin Hititçe metinlerde kullanılan kelimeler arasındaki benzerliklere dikkat çekmektir. Zira Anadolu halk takvimlerinde hasat zamanı olarak adlandırılan dönem Hitit takviminde benzer bir isimle anılıyor ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini gösteriyor olabilir. Anahtar Kelime: Hitit, çivi yazılı metinler, yaz mevsimi, BURU 14 , Anadolu, halk takvimi
Abstract There is an uncertainty about the naming or presence of summer season in Hittite cuneiform texts. However, some scholars claimed that certain agricultural activities in summer written as BURU 14 in Hittite cuneiform texts indicate the summer period. The purpose of this article is to support this argument by explaining the sequence of the months in the Hittite calendar and to make determinations about the start and end dates of the summer season. It is also to draw attention to the similarities between the terminology used for the summer in traditional calendars in Anatolia and the words used for the summer period in the Hittite cuneiform texts. The period called harvest time in Anatolian traditional calendars may be referred to by a similar name in the Hittite calendar and it may indicate the beginning and end dates of the summer season.
Localization of Azzi-Hayaša Land mentioned in Hittite
cuneiform texts dated 2nd millennium BC is ... more Localization of Azzi-Hayaša Land mentioned in Hittite cuneiform texts dated 2nd millennium BC is not certain. This land equates generally some part of Eastern Black Sea region, but the determinations about this topic are mostly a statement of personal opinion, The purpose of this article is to examine Hittite cuneiform texts which provide information on the subject-matter and to strengthen the argument that Eastern Anatolia (region between Erzurum and Lake Van) may be more suitable for Azzi-Hayaša Land. It will also be pointed out that, in terms of contributing to the subject, the archaeological evidences related cultural and political conditions of the region and dated in the Late Bronze Age, are similar features with the Hittite cuneiform texts.
Özet
Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. A... more Özet Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. Ancak bu bitki ismi tek bir bitkiyi ifade etmiyor olabilir. Sumer ve Akad dillerindeki karşılıkları ve Hititçe metinlerde kelimenin siyah ve beyaz olmak üzere iki farklı sıfat ile birlikte kullanılması dikkate alındığında kelimenin farklı iki bitkiyi ifade ediyor olabileceğine dikkat edilmelidir. kappani-bitkisinin " siyah " olarak nitelendirilen türü kullanım tarzı bakımından " beyaz " olarak nitelendirilen türü ile uyuşmaz. Siyah kappani kelimesi yeniden değerlendirilirse, kelimenin çörek otuna atfen kullanıldığı fark edilebilir. Abstract kappani-mentioned in Hittite texts are traditionally translated as cumin. However, this plant name may not mean as single plant. It can be seen that the name used for two plants in Hittite texts considering Sumerian and Akkadian equivalent and to use with two different adjectives as white and black. Moreover described as black of kappani-plant is different than described as white in terms of use of style. Therefore, if black kappani- plant name is re-evaluated, it can be noticed that the name is used for nigella.
Öz
Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin... more Öz Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin özellikle tohumu günlük yaşamda yakın zamana dek kullanılmıştır. Ancak keten tohumuna Hititçe metinlerde rastlanmamıştır. Eski Yakın Doğu çalışmalarında olduğu gibi susam ve keten arasındaki benzerliğin bu duruma neden olduğu söylenebilir. Hititçe metinlerde geçen ve genellikle susam ile ilişkilendirilen Sümerce ve Akadca birtakım kelimelerin keten tohumu olarak okunabileceklerine dikkat edilmelidir. Abstract One of the most widely used vegetables from Neolithic Age is flax in Anatolia. Especially linseed is used in Daily life until recently. However linseed is not found in Hittite Texts. It is said that the similarities between sesame and flax have caused this situation in analogy to the Ancient Near Eastern studies. It should be noted that some Sumerian and Akkadian words mentioned in Hittite texts associated sesame can be read as linseed.
Due to the lack of adequate information, there is no an attempt to make a Hittite cultic calendar... more Due to the lack of adequate information, there is no an attempt to make a Hittite cultic calendar. But, festivals associated with the agricultural cycle for the Hittite cultic calendar can be taken into account. There were numerous festivals in Hittite Anatolia during the second millennium BC. While some of these festivals took more than one month, some were taking in a few hours. Typically, Hittite festivals have spiritual characteristics and consist of libations for different types of gods. It is possible to make a cultic calendar considering the distribution of festivals during the year. Most of the festivals are taking place in autumn and spring. Therefore, it may be said that Hittite festivals are connected with the agricultural cycle. The spring feats in the beginning of agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "seed" and the autumn feats in the end of the agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "harvest". This situation indicates that the Hittite cultic calendar has an economic aspect. The gods in the Hittite pantheon represent natural events that determine agricultural activities. For this reason it can be said that the agricultural cycle formed the Hittite cultic calendar
Hitit Devleti'nin kuzey sınırlarında yaşayan Kaškalar hakkında yeterince bilgi yoktur. Hititçe çi... more Hitit Devleti'nin kuzey sınırlarında yaşayan Kaškalar hakkında yeterince bilgi yoktur. Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerden elde edilen bilgilere göre bu halklar yerleşik yaşama henüz geçememiş, yağmacı ve barbar kabilelerdir. Ancak bu bilgilerin doğruluğu yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışma içerisinde, Hitit kaynaklarından alınan bilgiler yine aynı kaynaklardan alınan aksi bilgilerle kıyaslanarak konu ile ilgili bazı tespitler yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Neticede bu halkın en azından bir kısmının yerleşik yaşam koşullarını benimsemiş, üretim yapan bir cemiyet olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle Kaškalar da Ana-dolu'daki diğer toplumlar kadar dönemin şartları içerisinde uygarlıktan nasiplenmiş bir halk olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Abstract There is not enough informations about Kaškas living in the North of the Hittite State. According to the information obtained from the Hittite cuneiform texts, these people are nomadic, grabber and barbaric tribes. However, the accuracy of this information has not been investigated enough. In this study, informations that collected from the Hittite sources are compared with the adverse informations that collected from the same sources and tried to make some determinations about the subject. As a result, understood that at least portion of these people are community that have settled life and producing. For this reason, should be evaluated that Kashkans are as a people, civilized the period up to other communities in Anatolia. Giriş M.Ö. II. binyıl Anadolu'sunda varlıklarını hissettiren en önemli halk hiç şüp-hesiz Hititler'dir. Anadolu'ya merkezi devlet geleneğini kazandırmış olan bu halk sadece siyasi değil aynı zamanda kültürel açıdan da yaşadığı toprakla-ra değer katmıştır. Yazı, bu değerler içerisinde elbette ki en kıymetli olanıdır. Anadolu'da çivi yazısının kullanımını yaygınlaştıran Hititler, bu sayede sadece kendileri hakkında değil aynı coğrafyayı paylaşmış olduğu diğer halklar hak-kında da önemli ve hatta yegâne bilgileri vermektedir. Söz konusu binyıl içe-risinde Anadolu'da yaşayan ancak yazıyı kullanmadığı düşünülen Kaškalar da,
Kumarbi Efsanesi ile bu efsanenin devamı niteliğindeki Ullikummi Şarkısı, Hurri/Hitit edebiyatını... more Kumarbi Efsanesi ile bu efsanenin devamı niteliğindeki Ullikummi Şarkısı, Hurri/Hitit edebiyatının en önemli örnekleri arasındadır. Bu efsaneler bir silsile halinde devam eden ve tanrısal iktidarları konu alan kurgusu ile dikkat çekicidir. Bu kurgu, efsanenin kabul görmüş olduğu coğrafyadaki halkın zirai faaliyetleri ile ilişkili izler taşıyor olabilir. Tanrılar, yılın belli dönemlerinin, özellikle de tarım ile şekillenmiş olan mevsimsel döngülerin kişileştirilmiş halleri olabilir mi? Anahtar Kelimeler; Kumarbi Efsanesi, Ullikummi Şarkısı, Hititçe, Hurri Edebiyatı, Tarım Abstract A Discussion Note About The Kumarbi Myth and The Song of Ullikummi Mentioned in Hittite Cuneiform Texts Kumarbi Epic and Song of Ullikummi on continuation of Kumarbi Epic are most important examples in Hurrian/Hittite literature. This myths is remarkable for its fiction have in a range of on going divine power. This fiction can be indicate agricultural behaivor of people that lived in the region accepted the myth. Can be gods personified some periods of theye are specially seasonal cycle identified by agricultural practice?
There is a few information about the settlements of Sinop region dated in the Late Bronze Age. Se... more There is a few information about the settlements of Sinop region dated in the Late Bronze Age. Settled life, which began at the region in the Early Chalcolithic Age spread rapidly and continued until the end of Early Bronze Age. However, from the Middle Bronze Age, settlements in the region are rare or abandoned, similar to settlements in East Anatolia, and almost disappeared in the Late Bronze Age. After this period, settled life of the region continued through the Early Iron Age. It is also seen that the settlements are mostly located near the coast in the Late Bronze Age, unlike the previous periods. This situation may indicate that the political or cultural condition in the region has changed. However, due to the lack of archaeological evidence, it can not be understood completely. This period is being tried to be understood with Hittite cuneiform texts. According to these sources, the lifestyle of the people living in the region is similar to the features of the Late Bronze Age settlements. With regard to the topic, the question arises whether the people living on the northern border of Hittite Empire can be immigrants or not.
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Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihçiler yazın gerçekleştirilen tarımsal faaliyetler için kullanılan BURU 14 kelimesinin aynı zamanda yaz mevsimi için de kullanıldığını iddia etmişlerdir. Bu makalenin amacı Hitit takviminde ayların sıralanışını açıklayarak söz konusu öneriyi desteklemek ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerine ilişkin tespitler yapmaktır. Ayrıca Anadolu'daki geleneksel halk takvimlerinde kullanılan terminoloji ile yaz mevsimine ilişkin Hititçe metinlerde kullanılan kelimeler arasındaki benzerliklere dikkat çekmektir. Zira Anadolu halk takvimlerinde hasat zamanı olarak adlandırılan dönem Hitit takviminde benzer bir isimle anılıyor ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini gösteriyor olabilir. Anahtar Kelime: Hitit, çivi yazılı metinler, yaz mevsimi, BURU 14 , Anadolu, halk takvimi
Abstract There is an uncertainty about the naming or presence of summer season in Hittite cuneiform texts. However, some scholars claimed that certain agricultural activities in summer written as BURU 14 in Hittite cuneiform texts indicate the summer period. The purpose of this article is to support this argument by explaining the sequence of the months in the Hittite calendar and to make determinations about the start and end dates of the summer season. It is also to draw attention to the similarities between the terminology used for the summer in traditional calendars in Anatolia and the words used for the summer period in the Hittite cuneiform texts. The period called harvest time in Anatolian traditional calendars may be referred to by a similar name in the Hittite calendar and it may indicate the beginning and end dates of the summer season.
cuneiform texts dated 2nd millennium BC is not certain. This land
equates generally some part of Eastern Black Sea region, but the
determinations about this topic are mostly a statement of personal
opinion, The purpose of this article is to examine Hittite cuneiform
texts which provide information on the subject-matter and to
strengthen the argument that Eastern Anatolia (region between
Erzurum and Lake Van) may be more suitable for Azzi-Hayaša Land.
It will also be pointed out that, in terms of contributing to the subject,
the archaeological evidences related cultural and political conditions
of the region and dated in the Late Bronze Age, are similar features
with the Hittite cuneiform texts.
Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. Ancak bu bitki ismi tek bir bitkiyi ifade etmiyor olabilir. Sumer ve Akad dillerindeki karşılıkları ve Hititçe metinlerde kelimenin siyah ve beyaz olmak üzere iki farklı sıfat ile birlikte kullanılması dikkate alındığında kelimenin farklı iki bitkiyi ifade ediyor olabileceğine dikkat edilmelidir. kappani-bitkisinin " siyah " olarak nitelendirilen türü kullanım tarzı bakımından " beyaz " olarak nitelendirilen türü ile uyuşmaz. Siyah kappani kelimesi yeniden değerlendirilirse, kelimenin çörek otuna atfen kullanıldığı fark edilebilir. Abstract
kappani-mentioned in Hittite texts are traditionally translated as cumin. However, this plant name may not mean as single plant. It can be seen that the name used for two plants in Hittite texts considering Sumerian and Akkadian equivalent and to use with two different adjectives as white and black. Moreover described as black of kappani-plant is different than described as white in terms of use of style. Therefore, if black kappani- plant name is re-evaluated, it can be noticed that the
name is used for nigella.
Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin özellikle tohumu günlük yaşamda yakın zamana dek kullanılmıştır. Ancak keten tohumuna Hititçe metinlerde rastlanmamıştır. Eski Yakın Doğu çalışmalarında olduğu gibi susam ve keten arasındaki benzerliğin bu duruma neden olduğu söylenebilir. Hititçe metinlerde geçen ve genellikle susam ile ilişkilendirilen Sümerce ve Akadca birtakım kelimelerin keten tohumu olarak okunabileceklerine dikkat edilmelidir. Abstract
One of the most widely used vegetables from Neolithic Age is flax in Anatolia. Especially linseed is used in Daily life until recently. However linseed is not found in Hittite Texts. It is said that the similarities between sesame and flax have caused this situation in analogy to the Ancient Near Eastern studies. It should be noted that some Sumerian and Akkadian words mentioned in Hittite texts associated sesame can be read as linseed.
autumn feats in the end of the agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "harvest". This situation indicates that the Hittite cultic calendar has an economic aspect. The gods in the Hittite pantheon represent natural events that determine agricultural activities. For this reason it can be said that the agricultural cycle formed the Hittite cultic calendar
Books by Serkan Demirel
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which began at the region in the Early Chalcolithic Age spread rapidly and continued until the end of Early Bronze
Age. However, from the Middle Bronze Age, settlements in the region are rare or abandoned, similar to settlements
in East Anatolia, and almost disappeared in the Late Bronze Age. After this period, settled life of the region
continued through the Early Iron Age. It is also seen that the settlements are mostly located near the coast in the
Late Bronze Age, unlike the previous periods. This situation may indicate that the political or cultural condition in
the region has changed. However, due to the lack of archaeological evidence, it can not be understood completely.
This period is being tried to be understood with Hittite cuneiform texts. According to these sources, the lifestyle
of the people living in the region is similar to the features of the Late Bronze Age settlements. With regard to the
topic, the question arises whether the people living on the northern border of Hittite Empire can be immigrants
or not.
Hititçe çivi yazılı metinlerde yaz mevsiminin var olup olmadığı belirsizdir. Ancak bazı tarihçiler yazın gerçekleştirilen tarımsal faaliyetler için kullanılan BURU 14 kelimesinin aynı zamanda yaz mevsimi için de kullanıldığını iddia etmişlerdir. Bu makalenin amacı Hitit takviminde ayların sıralanışını açıklayarak söz konusu öneriyi desteklemek ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerine ilişkin tespitler yapmaktır. Ayrıca Anadolu'daki geleneksel halk takvimlerinde kullanılan terminoloji ile yaz mevsimine ilişkin Hititçe metinlerde kullanılan kelimeler arasındaki benzerliklere dikkat çekmektir. Zira Anadolu halk takvimlerinde hasat zamanı olarak adlandırılan dönem Hitit takviminde benzer bir isimle anılıyor ve yaz mevsiminin başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini gösteriyor olabilir. Anahtar Kelime: Hitit, çivi yazılı metinler, yaz mevsimi, BURU 14 , Anadolu, halk takvimi
Abstract There is an uncertainty about the naming or presence of summer season in Hittite cuneiform texts. However, some scholars claimed that certain agricultural activities in summer written as BURU 14 in Hittite cuneiform texts indicate the summer period. The purpose of this article is to support this argument by explaining the sequence of the months in the Hittite calendar and to make determinations about the start and end dates of the summer season. It is also to draw attention to the similarities between the terminology used for the summer in traditional calendars in Anatolia and the words used for the summer period in the Hittite cuneiform texts. The period called harvest time in Anatolian traditional calendars may be referred to by a similar name in the Hittite calendar and it may indicate the beginning and end dates of the summer season.
cuneiform texts dated 2nd millennium BC is not certain. This land
equates generally some part of Eastern Black Sea region, but the
determinations about this topic are mostly a statement of personal
opinion, The purpose of this article is to examine Hittite cuneiform
texts which provide information on the subject-matter and to
strengthen the argument that Eastern Anatolia (region between
Erzurum and Lake Van) may be more suitable for Azzi-Hayaša Land.
It will also be pointed out that, in terms of contributing to the subject,
the archaeological evidences related cultural and political conditions
of the region and dated in the Late Bronze Age, are similar features
with the Hittite cuneiform texts.
Hititçe metinlerle geçen kappani-kelimesi geleneksel çeviride kimyon olarak okunmaktadır. Ancak bu bitki ismi tek bir bitkiyi ifade etmiyor olabilir. Sumer ve Akad dillerindeki karşılıkları ve Hititçe metinlerde kelimenin siyah ve beyaz olmak üzere iki farklı sıfat ile birlikte kullanılması dikkate alındığında kelimenin farklı iki bitkiyi ifade ediyor olabileceğine dikkat edilmelidir. kappani-bitkisinin " siyah " olarak nitelendirilen türü kullanım tarzı bakımından " beyaz " olarak nitelendirilen türü ile uyuşmaz. Siyah kappani kelimesi yeniden değerlendirilirse, kelimenin çörek otuna atfen kullanıldığı fark edilebilir. Abstract
kappani-mentioned in Hittite texts are traditionally translated as cumin. However, this plant name may not mean as single plant. It can be seen that the name used for two plants in Hittite texts considering Sumerian and Akkadian equivalent and to use with two different adjectives as white and black. Moreover described as black of kappani-plant is different than described as white in terms of use of style. Therefore, if black kappani- plant name is re-evaluated, it can be noticed that the
name is used for nigella.
Neolitik Çağ'dan itibaren Anadolu'da en yaygın kullanılan bitkilerden birisi ketendir. Ketenin özellikle tohumu günlük yaşamda yakın zamana dek kullanılmıştır. Ancak keten tohumuna Hititçe metinlerde rastlanmamıştır. Eski Yakın Doğu çalışmalarında olduğu gibi susam ve keten arasındaki benzerliğin bu duruma neden olduğu söylenebilir. Hititçe metinlerde geçen ve genellikle susam ile ilişkilendirilen Sümerce ve Akadca birtakım kelimelerin keten tohumu olarak okunabileceklerine dikkat edilmelidir. Abstract
One of the most widely used vegetables from Neolithic Age is flax in Anatolia. Especially linseed is used in Daily life until recently. However linseed is not found in Hittite Texts. It is said that the similarities between sesame and flax have caused this situation in analogy to the Ancient Near Eastern studies. It should be noted that some Sumerian and Akkadian words mentioned in Hittite texts associated sesame can be read as linseed.
autumn feats in the end of the agricultural activities celebrated for the gods related to "harvest". This situation indicates that the Hittite cultic calendar has an economic aspect. The gods in the Hittite pantheon represent natural events that determine agricultural activities. For this reason it can be said that the agricultural cycle formed the Hittite cultic calendar
which began at the region in the Early Chalcolithic Age spread rapidly and continued until the end of Early Bronze
Age. However, from the Middle Bronze Age, settlements in the region are rare or abandoned, similar to settlements
in East Anatolia, and almost disappeared in the Late Bronze Age. After this period, settled life of the region
continued through the Early Iron Age. It is also seen that the settlements are mostly located near the coast in the
Late Bronze Age, unlike the previous periods. This situation may indicate that the political or cultural condition in
the region has changed. However, due to the lack of archaeological evidence, it can not be understood completely.
This period is being tried to be understood with Hittite cuneiform texts. According to these sources, the lifestyle
of the people living in the region is similar to the features of the Late Bronze Age settlements. With regard to the
topic, the question arises whether the people living on the northern border of Hittite Empire can be immigrants
or not.