Graduate (AB) of Columbia University as a student of Matisoff and Labov, PhD from School of Oriental and African Studies, U of London as a student of Henderson and Sprigg
Extensive fieldwork and publication on a variety of Tibeto-Burman languages in Thailand, China and elsewhere
Specialising in sociohistorical linguistics, especially concerning endangered languages Phone: +61 3 9479 2362 Address: Linguistics La Trobe University VIC 3086 Australia
References for chapter in Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
co-authors Liu Li, Stanford... more References for chapter in Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language co-authors Liu Li, Stanford U Ning Chao, Peking Unievrsity Rita dal Martello, Università ca'Foscari, Venezia
This chapter summarises the linguistic phylogeny of the Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages and how this ... more This chapter summarises the linguistic phylogeny of the Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages and how this phylogeny relates to archaeological and genetic information. In forthcoming Oxford Handbook edited by Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson Co-authors Liu Li Stanford U Ning Chao, Peking University Rita dal Martello, Università ca' Foscari, Venezia
Supplementary materials for
David Bradley, LIU Li, NING Chao and Rita Dal Martello
Sino-Tibeta... more Supplementary materials for
David Bradley, LIU Li, NING Chao and Rita Dal Martello
Sino-Tibetan
In Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson (eds.)
Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
6th International Conference on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China, 2021
The deictic system of Lisu is complex, and includes deictics expressing distance, height and anap... more The deictic system of Lisu is complex, and includes deictics expressing distance, height and anaphora. Most dialects have a system which includes proximal, medial (by addressee), distal same level, distal higher level and distal lower level forms. There are also expressive forms with different tones and some initials for the three distal forms, and reduplicated and triplicated forms combining basic and expressive distals.
Discussion of resilience linguistics, with two case studies: Bisu and Lisu.
Complete spoken vers... more Discussion of resilience linguistics, with two case studies: Bisu and Lisu.
Complete spoken version available on you tube at <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh9PN0K5wuA>
Discussion of research on dialects of Burmese, including the extensive data presented in Wang & C... more Discussion of research on dialects of Burmese, including the extensive data presented in Wang & Cai (2018) and other relevant publications.
The present issue contains selected papers from the Fifth Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerme... more The present issue contains selected papers from the Fifth Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerment (SoLE) Workshop held during the Twentieth International Congress of Linguists of the Comité International Permanent des Linguistes at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, on 5-6 July 2018. This collection focuses on sociolinguistic issues related to language endangerment in Africa and Asia, but, of course, similar processes are underway worldwide. I also discuss here in general terms the many factors leading to language endangerment and the range of possible community responses.
Most nations in mainland Southeast Asia and elsewhere have one national language as a focus of na... more Most nations in mainland Southeast Asia and elsewhere have one national language as a focus of national identity and unity, supported by a language policy which promotes and develops this language. Indigenous and immigrant minority groups within each nation may be marginalized; their languages may become endangered. Some of the official national language policies and ethnic policies of mainland Southeast Asian nations aim to support both a national language and indigenous minority languages, but usually the real policy is less positive. It is possible to use sociolinguistic and educational strategies to maintain the linguistic heritage and diversity of a nation, develop bilingual skills among minority groups, and integrate minorities successfully into the nations where they live, but this requires commitment and effort from the minorities themselves and from government and other authorities. The main focus of this paper is two case studies: one of language policy and planning in Myanmar, whose language policy and planning has rarely been discussed before. The other is on the Lisu, a minority group in Myanmar and surrounding countries, who have been relatively successful in maintaining their language.
The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, ed. by Gabrielle Hogan-Brun and Bernadette O'Rourke. London: Palgrave, 2019
Resilience is an established concept in ecology. This paper continues to apply it to the related ... more Resilience is an established concept in ecology. This paper continues to apply it to the related issue of language endangerment.
Like almost every Ngwi language, Lisu has a complex pattern of grammaticalization of a number of ... more Like almost every Ngwi language, Lisu has a complex pattern of grammaticalization of a number of positive verbs of dimensional extent (Bradley 1995). Seven positive dimensional extent verbs show this pattern in all dialects, with six showing consistent tonal differences in different syntactic frames.
A 1997 listing and subgrouping of the Tibeto-Burman languages, now somewhat dated but still relev... more A 1997 listing and subgrouping of the Tibeto-Burman languages, now somewhat dated but still relevant.
The Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages, including Chinese, are the major family of languages in China an... more The Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages, including Chinese, are the major family of languages in China and many areas surrounding China in Southeast and South Asia. There have been many proposals about the phylogeny of Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) and the possible connections between specific ancient cultures of China and specific subgroups of PST; the basic modern subgrouping followed here is set out in more detail in Bradley (1997, 2002). It has recently been proposed (van Driem 2014) that the entire family should be renamed Trans-Himalayan (TH); others have suggested that the entire family should be called TB, with Sinitic as just one subgroup of TB (DeLancey 2013); both proposals aim to question the central historical position of Sinitic within TB. The general consensus (van Driem 1999, LaPolla 2001) is that PST was spoken during the 仰韶 Yangshao Culture in northwestern China circa 7,000 to 5,000 years before present (7-5K YBP). The Sinitic branch (Chinese) remained in northern central China during the 龙山 Longshan Culture (5-3.9K YBP), then later spread east during the 夏 Xia Dynasty (4.1-3.6K YBP) and 商 Shang Dynasty (3.6-3K YBP) and southeast in later times. Meanwhile, most of the rest of the family probably moved southwest from the Yangshao area and became Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) during the 马家窑 Majiayao Culture (5.3-4K YBP); PTB then gradually subdivided into various branches as groups of speakers moved further south and west. In addition to comparative linguistic evidence, there are five types of external evidence. One is paleoclimate: where in the area would it have been ecologically desirable or at least possible for Neolithic hunters, early pastoralists and early agriculturalists to live at various times in the past? A second is archaeology: where and from when are traces of human settlement found, and what level of material culture is present at each period: what domestic and hunted animals, cultivated crops and other collected plants, artefacts and human remains are found? A third is paleobiology: where were the relevant plants and animals indigenous, when did they start to be associated with human management, and how did they spread? A fourth is genetics; though of course not all speakers of a given language are descendants of earlier speakers of that language, and evidence of male (X chromosome) and female (mitochondrial DNA) genetic descent is sometimes contradictory. Lastly, there is much more recent traditional human evidence: oral traditions concerning origins and migration as embodied in oral history, psychopompic and other funeral-related traditions, and so on, as well as written history. Of course sometimes oral and early written history is unclear or partly mythologized, and so may be less reliable than hard evidence from paleoclimate, archaeology, paleobiology and genetics, but it is still suggestive. Where all of these agree, we can begin to build a picture of early civilization in China and surrounding areas, and attempt to connect particular linguistically-reconstructed subgroups with particular locations and periods. For some efforts in these areas, see Bradley (2011) on crops, Bradley (2016) on animals, and Bradley (2017a, 2017b) on correlating crop and domestic animal information with archaeology and PST subgrouping. Those scholars who wish to rename ST as TH prefer to place the point of origin in what is now the area where northeastern India, northwestern Southeast Asia and southwestern China meet. This proposal is most unlikely on geographical grounds (the area is extremely mountainous and divided by major non-navigable rivers in deep valleys which separate rather than link); on climate grounds (this area has never been a particularly favourable location for pastoral or agricultural activity, and at colder periods much of it has been almost
The paper will discuss the early linguistic history of China and the phylogeny of Sino-Tibetan ba... more The paper will discuss the early linguistic history of China and the phylogeny of Sino-Tibetan based on comparative linguistic and archaeological evidence. In particular, there will be a focus on the domestication of animals and the origins of agriculture in China, and how this is reflected in the archaeological and historical record and in linguistic evidence.
The paper discusses the phylogeny of Tibeto-Burman (TB) from the perspective of forms for major p... more The paper discusses the phylogeny of Tibeto-Burman (TB) from the perspective of forms for major plant crops and domestic animals, and places this in the context of archaeological findings. It is clear that at least as early as eight thousand years before present (8K BP), the main plant crops domesticated by the speakers of Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) in the upper Yellow River basin of north central China were two different types of millet, Setaria italica or foxtail millet and Panicum miliaceum or broomcorn millet, also Glycine max or soybeans (Liu & Chen 2012). Somewhat later, Oryza sativa or rice was first domesticated in mainland Southeast Asia (var. indica) and separately in southern China (var. japonica) and buckwheat Fagopyrum cymosum probably first domesticated in southwestern China, both arrived in this area approximately 6K BP, with buckwheat perhaps slightly later. Major grain crops introduced subsequently from the west include Triticum spp. or wheat and Hordeum vulgare or barley arriving circa 4.5K BP. For the six domestic animals with the greatest importance for Sinitic culture and which are included in the Chinese 12-animal cycle, the dog, pig, cow, goat, chicken and horse, we have archaeological evidence about very early presence of the first three as domestic animals and the goat as a wild animal in north central China, and approximate dates for the introduction of the domestic goat, sheep and chicken from elsewhere circa 4.5K BP, and the horse from the west circa 3.3K BP. Given the very widespread distribution of PST cognates for foxtail and broomcorn millet, buckwheat, soybeans, dog, pig and cow, the importance of these crops and animals for most Sinitic and TB groups, and the absence of PST cognates for wheat, barley, goat vs. sheep, horse and chicken, we can infer a likely phylogeny. * I am pleased to acknowledge funding from the Australian Research Council (most recently DP0772046) and assistance with information from many colleagues, notably Stephen Morey and Mike Mulder on Tangsa, Keita Kurabe on Jinghpaw, Libu Lakhi on Namuyi, Ken Manson on Karenic, Laurent Sagart on Sinitic, and many language consutants over many years. Discussion at the ICEHEP meeting at La Trobe University in February 2017 also provided a valuable contribution. Of course any remaining issues are solely my responsibililty.
In David Bradley & Maya Bradley (eds) Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance. London: Rou... more In David Bradley & Maya Bradley (eds) Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance. London: RoutldegeCurzon 2002.
Brief overview of the role of in-group and out-group attitudes as crucial factors in maintaining endangered languages within speech communities
Overview of the Burmic language spoken in Myanmar, including Myanmar/Burmese and closely related ... more Overview of the Burmic language spoken in Myanmar, including Myanmar/Burmese and closely related languages, as well as North Burmish languages and Ngwi (Loloish) languages
In Ken VanBik (ed.) Continuum of the richness of languages and dialects in Myanmar. Yangon: Chin Human Rights Organization, 2015.
Six of the seven nations in mainland Southeast Asia have a substantial number of indigenous ethni... more Six of the seven nations in mainland Southeast Asia have a substantial number of indigenous ethnic minority groups, each with a distinct language. Some of these are transnational minorities whose languages are spoken in more than one country; others are indigenous to only one country. In some countries, the official policy is supportive of these groups, but not necessarily of their languages; and in many cases the nominal official policy is more positive than the reality. For all of these groups, learning of the national language is regarded as essential, and mother-tongue education is given only limited attention, particularly in government schools. Most mother-tongue instruction goes on in informal settings outside normal schools; some nations have a more restrictive attitude about even this kind of learning. As education spreads to indigenous minority group areas, much of the unique linguistic heritage of the region is endangered by this policy, and many ethnic minority groups risk losing their distinctive identity as well as their languages.
References for chapter in Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
co-authors Liu Li, Stanford... more References for chapter in Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language co-authors Liu Li, Stanford U Ning Chao, Peking Unievrsity Rita dal Martello, Università ca'Foscari, Venezia
This chapter summarises the linguistic phylogeny of the Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages and how this ... more This chapter summarises the linguistic phylogeny of the Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages and how this phylogeny relates to archaeological and genetic information. In forthcoming Oxford Handbook edited by Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson Co-authors Liu Li Stanford U Ning Chao, Peking University Rita dal Martello, Università ca' Foscari, Venezia
Supplementary materials for
David Bradley, LIU Li, NING Chao and Rita Dal Martello
Sino-Tibeta... more Supplementary materials for
David Bradley, LIU Li, NING Chao and Rita Dal Martello
Sino-Tibetan
In Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson (eds.)
Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
6th International Conference on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China, 2021
The deictic system of Lisu is complex, and includes deictics expressing distance, height and anap... more The deictic system of Lisu is complex, and includes deictics expressing distance, height and anaphora. Most dialects have a system which includes proximal, medial (by addressee), distal same level, distal higher level and distal lower level forms. There are also expressive forms with different tones and some initials for the three distal forms, and reduplicated and triplicated forms combining basic and expressive distals.
Discussion of resilience linguistics, with two case studies: Bisu and Lisu.
Complete spoken vers... more Discussion of resilience linguistics, with two case studies: Bisu and Lisu.
Complete spoken version available on you tube at <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh9PN0K5wuA>
Discussion of research on dialects of Burmese, including the extensive data presented in Wang & C... more Discussion of research on dialects of Burmese, including the extensive data presented in Wang & Cai (2018) and other relevant publications.
The present issue contains selected papers from the Fifth Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerme... more The present issue contains selected papers from the Fifth Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerment (SoLE) Workshop held during the Twentieth International Congress of Linguists of the Comité International Permanent des Linguistes at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, on 5-6 July 2018. This collection focuses on sociolinguistic issues related to language endangerment in Africa and Asia, but, of course, similar processes are underway worldwide. I also discuss here in general terms the many factors leading to language endangerment and the range of possible community responses.
Most nations in mainland Southeast Asia and elsewhere have one national language as a focus of na... more Most nations in mainland Southeast Asia and elsewhere have one national language as a focus of national identity and unity, supported by a language policy which promotes and develops this language. Indigenous and immigrant minority groups within each nation may be marginalized; their languages may become endangered. Some of the official national language policies and ethnic policies of mainland Southeast Asian nations aim to support both a national language and indigenous minority languages, but usually the real policy is less positive. It is possible to use sociolinguistic and educational strategies to maintain the linguistic heritage and diversity of a nation, develop bilingual skills among minority groups, and integrate minorities successfully into the nations where they live, but this requires commitment and effort from the minorities themselves and from government and other authorities. The main focus of this paper is two case studies: one of language policy and planning in Myanmar, whose language policy and planning has rarely been discussed before. The other is on the Lisu, a minority group in Myanmar and surrounding countries, who have been relatively successful in maintaining their language.
The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, ed. by Gabrielle Hogan-Brun and Bernadette O'Rourke. London: Palgrave, 2019
Resilience is an established concept in ecology. This paper continues to apply it to the related ... more Resilience is an established concept in ecology. This paper continues to apply it to the related issue of language endangerment.
Like almost every Ngwi language, Lisu has a complex pattern of grammaticalization of a number of ... more Like almost every Ngwi language, Lisu has a complex pattern of grammaticalization of a number of positive verbs of dimensional extent (Bradley 1995). Seven positive dimensional extent verbs show this pattern in all dialects, with six showing consistent tonal differences in different syntactic frames.
A 1997 listing and subgrouping of the Tibeto-Burman languages, now somewhat dated but still relev... more A 1997 listing and subgrouping of the Tibeto-Burman languages, now somewhat dated but still relevant.
The Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages, including Chinese, are the major family of languages in China an... more The Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages, including Chinese, are the major family of languages in China and many areas surrounding China in Southeast and South Asia. There have been many proposals about the phylogeny of Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) and the possible connections between specific ancient cultures of China and specific subgroups of PST; the basic modern subgrouping followed here is set out in more detail in Bradley (1997, 2002). It has recently been proposed (van Driem 2014) that the entire family should be renamed Trans-Himalayan (TH); others have suggested that the entire family should be called TB, with Sinitic as just one subgroup of TB (DeLancey 2013); both proposals aim to question the central historical position of Sinitic within TB. The general consensus (van Driem 1999, LaPolla 2001) is that PST was spoken during the 仰韶 Yangshao Culture in northwestern China circa 7,000 to 5,000 years before present (7-5K YBP). The Sinitic branch (Chinese) remained in northern central China during the 龙山 Longshan Culture (5-3.9K YBP), then later spread east during the 夏 Xia Dynasty (4.1-3.6K YBP) and 商 Shang Dynasty (3.6-3K YBP) and southeast in later times. Meanwhile, most of the rest of the family probably moved southwest from the Yangshao area and became Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) during the 马家窑 Majiayao Culture (5.3-4K YBP); PTB then gradually subdivided into various branches as groups of speakers moved further south and west. In addition to comparative linguistic evidence, there are five types of external evidence. One is paleoclimate: where in the area would it have been ecologically desirable or at least possible for Neolithic hunters, early pastoralists and early agriculturalists to live at various times in the past? A second is archaeology: where and from when are traces of human settlement found, and what level of material culture is present at each period: what domestic and hunted animals, cultivated crops and other collected plants, artefacts and human remains are found? A third is paleobiology: where were the relevant plants and animals indigenous, when did they start to be associated with human management, and how did they spread? A fourth is genetics; though of course not all speakers of a given language are descendants of earlier speakers of that language, and evidence of male (X chromosome) and female (mitochondrial DNA) genetic descent is sometimes contradictory. Lastly, there is much more recent traditional human evidence: oral traditions concerning origins and migration as embodied in oral history, psychopompic and other funeral-related traditions, and so on, as well as written history. Of course sometimes oral and early written history is unclear or partly mythologized, and so may be less reliable than hard evidence from paleoclimate, archaeology, paleobiology and genetics, but it is still suggestive. Where all of these agree, we can begin to build a picture of early civilization in China and surrounding areas, and attempt to connect particular linguistically-reconstructed subgroups with particular locations and periods. For some efforts in these areas, see Bradley (2011) on crops, Bradley (2016) on animals, and Bradley (2017a, 2017b) on correlating crop and domestic animal information with archaeology and PST subgrouping. Those scholars who wish to rename ST as TH prefer to place the point of origin in what is now the area where northeastern India, northwestern Southeast Asia and southwestern China meet. This proposal is most unlikely on geographical grounds (the area is extremely mountainous and divided by major non-navigable rivers in deep valleys which separate rather than link); on climate grounds (this area has never been a particularly favourable location for pastoral or agricultural activity, and at colder periods much of it has been almost
The paper will discuss the early linguistic history of China and the phylogeny of Sino-Tibetan ba... more The paper will discuss the early linguistic history of China and the phylogeny of Sino-Tibetan based on comparative linguistic and archaeological evidence. In particular, there will be a focus on the domestication of animals and the origins of agriculture in China, and how this is reflected in the archaeological and historical record and in linguistic evidence.
The paper discusses the phylogeny of Tibeto-Burman (TB) from the perspective of forms for major p... more The paper discusses the phylogeny of Tibeto-Burman (TB) from the perspective of forms for major plant crops and domestic animals, and places this in the context of archaeological findings. It is clear that at least as early as eight thousand years before present (8K BP), the main plant crops domesticated by the speakers of Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) in the upper Yellow River basin of north central China were two different types of millet, Setaria italica or foxtail millet and Panicum miliaceum or broomcorn millet, also Glycine max or soybeans (Liu & Chen 2012). Somewhat later, Oryza sativa or rice was first domesticated in mainland Southeast Asia (var. indica) and separately in southern China (var. japonica) and buckwheat Fagopyrum cymosum probably first domesticated in southwestern China, both arrived in this area approximately 6K BP, with buckwheat perhaps slightly later. Major grain crops introduced subsequently from the west include Triticum spp. or wheat and Hordeum vulgare or barley arriving circa 4.5K BP. For the six domestic animals with the greatest importance for Sinitic culture and which are included in the Chinese 12-animal cycle, the dog, pig, cow, goat, chicken and horse, we have archaeological evidence about very early presence of the first three as domestic animals and the goat as a wild animal in north central China, and approximate dates for the introduction of the domestic goat, sheep and chicken from elsewhere circa 4.5K BP, and the horse from the west circa 3.3K BP. Given the very widespread distribution of PST cognates for foxtail and broomcorn millet, buckwheat, soybeans, dog, pig and cow, the importance of these crops and animals for most Sinitic and TB groups, and the absence of PST cognates for wheat, barley, goat vs. sheep, horse and chicken, we can infer a likely phylogeny. * I am pleased to acknowledge funding from the Australian Research Council (most recently DP0772046) and assistance with information from many colleagues, notably Stephen Morey and Mike Mulder on Tangsa, Keita Kurabe on Jinghpaw, Libu Lakhi on Namuyi, Ken Manson on Karenic, Laurent Sagart on Sinitic, and many language consutants over many years. Discussion at the ICEHEP meeting at La Trobe University in February 2017 also provided a valuable contribution. Of course any remaining issues are solely my responsibililty.
In David Bradley & Maya Bradley (eds) Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance. London: Rou... more In David Bradley & Maya Bradley (eds) Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance. London: RoutldegeCurzon 2002.
Brief overview of the role of in-group and out-group attitudes as crucial factors in maintaining endangered languages within speech communities
Overview of the Burmic language spoken in Myanmar, including Myanmar/Burmese and closely related ... more Overview of the Burmic language spoken in Myanmar, including Myanmar/Burmese and closely related languages, as well as North Burmish languages and Ngwi (Loloish) languages
In Ken VanBik (ed.) Continuum of the richness of languages and dialects in Myanmar. Yangon: Chin Human Rights Organization, 2015.
Six of the seven nations in mainland Southeast Asia have a substantial number of indigenous ethni... more Six of the seven nations in mainland Southeast Asia have a substantial number of indigenous ethnic minority groups, each with a distinct language. Some of these are transnational minorities whose languages are spoken in more than one country; others are indigenous to only one country. In some countries, the official policy is supportive of these groups, but not necessarily of their languages; and in many cases the nominal official policy is more positive than the reality. For all of these groups, learning of the national language is regarded as essential, and mother-tongue education is given only limited attention, particularly in government schools. Most mother-tongue instruction goes on in informal settings outside normal schools; some nations have a more restrictive attitude about even this kind of learning. As education spreads to indigenous minority group areas, much of the unique linguistic heritage of the region is endangered by this policy, and many ethnic minority groups risk losing their distinctive identity as well as their languages.
Explores how and why languages become endangered, including a comprehensive new theoretical frame... more Explores how and why languages become endangered, including a comprehensive new theoretical framework and a wide range of examples from around the world. The book will be welcomed by students and scholars of anthropology, linguistics and related disciplines, and by communities at risk of losing their heritage.
1979 comparative study and reconstruction of the Ngwi (Yi Branch, Loloish) languages, based mainl... more 1979 comparative study and reconstruction of the Ngwi (Yi Branch, Loloish) languages, based mainly on Southern and Central Ngwi languages
1984 study of a cohort of Thai, Malaysian and Indonesian students in Australia, quantifying degre... more 1984 study of a cohort of Thai, Malaysian and Indonesian students in Australia, quantifying degrees and types of structural difficulties in phonology, morphology, syntax and discourse as well as cultural issues
UNESCO Indigenous Language in Cyberspace Workshop, Yakutsk, July 2019, 2019
Discusses the issue of maintaining indigenous languages through cyberspace, and in particular the... more Discusses the issue of maintaining indigenous languages through cyberspace, and in particular the question of mapping endangered and other indigenous languages through time. Examples are drawn from Lisu in China, Myanmar, Thailand and India, and from Bisu in China, Myanmar and Thailand.
Discusses the development of reported speech and quotation markers in Burmese through literary to... more Discusses the development of reported speech and quotation markers in Burmese through literary to modern spoken Burmese, showing how a series of different speaking verbs have been grammaticalized through time, and reports on the distribution of the modern spoken markers in a corpus of spoken Burmese. Further discusses the development of an evidentioal marker into an epistemic marker in Lisu.
ICSTLL 51 Kyoto conference presentation on reported speech and quotattion in Lisu, Burmese and re... more ICSTLL 51 Kyoto conference presentation on reported speech and quotattion in Lisu, Burmese and related languages
This is a report submitted to UNICEF Myanmar 2016, to assist in developing bilingual education fo... more This is a report submitted to UNICEF Myanmar 2016, to assist in developing bilingual education for Myanmar's ethnic groups. It gives a full listing and classification of the 135 officially recognised groups as well as relevant sections of the three post-independence constitutions (1948, 1974 and 2008), the 2014 education law and the 2015 ethnic rights law.
The roles of linguists and communities in efforts to reverse language shift and a typology of str... more The roles of linguists and communities in efforts to reverse language shift and a typology of strategies for reclaiming endangered languages
Uploads
Papers by David Bradley
co-authors Liu Li, Stanford U
Ning Chao, Peking Unievrsity
Rita dal Martello, Università ca'Foscari, Venezia
In forthcoming Oxford Handbook edited by Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson
Co-authors Liu Li Stanford U
Ning Chao, Peking University
Rita dal Martello, Università ca' Foscari, Venezia
David Bradley, LIU Li, NING Chao and Rita Dal Martello
Sino-Tibetan
In Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson (eds.)
Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
Also available on YouTube
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PybKhzJ5eQo>
Complete spoken version available on you tube at <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh9PN0K5wuA>
Brief overview of the role of in-group and out-group attitudes as crucial factors in maintaining endangered languages within speech communities
In Ken VanBik (ed.) Continuum of the richness of languages and dialects in Myanmar. Yangon: Chin Human Rights Organization, 2015.
co-authors Liu Li, Stanford U
Ning Chao, Peking Unievrsity
Rita dal Martello, Università ca'Foscari, Venezia
In forthcoming Oxford Handbook edited by Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson
Co-authors Liu Li Stanford U
Ning Chao, Peking University
Rita dal Martello, Università ca' Foscari, Venezia
David Bradley, LIU Li, NING Chao and Rita Dal Martello
Sino-Tibetan
In Martine Robbeets and Mark Hudson (eds.)
Oxford Handbook of Archaeology and Language
Also available on YouTube
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PybKhzJ5eQo>
Complete spoken version available on you tube at <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh9PN0K5wuA>
Brief overview of the role of in-group and out-group attitudes as crucial factors in maintaining endangered languages within speech communities
In Ken VanBik (ed.) Continuum of the richness of languages and dialects in Myanmar. Yangon: Chin Human Rights Organization, 2015.