Matthew Dal Santo

In this paper I argue that the higher meaning and causality of the Ukraine War is properly theological and historical-philosophical. The consequence if not the aim of the expansion of Western institutions in Eastern Europe is Kantian-inspired secularisation. Whatever the particular strategic calculations the Kremlin entertained in its decision to embark on the invasion of Ukraine, Russian authorities are not wrong to recognise this. While the rhetoric regarding the defence of Holy Rus may be cynically deployed by the same leadership, it is not necessarily a false representation of the meaning of the conflict theologically or philosophical-historically. On the highest level of its meaning, the war is a clash between the West's acquiescence in the atheistic conclusions of nineteenth-century philosophy and the enduring Christian Platonism of Russian culture and civilisation.

This volume focuses on the strategies through which secular and ecclesiastical authorities throughout the early medieval world shaped and exploited Christian culture in their own interests, and the simultaneous attempts of rivals and sceptics to resist that same process.

In 593/594, the emperor Maurice began to suspect that the miraculous profusions of blood at the shrine of Saint Euphemia in Chalcedon were merely “men’s crafty devices.” Only after the tomb had been sealed, and the blood poured forth like never before, was his faith restored. The thesis of this book is that there were many doubters such as Maurice in the early medieval world, and many different kinds of doubt toward the cult of saints. This claim contrasts with the commonly held view of the period in which the cult was (in Peter Brown’s phrase) “part of the religious common sense of the age.” Building on the work of Gilbert Dagron and others, Dal Santo bases his case on an analysis of a wide range of sources spanning several centuries and regions. The work is more ambitious than the rather narrow title suggests, and its implications are likely to reverberate accordingly. Gregory the Great’s Dialogues are the focus of the fi rst two chapters (21– 148). Dal Santo interprets them not as superstitious yarns but as a sophisticated defense of the cult of saints. The Second Dialogue in particular is shown to address quite precisely contemporary skeptics who denied the power of saints to intervene in human aff airs post mortem—more or less the raison d’etre of the institution. That these doubts were not restricted to Italy is shown by comparing the Dialogues to On the State of Souls after Death by Gregory’s contemporary and probable acquaintance Eustratius of Constantinople, a text that refutes doubters in the same way. Such refutations, the argument runs, only make sense because there was a signifi cant section of society who made them necessary. The third chapter (149–236) applies the same logic to hagiography and miracle collections from the sixth and seventh centuries. Here Dal Santo spreads his net impressively wide, showing refutations of doubt to be typical of such literature. Of the surviving thirty-two miracles catalogued in the Miracles of Cosmas and Damian, for example, at least twenty contain some reference to a “crisis of confi dence” that the saints gracefully cured along with physical diseases. Doubts, Dal Santo shows, were not just common; they were extremely diverse in nature. Some doubts were highminded and theological: Were human souls, including those of saints, active after death? Wasn’t it idolatry to pray to them? When saints appeared in dreams, how did one know they weren’t angels in disguise? Sometimes we catch a glimpse of earthier doubters: an Alexandrian noblewoman who asserted that there was no documentary evidence for the existence of Saints Cyrus and John; a doctor who objected that their shrine off ered only conventional Hippocratic cures; more generally “those who believed that everything happened by chance.” Although there is a post-Enlightenment fl avor to some of these doubts, Dal Santo rightly avoids presenting the debate as a confl ict between faith and reason. The cult of saints was often defended with the same “rationalistempiricist hermeneutic” (90) with which it was sometimes contested. What visible proof was there that the soul survived?

... These depict a disciple bearing incense to the saint and a pilgrim kneeling in supplication to him at the foot of the ... See also Belting, Bild und Kult, 117–30; TF Mathews, “The Emperor and the Icon,” in J. Rasmus Brandt, O. Steen, eds., Imperial Art as Christian Art— Christian Art ...

... of saintly veneration Eustratius turned to the incarnation and Christology as it had been defined at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, over ... i]t is very edifying to see men working miracles, for in its citizens on earth we gain a glimpse of the heavenly Jerusalem." 64 In ...