Propaganda
Propaganda[1] (-ae, f. – sc. fides, vocabulum e nomine Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide ortum) est notitia, saepissime detorta et depravata, quae ordine et composite divulgatur eo consilio, ut magna hominum multitudo ad quidlibet credendum aut in desideratum modum cogitandi aut se gerendi adducatur. Propaganda praeconio similis est, sed sensum latiorem habet. Nomen a Congregatione de propaganda fide deductum est, congregatione Ecclesiae Catholicae anno 1622 condita, quae fidem Catholicam per orbem terrarum pandendam curabat. Vox propaganda sensum hodiernum adsumpsit annis 1910 desaeviente primo bello mundano.
Articulus vicesimus Pactionis Internationalis de Iuribus Civilibus et Politicis omnia propaganda bellicosa prohibet.[2]
Licet vocabulo quod est propaganda connotatio valde negativa nunc sit, propter adiunctionem eius cum acerrimis propagandae exemplis (e.g. propaganda nazistarum quae Soa excusandi causa adhibebatur), huius vocabuli sensui primo connotatio illa non erat, et in usu erat ad multis de rebus tractandum, ut puta admonituum ad salutem publicam adtinentium causa, aut in signis quibus cives ad comitia censusve allicerentur, aut ad homines ut scelera vigilibus adferrent hortandos, et sic porro.
Exemplaria
recensere
Chomsky et Herman
recensereExemplar propagandae est theoria ab Eduardo S. Herman et Noam Chomsky prolata, quae systematicas animi propensiones in communicationis socialis mediis inesse arguit, easque causis oeconomicis explandas? habet. Potest fieri ut haec, quae dixit Alexander Carey quaeque Chomsky in epistula quadam iam posuerat, expeditissime rem explicent:
Vicesimum saeculum tribus progressionibus maximi politici momenti definitum est: auctu democratiae, auctu potestatis corporatae, auctuque propagandae corporatae ad potestatem corporatam a democratia custodiendam.[conv. 1][3][4]
Hoc propagandae exemplar, primum in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media anni 1988 libro oblatum, media privata censet negotiationes esse, quibus productum — lectores auditoriaque (potius quam nuntios) — aliis negotiationibus (eis, qui praeconia mercatoria proferunt) vendatur, et quae in primis rectionibus et propagandà corporatà nituntur. Theoria "filtrorum" quinque classes profert quae genus nuntiorum in mediis ostensum? decernant:
- Proprietas mediorum
- Mediorum argentarii fontes
- Informationis fontes
- Reprehensiones
- Ideologia anticommunistica.
Tria prima illa (proprietas, pecuniae fontes, fontesque) sunt ea, quae maximi momenti esse ab auctoribus ducuntur. Quamquam in exemplari exemplisque libro oblatis praecipue de Civitatum Foederatarum mediis actum est, Chomsky et Herman theoriam credunt haud minus applicabilem esse ulli civitati cuius structura oeconomica similis est illi, quam exemplar originem propensionis animi illius esse profert.
Historia
recenserePropaganda antiqua
recensere
Propaganda tam longe abhinc in usu fuit quam indicia historica existiterunt. Inscriptio Behistun (c. 515 a.C.n.), quae Darii I ad Achaemenidarum regis officium ascensionem describit, a plerisque rerum gestarum scriptoribus antiquum propagandae exemplum esse ducitur.[5] Arthashastra illa a Canakyo (c. 350 - 283 a.C.n.) scripta, doctore scientiae politicae apud Universitatem Takshashila et primo Imperii Maurya in India antiqua ministro, de propaganda prolixe tractat, ut puta quo modo propaganda pervulgetur, usibusque eius in bellis gerendis. Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340 - 293 a.C.n.), discipulus eius et Imperii Maurya conditor, his disciplinis in ascensu ad potestatem usus est.[6] Exemplum aliud propagandae antiquae est Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib (sc. "Bellum Hibernicorum cum alienis"), opus duodecimo saeculo ab Dál gCais illis eo consilio scriptum, ut quasi veri Hiberniae duces effingantur.
Ecce capitulum: "Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere." (Noli nos terrere, Papa, banno tuo, et noli homo esse tam furiosus. Aliter nos convertemus atque tibi nates nostras ostendemus.)[9]
Notae
recensere- ↑ Cf. versionem Latinam vocabuli Theodisci Propaganda apud Lucusaltianum, Petrum (2024). Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum Lucusaltianum: Tom. V, M–Q (ed. XXIV) [PDF]. Lentiae: Petrus Lucusaltianus. p. 310.
- ↑ Pactio internationalis de iuribus civilibus et politicis, articulus XX, 1
- ↑ Citatio in "Letter from Noam Chomsky" ad Covert Action Quarterly inventa, http://mediafilter.org/caq/CAQ54chmky.html
- ↑ review of Carey, Alex (1995) Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia, University of NSW Press.
- ↑ Nagle, D. Brendan; Stanley M Burstein (2009). The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History. Pearson Education. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-205-69187-6
- ↑ Boesche, Roger. "Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", The Journal of Military History 67 (p. 9–38), January 2003.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
Citationes Latine conversae
recensere- ↑ The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.
Nexus interni
Bibiliographia
recensere- Brown, J. A. C. 1963. Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
- Bussemer, Thymian. 2005. Propaganda. Konzepte und Theorien. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005, ISBN 3-8100-4201-3.
- Chomsky, Noam, et Edward Herman. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. Novi Eboraci: Pantheon Books.
- Cole, Robert. 1996. Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics.
- Cole, Robert, ed. 1998. Encyclopedia of Propaganda. 3 voll. ISBN 0-7656-8009-2
- Combs, James E., et Dan Nimmo. 1993. The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics. White Plains, Novi Eboraci: Longman.
- Conley, Patrick. 2012. Der parteiliche Journalist. Berlin: Metropol. ISBN 978-3-86331-050-9.
- Cull, Nicholas John, Culbert, et Welch, eds. 2003. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present.
- Cunningham, Stanley, B. 2002. The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction. Westport, Connecticutae: Praeger.
- Ellul, Jacques. 1965, 1973. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. Conv.. Konrad Kellen et Jean Lerner. Novi Eboraci: Knopf. Novi Eboraci: Random House/ Vintage.
- Kingsbury, Celia Malone. 2010. For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front. University of Nebraska Press.
- Lasswell, Harold D. 1971. Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cantabrigiae Massachusetae: The M.I.T. Press.
- Le Bon, Gustave. 1895. The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind.
- MacArthur, John R. 1992. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. Novi Eboraci: Hill and Wang.
- Marlin, Randal. 2002. Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion. Orchard Park, Novi Eboraci: Broadview Press.
- McCombs M. E., et D. L. Shaw. 1972. The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly 36:176-187.
- Linebarger, Paul M. 1948. Psychological Warfare. International Propaganda and Communications. ISBN 0-405-04755-X.
- Rutherford, Paul. 2000. Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods. Toronti: University of Toronto Press.
- Rutherford, Paul. 2004. Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq. Toronti: University of Toronto Press.
- Snow, Nancy. 2010. Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World. Novi Eboraci: Seven Stories Press.
- Sproule, J. Michael. 1994. Channels of Propaganda. Bloomington, Indianae: EDINFO Press.
- Stauber, John, et Sheldon Rampton. 1995. Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry. Monroe, Cenomannicae: Common Courage Press.