Terra, legno e materiali deperiblili nell‘ architettura antica. Atti del Convengo Internationale die Studi, Padova, 3-5 Giugno 2021. Construire nel Mondo Antico 6/2, 2023
Although Central Germany, as part of the planned province Germania Magna or later Germania Libera... more Although Central Germany, as part of the planned province Germania Magna or later Germania Libera, was never part of the Imperium Romanum, some Roman authors left written sources about the dwellings and settlements of the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine. Most of the quotes are generalizing and even degrading towards the “inferior” constructions of the northern barbarians. At least some passages of text provide a quite detailed look at the building materials used and the use of certain types of buildings. It is noticeable that none of them mentioned solid earth buildings for Germania, as, for example, Pliny the Elder or Varro did for the rammed earth technique in Spain, North Africa, or Southern Italy. On the other hand, Tacitus depicts the log building method as a typical Germanic construction method. To this day, Central Germany is still famous for massive earth buildings, which are constructed using a distinctive local cob technique (“Wellerlehm”). Due to the properties of loess soils, which are excellent for load-bearing walls, and the low annual rainfall, these buildings have a long tradition, dating back at least to the Bronze Age. The discrepancy between ancient written sources, archaeological findings, and the long-standing building tradition in vernacular architecture is still subject to discussion. Additionally, the paper aims to provide an overview of building techniques using perishable materials within the contemporary classical world in the centuries BC and AD.
M. Bazzanella/G. Kezich (eds.), Shepherds Who Write. Pastoral graffiti in the uplands of Europe from prehistory to the modern age. BAR Internat. Ser. S2999, 2020
Ringe der Macht. Internat. Tagungung 09.-10. Nov. 2018 in Halle (Saale), 2019
Ausgehend von einer Fehlinterpretation im 19. Jh. werden
die für die jüngere Nordische Bronzezeit... more Ausgehend von einer Fehlinterpretation im 19. Jh. werden die für die jüngere Nordische Bronzezeit typischen Goldarmringe als »Eidringe« bezeichnet. Die Verwechslung mit den Ringen zur Eidesleistung aus der nordischen Literatur des Frühmittelalters ist vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen archäologischen Quellenlage verständlich. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt lagen ausschließlich kontextlose Einzelfunde vor. Erstaunlicherweise ergibt der Vergleich zwischen den spätbronzezeitlichen und den wikingerzeitlichen Goldringen tatsächlich zahlreiche Übereinstimmungen, besonders in Bezug auf den Fundkontext. Die Deponierungspraxis innerhalb des Nordischen Kreises entspricht dabei den jüngeren wikingerzeitlichen Ringhorten: Die schweren Goldringe, teils mit einem Gewicht über 5oo g, wurden oft einzeln der Erde übergeben. Für Boeslunde auf Seeland konnte im Umfeld der »Ringopfer« ein »naturheiliger Ort« rekonstruiert werden. In der südlichen Peripherie hingegen, in Sachsen-Anhalt, zeichnet sich ein anderer Ritus ab: Hier wurden die Ringe, teils zur Unbrauchbarkeit verbogen, in kleinen Keramikgefäßen vergraben. Älterbronzezeitliche Goldringe hingegen stammen vorwiegend aus Gräbern der (männlichen) Elite. Welche Motivation hinter diesem Paradigmenwechsel steht, kann abschließend aufgrund fehlender zeitgleicher Schriftquellen nur spekulativ diskutiert werden.
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology (11. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag), 2019
Since it was first discovered, Hut (Capanna) 8 at the Early
Bronze Age settlement of Castelluccio... more Since it was first discovered, Hut (Capanna) 8 at the Early Bronze Age settlement of Castelluccio, a site which has given its name to a cultural complex found throughout much of Sicily at this period, has always been seen as an unusual architectural complex. It is one of a number of rare bi-apsidal longhouses with an oval ground plan cut into the bedrock. It not only has the largest internal surface area of all the oval longhouses so far discovered but is also the only one with the remains of a second, rectangular structure inside it. This »house within a house« raised the question of whether the two structures, oval and rectangular, were contemporary and what purposes they served. A research project was therefore initiated in 2o15 whose aim was to analyse the architecture of the buildings and the materials used for their construction. This paper presents the initial results of a detailed investigation of the earthen building remains and possible reconstructions of the above-ground elements of the buildings, as well as discussing their functions and phases of use.
En contextos arqueológicos es habitual la documentación de estructuras inmuebles en las que se em... more En contextos arqueológicos es habitual la documentación de estructuras inmuebles en las que se emplea la tierra como material constructivo. Entre las técnicas constructivas con tierra que emplean elementos modulares se encuentran el adobe, el amasado de barro y el terrón. No obstante, a pesar de ser técnicas reconocidas y haber sido empleadas hasta la actualidad, en los estudios arqueológicos se encuentran importantes dificultades para su reconocimiento. La importancia de su correcta identificación reside, sobre todo, en las implicaciones económicas y sociales que se derivan de su aplicación y desarrollo. Con este trabajo abordamos la caracterización de las distintas técnicas señaladas, con el objetivo de contribuir a una mejor diferenciación entre ellas. A través de su descripción y análisis, atendiendo principalmente a sus características macroscópicas y de la presentación de un caso de estudio específico de la Edad del Bronce de la península ibérica, se aporta una serie de consideraciones orientadas a concretar qué criterios pueden permitir un mejor reconocimiento de estas técnicas, atendiendo especialmente a su estudio como unidades individualizadas. ABSTRACT The documentation of structures built with earth in the archaeological record is common. Among the earth construction techniques that use modular units, we find adobe (mud bricks), cob and sod. Despite being recognized techniques that are in use nowadays, it is difficult to differentiate them in archaeological reports. Their correct identification is important because of the economic and social implications of their application and development. This paper addresses the characterization of these techniques in order to contribute to their better identification. Through their description and analysis, and the presentation of a specific case study from the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula, we propose different criteria to recognize the different modular earth building techniques, especially based on the study of the individualized units. http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.php/Arqueologia/issue/current/showToc
Terra, legno e materiali deperiblili nell‘ architettura antica. Atti del Convengo Internationale die Studi, Padova, 3-5 Giugno 2021. Construire nel Mondo Antico 6/2, 2023
Although Central Germany, as part of the planned province Germania Magna or later Germania Libera... more Although Central Germany, as part of the planned province Germania Magna or later Germania Libera, was never part of the Imperium Romanum, some Roman authors left written sources about the dwellings and settlements of the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine. Most of the quotes are generalizing and even degrading towards the “inferior” constructions of the northern barbarians. At least some passages of text provide a quite detailed look at the building materials used and the use of certain types of buildings. It is noticeable that none of them mentioned solid earth buildings for Germania, as, for example, Pliny the Elder or Varro did for the rammed earth technique in Spain, North Africa, or Southern Italy. On the other hand, Tacitus depicts the log building method as a typical Germanic construction method. To this day, Central Germany is still famous for massive earth buildings, which are constructed using a distinctive local cob technique (“Wellerlehm”). Due to the properties of loess soils, which are excellent for load-bearing walls, and the low annual rainfall, these buildings have a long tradition, dating back at least to the Bronze Age. The discrepancy between ancient written sources, archaeological findings, and the long-standing building tradition in vernacular architecture is still subject to discussion. Additionally, the paper aims to provide an overview of building techniques using perishable materials within the contemporary classical world in the centuries BC and AD.
M. Bazzanella/G. Kezich (eds.), Shepherds Who Write. Pastoral graffiti in the uplands of Europe from prehistory to the modern age. BAR Internat. Ser. S2999, 2020
Ringe der Macht. Internat. Tagungung 09.-10. Nov. 2018 in Halle (Saale), 2019
Ausgehend von einer Fehlinterpretation im 19. Jh. werden
die für die jüngere Nordische Bronzezeit... more Ausgehend von einer Fehlinterpretation im 19. Jh. werden die für die jüngere Nordische Bronzezeit typischen Goldarmringe als »Eidringe« bezeichnet. Die Verwechslung mit den Ringen zur Eidesleistung aus der nordischen Literatur des Frühmittelalters ist vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen archäologischen Quellenlage verständlich. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt lagen ausschließlich kontextlose Einzelfunde vor. Erstaunlicherweise ergibt der Vergleich zwischen den spätbronzezeitlichen und den wikingerzeitlichen Goldringen tatsächlich zahlreiche Übereinstimmungen, besonders in Bezug auf den Fundkontext. Die Deponierungspraxis innerhalb des Nordischen Kreises entspricht dabei den jüngeren wikingerzeitlichen Ringhorten: Die schweren Goldringe, teils mit einem Gewicht über 5oo g, wurden oft einzeln der Erde übergeben. Für Boeslunde auf Seeland konnte im Umfeld der »Ringopfer« ein »naturheiliger Ort« rekonstruiert werden. In der südlichen Peripherie hingegen, in Sachsen-Anhalt, zeichnet sich ein anderer Ritus ab: Hier wurden die Ringe, teils zur Unbrauchbarkeit verbogen, in kleinen Keramikgefäßen vergraben. Älterbronzezeitliche Goldringe hingegen stammen vorwiegend aus Gräbern der (männlichen) Elite. Welche Motivation hinter diesem Paradigmenwechsel steht, kann abschließend aufgrund fehlender zeitgleicher Schriftquellen nur spekulativ diskutiert werden.
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology (11. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag), 2019
Since it was first discovered, Hut (Capanna) 8 at the Early
Bronze Age settlement of Castelluccio... more Since it was first discovered, Hut (Capanna) 8 at the Early Bronze Age settlement of Castelluccio, a site which has given its name to a cultural complex found throughout much of Sicily at this period, has always been seen as an unusual architectural complex. It is one of a number of rare bi-apsidal longhouses with an oval ground plan cut into the bedrock. It not only has the largest internal surface area of all the oval longhouses so far discovered but is also the only one with the remains of a second, rectangular structure inside it. This »house within a house« raised the question of whether the two structures, oval and rectangular, were contemporary and what purposes they served. A research project was therefore initiated in 2o15 whose aim was to analyse the architecture of the buildings and the materials used for their construction. This paper presents the initial results of a detailed investigation of the earthen building remains and possible reconstructions of the above-ground elements of the buildings, as well as discussing their functions and phases of use.
En contextos arqueológicos es habitual la documentación de estructuras inmuebles en las que se em... more En contextos arqueológicos es habitual la documentación de estructuras inmuebles en las que se emplea la tierra como material constructivo. Entre las técnicas constructivas con tierra que emplean elementos modulares se encuentran el adobe, el amasado de barro y el terrón. No obstante, a pesar de ser técnicas reconocidas y haber sido empleadas hasta la actualidad, en los estudios arqueológicos se encuentran importantes dificultades para su reconocimiento. La importancia de su correcta identificación reside, sobre todo, en las implicaciones económicas y sociales que se derivan de su aplicación y desarrollo. Con este trabajo abordamos la caracterización de las distintas técnicas señaladas, con el objetivo de contribuir a una mejor diferenciación entre ellas. A través de su descripción y análisis, atendiendo principalmente a sus características macroscópicas y de la presentación de un caso de estudio específico de la Edad del Bronce de la península ibérica, se aporta una serie de consideraciones orientadas a concretar qué criterios pueden permitir un mejor reconocimiento de estas técnicas, atendiendo especialmente a su estudio como unidades individualizadas. ABSTRACT The documentation of structures built with earth in the archaeological record is common. Among the earth construction techniques that use modular units, we find adobe (mud bricks), cob and sod. Despite being recognized techniques that are in use nowadays, it is difficult to differentiate them in archaeological reports. Their correct identification is important because of the economic and social implications of their application and development. This paper addresses the characterization of these techniques in order to contribute to their better identification. Through their description and analysis, and the presentation of a specific case study from the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula, we propose different criteria to recognize the different modular earth building techniques, especially based on the study of the individualized units. http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.php/Arqueologia/issue/current/showToc
- F. Knoll, Rot, Weiß, Schwarz. Die Wandmalerei Mitteldeutschlands während der späten Bronze-/frühen Eisenzeit (1300–450 v. Chr.) in ihrem europäischen Kontext. Veröff. Landesmus. Vorgesch. Halle 78, 2018
H. Meller/C.-H. Wunderlich/F. Knoll (Hrsg.), Rot − Die Archäologie bekennt Farbe. 5. Mitteldeutsc... more H. Meller/C.-H. Wunderlich/F. Knoll (Hrsg.), Rot − Die Archäologie bekennt Farbe. 5. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 4. bis 6. Oktober 2012 in Halle (Saale). Tagungen Landesmus. Vorgesch. Halle 10 (Halle [Saale] 2013).
F. Knoll/H. Meller/V. Dresely, Die Felsbilder von Ughtasar, Provinz Sjunik (Ուղտասարի ժայռապատկեր... more F. Knoll/H. Meller/V. Dresely, Die Felsbilder von Ughtasar, Provinz Sjunik (Ուղտասարի ժայռապատկերները, Սյունիքի մարզ – The Ughtasar Petroglyphs, Province Syunik). In: H. Meller/P. Avetisyan, Archäologie in Armenien. Ergebnisse der Kooperationsprojekte 2010 – Ein Vorbericht (Հնագիտությունը Հայաստանում. 2010 թ. համագործակցության ծրագրի արդյունքները. նախնական հաղորդում – Archaeology in Armenia. Results of the Cooperation Projects in 2010 – A Preliminary Report) Veröff. Landesamtes Denkmalpf. u. Arch. Sachsen-Anhalt 63,1 (Halle [Saale] 2011) 131–142.
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It is noticeable that none of them mentioned solid earth buildings for Germania, as, for example, Pliny the Elder or Varro did for the rammed earth technique in Spain, North Africa, or Southern Italy. On the other hand, Tacitus depicts the log building method as a typical Germanic construction method. To this day, Central Germany is still famous for
massive earth buildings, which are constructed using a distinctive local cob technique (“Wellerlehm”). Due to the properties of loess soils, which are excellent for load-bearing walls, and the low annual rainfall, these buildings have a long tradition, dating back at least to the Bronze Age.
The discrepancy between ancient written sources, archaeological findings, and the long-standing building tradition in vernacular architecture is still subject to discussion. Additionally, the paper aims to provide an overview of building techniques using perishable materials within the contemporary classical world in the centuries BC and AD.
die für die jüngere Nordische Bronzezeit typischen Goldarmringe
als »Eidringe« bezeichnet. Die Verwechslung mit
den Ringen zur Eidesleistung aus der nordischen Literatur
des Frühmittelalters ist vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen
archäologischen Quellenlage verständlich. Zu diesem
Zeitpunkt lagen ausschließlich kontextlose Einzelfunde vor.
Erstaunlicherweise ergibt der Vergleich zwischen den
spätbronzezeitlichen und den wikingerzeitlichen Goldringen
tatsächlich zahlreiche Übereinstimmungen, besonders
in Bezug auf den Fundkontext. Die Deponierungspraxis
innerhalb des Nordischen Kreises entspricht dabei den jüngeren
wikingerzeitlichen Ringhorten: Die schweren Goldringe,
teils mit einem Gewicht über 5oo g, wurden oft einzeln
der Erde übergeben. Für Boeslunde auf Seeland konnte
im Umfeld der »Ringopfer« ein »naturheiliger Ort« rekonstruiert
werden. In der südlichen Peripherie hingegen, in
Sachsen-Anhalt, zeichnet sich ein anderer Ritus ab: Hier
wurden die Ringe, teils zur Unbrauchbarkeit verbogen, in
kleinen Keramikgefäßen vergraben.
Älterbronzezeitliche Goldringe hingegen stammen vorwiegend
aus Gräbern der (männlichen) Elite. Welche Motivation
hinter diesem Paradigmenwechsel steht, kann
abschließend aufgrund fehlender zeitgleicher Schriftquellen
nur spekulativ diskutiert werden.
Bronze Age settlement of Castelluccio, a site which has given
its name to a cultural complex found throughout much of
Sicily at this period, has always been seen as an unusual
architectural complex. It is one of a number of rare bi-apsidal
longhouses with an oval ground plan cut into the bedrock. It
not only has the largest internal surface area of all the oval
longhouses so far discovered but is also the only one with
the remains of a second, rectangular structure inside it. This
»house within a house« raised the question of whether the two
structures, oval and rectangular, were contemporary and
what purposes they served. A research project was therefore
initiated in 2o15 whose aim was to analyse the architecture of
the buildings and the materials used for their construction.
This paper presents the initial results of a detailed investigation
of the earthen building remains and possible reconstructions
of the above-ground elements of the buildings, as well as
discussing their functions and phases of use.
empleadas hasta la actualidad, en los estudios arqueológicos se encuentran importantes dificultades para su reconocimiento. La importancia de su correcta identificación reside, sobre todo, en las implicaciones económicas y sociales que se derivan de su aplicación y desarrollo. Con este trabajo abordamos la caracterización de las distintas técnicas señaladas, con el objetivo de contribuir a una mejor diferenciación entre ellas. A través de su descripción y análisis, atendiendo principalmente a sus características macroscópicas y de la presentación de un caso de estudio específico de la Edad del Bronce de la península ibérica, se aporta una serie de consideraciones orientadas a concretar qué criterios pueden permitir un mejor reconocimiento de estas técnicas, atendiendo especialmente a su estudio como unidades individualizadas.
ABSTRACT
The documentation of structures built with earth in the archaeological record is common. Among the earth construction techniques that use modular units, we find adobe (mud bricks), cob and sod. Despite being recognized techniques that are in use nowadays, it is difficult to differentiate them in archaeological reports. Their correct identification is important because of the economic and social implications
of their application and development. This paper addresses the characterization of these techniques in order to contribute to their better identification. Through their description and analysis, and the presentation of a specific case study from the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula, we propose different criteria to recognize the different modular earth building techniques, especially based on the study of the individualized units.
http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.php/Arqueologia/issue/current/showToc
It is noticeable that none of them mentioned solid earth buildings for Germania, as, for example, Pliny the Elder or Varro did for the rammed earth technique in Spain, North Africa, or Southern Italy. On the other hand, Tacitus depicts the log building method as a typical Germanic construction method. To this day, Central Germany is still famous for
massive earth buildings, which are constructed using a distinctive local cob technique (“Wellerlehm”). Due to the properties of loess soils, which are excellent for load-bearing walls, and the low annual rainfall, these buildings have a long tradition, dating back at least to the Bronze Age.
The discrepancy between ancient written sources, archaeological findings, and the long-standing building tradition in vernacular architecture is still subject to discussion. Additionally, the paper aims to provide an overview of building techniques using perishable materials within the contemporary classical world in the centuries BC and AD.
die für die jüngere Nordische Bronzezeit typischen Goldarmringe
als »Eidringe« bezeichnet. Die Verwechslung mit
den Ringen zur Eidesleistung aus der nordischen Literatur
des Frühmittelalters ist vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen
archäologischen Quellenlage verständlich. Zu diesem
Zeitpunkt lagen ausschließlich kontextlose Einzelfunde vor.
Erstaunlicherweise ergibt der Vergleich zwischen den
spätbronzezeitlichen und den wikingerzeitlichen Goldringen
tatsächlich zahlreiche Übereinstimmungen, besonders
in Bezug auf den Fundkontext. Die Deponierungspraxis
innerhalb des Nordischen Kreises entspricht dabei den jüngeren
wikingerzeitlichen Ringhorten: Die schweren Goldringe,
teils mit einem Gewicht über 5oo g, wurden oft einzeln
der Erde übergeben. Für Boeslunde auf Seeland konnte
im Umfeld der »Ringopfer« ein »naturheiliger Ort« rekonstruiert
werden. In der südlichen Peripherie hingegen, in
Sachsen-Anhalt, zeichnet sich ein anderer Ritus ab: Hier
wurden die Ringe, teils zur Unbrauchbarkeit verbogen, in
kleinen Keramikgefäßen vergraben.
Älterbronzezeitliche Goldringe hingegen stammen vorwiegend
aus Gräbern der (männlichen) Elite. Welche Motivation
hinter diesem Paradigmenwechsel steht, kann
abschließend aufgrund fehlender zeitgleicher Schriftquellen
nur spekulativ diskutiert werden.
Bronze Age settlement of Castelluccio, a site which has given
its name to a cultural complex found throughout much of
Sicily at this period, has always been seen as an unusual
architectural complex. It is one of a number of rare bi-apsidal
longhouses with an oval ground plan cut into the bedrock. It
not only has the largest internal surface area of all the oval
longhouses so far discovered but is also the only one with
the remains of a second, rectangular structure inside it. This
»house within a house« raised the question of whether the two
structures, oval and rectangular, were contemporary and
what purposes they served. A research project was therefore
initiated in 2o15 whose aim was to analyse the architecture of
the buildings and the materials used for their construction.
This paper presents the initial results of a detailed investigation
of the earthen building remains and possible reconstructions
of the above-ground elements of the buildings, as well as
discussing their functions and phases of use.
empleadas hasta la actualidad, en los estudios arqueológicos se encuentran importantes dificultades para su reconocimiento. La importancia de su correcta identificación reside, sobre todo, en las implicaciones económicas y sociales que se derivan de su aplicación y desarrollo. Con este trabajo abordamos la caracterización de las distintas técnicas señaladas, con el objetivo de contribuir a una mejor diferenciación entre ellas. A través de su descripción y análisis, atendiendo principalmente a sus características macroscópicas y de la presentación de un caso de estudio específico de la Edad del Bronce de la península ibérica, se aporta una serie de consideraciones orientadas a concretar qué criterios pueden permitir un mejor reconocimiento de estas técnicas, atendiendo especialmente a su estudio como unidades individualizadas.
ABSTRACT
The documentation of structures built with earth in the archaeological record is common. Among the earth construction techniques that use modular units, we find adobe (mud bricks), cob and sod. Despite being recognized techniques that are in use nowadays, it is difficult to differentiate them in archaeological reports. Their correct identification is important because of the economic and social implications
of their application and development. This paper addresses the characterization of these techniques in order to contribute to their better identification. Through their description and analysis, and the presentation of a specific case study from the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula, we propose different criteria to recognize the different modular earth building techniques, especially based on the study of the individualized units.
http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.php/Arqueologia/issue/current/showToc
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