Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1996
Page 1. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.115.01.09 1996; v. 115; p. 99-120 Geological Society, London, Spe... more Page 1. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.115.01.09 1996; v. 115; p. 99-120 Geological Society, London, Special Publications G. Wintle Ian C. Fuller, Mark G. Macklin, David G. Passmore, Paul A. Brewer, John Lewin and Ann based ...
ABSTRACT Whilst recent detailed sedimentological investigations have been carried out on deglacia... more ABSTRACT Whilst recent detailed sedimentological investigations have been carried out on deglacial valley fill sediments of Late Pleistocene age in many UK river valleys, there is a paucity of high-resolution work on the deglacial history of the Tyne Valley. Combined with a poorly resolved chronology, this represents an appreciable gap in our understanding of Devensian palaeoenvironments in northeastern Britain. Confusion still exists in terms of understanding the mode of deglaciation and the resulting depositional landforms that characterize the present-day morphology of the valley. This paper reconstructs part of the deglacial history of the lower Tyne Valley using information gathered through a combination of geomorphological mapping and description and interpretation of sedimentary sequences. The evidence indicates the sediments are glaciofluvial in origin, deposited within a supra-glacial, rather than sub-glacial environment. Further work currently underway, including the development of a rigorous geochronology based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) will help to place these deposits within a secure, regional model of deglaciation, which can be compared with other models developed for adjacent areas of northern Britain.
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2007
... Alastair JH Clement a & Ian C. Fuller b a Geography Programme School of People, E... more ... Alastair JH Clement a & Ian C. Fuller b a Geography Programme School of People, Environment & Planning, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand b Geography Programme School of People, Environment & Planning, Massey University ...
In the headwaters of the Waipaoa catchment, fluvio-mass movement gully complexes are currently si... more In the headwaters of the Waipaoa catchment, fluvio-mass movement gully complexes are currently significant contributors of sediment, delivery of which is buffered by fans which have developed in the small tributaries that lead from the gully complexes. Biannual channel cross-section surveys made since 1983 show seasonal aggradation / incision cycles; channels generally incise in summer and infill during the winter
... LIDAR DATA AND PROCESSING. Aerial LiDAR and orthophotographic surveys were conducted on 18 Fe... more ... LIDAR DATA AND PROCESSING. Aerial LiDAR and orthophotographic surveys were conducted on 18 February 2005 and 6 April 2007. ... Newhall CG,; Punongbayan RS. Jones JW,; Newhall CG. 1996, Pre-eruption and post-eruption digital-terrain models of Mt. ...
... APPLICATION OF AIRBORNE LIDAR IN RIVER ENVIRONMENTS: THE RIVER COQUET, NORTHUMBERLAND, UK ...... more ... APPLICATION OF AIRBORNE LIDAR IN RIVER ENVIRONMENTS: THE RIVER COQUET, NORTHUMBERLAND, UK ... intervals along the six cross-sections using the surface profiling facilities available in Arc/INFO GIS. ... Forest biodiversity and its assessment by remote sensing. ...
This paper applies meta-analysis techniques to a database of 401 14C-dated Holocene fluvial units... more This paper applies meta-analysis techniques to a database of 401 14C-dated Holocene fluvial units in New Zealand. We use the database to produce a probability-based reconstruction of Holocene river behaviour at a national and regional scale. Records of river activity in northern (North Island) and southern (South Island) New Zealand are compared with independent hydro-climate proxy records that reflect regional, tropical and polar influences on Southern Hemisphere climate. During the Holocene, 12 multi-centennial length episodes of river activity and flooding were identified in the North Island, and in the South Island record 11 periods exceed the mean relative probability of activity. These records show that episodes of river activity have exhibited a predominantly out-of-phase relationship, suggesting the relationship between ENSO and SAM, and the relative dominance of the two modes, may be influencing Holocene river activity in New Zealand. The emerging pattern in the South Islan...
ABSTRACT Landslides are an important means of conveying sediment from slopes to channels in fores... more ABSTRACT Landslides are an important means of conveying sediment from slopes to channels in forested steepland environments, but their occurrence and connectivity is highly variable. This means that any single assessment in time of their contribution to the sediment cascade is of limited value. To better understand landscape dynamics and the variability of the contribution of sediment derived by landslides over time, their connectivity and sediment contribution is quantified over a time span of 60 years in the 11.3 km² Tamaki catchment in the SE Ruahine Range, New Zealand. The temporal variability in connectivity between landslides and the stream network was assessed using six sets of aerial photography flown between 1946 and 2011, from which landslides were mapped. An assessment of the contribution of material delivered by landslides to the Tamaki channel system was based on field measurements of landslide scar area and depth using RTK-dGPS and tacheometric surveys. The volume of material was estimated as the difference between the measured landslide surface and an interpolation of the original slope surface. This generated an approximate average volume of 1.2 m3 per square metre of landslide scar, which is consistent with previous estimations in this terrain. Approximate volumes of sediment delivered to the channel varied from 42,000 m3 in 1946 to over 320,000 m3 in 1977 with a second peak of 140,000m3 in 2005. This variability largely reflects the occurrence of significant rainfall events with the 1970s peak in sediment input being attributed to Cyclone Alison in 1975 and a secondary peak following a major storm in 2004.The number of landslides connected to the channel network ranged from a minimum of 10 (38% of all) in 1946 to a maximum of 96 (74%) in 1977 with a second peak of 41 landslides (78%) following the 2004 storm. Sediment generated in this forested steepland system has caused severe channel aggradation and flooding of pastoral land downstream of the Range front. Therefore this study helps to understand the processes of sediment generation and their spatial and temporal variability in order to project future trends in sediment flux and to identify appropriate catchment management strategies.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1996
Page 1. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.115.01.09 1996; v. 115; p. 99-120 Geological Society, London, Spe... more Page 1. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.115.01.09 1996; v. 115; p. 99-120 Geological Society, London, Special Publications G. Wintle Ian C. Fuller, Mark G. Macklin, David G. Passmore, Paul A. Brewer, John Lewin and Ann based ...
ABSTRACT Whilst recent detailed sedimentological investigations have been carried out on deglacia... more ABSTRACT Whilst recent detailed sedimentological investigations have been carried out on deglacial valley fill sediments of Late Pleistocene age in many UK river valleys, there is a paucity of high-resolution work on the deglacial history of the Tyne Valley. Combined with a poorly resolved chronology, this represents an appreciable gap in our understanding of Devensian palaeoenvironments in northeastern Britain. Confusion still exists in terms of understanding the mode of deglaciation and the resulting depositional landforms that characterize the present-day morphology of the valley. This paper reconstructs part of the deglacial history of the lower Tyne Valley using information gathered through a combination of geomorphological mapping and description and interpretation of sedimentary sequences. The evidence indicates the sediments are glaciofluvial in origin, deposited within a supra-glacial, rather than sub-glacial environment. Further work currently underway, including the development of a rigorous geochronology based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) will help to place these deposits within a secure, regional model of deglaciation, which can be compared with other models developed for adjacent areas of northern Britain.
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2007
... Alastair JH Clement a & Ian C. Fuller b a Geography Programme School of People, E... more ... Alastair JH Clement a & Ian C. Fuller b a Geography Programme School of People, Environment & Planning, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand b Geography Programme School of People, Environment & Planning, Massey University ...
In the headwaters of the Waipaoa catchment, fluvio-mass movement gully complexes are currently si... more In the headwaters of the Waipaoa catchment, fluvio-mass movement gully complexes are currently significant contributors of sediment, delivery of which is buffered by fans which have developed in the small tributaries that lead from the gully complexes. Biannual channel cross-section surveys made since 1983 show seasonal aggradation / incision cycles; channels generally incise in summer and infill during the winter
... LIDAR DATA AND PROCESSING. Aerial LiDAR and orthophotographic surveys were conducted on 18 Fe... more ... LIDAR DATA AND PROCESSING. Aerial LiDAR and orthophotographic surveys were conducted on 18 February 2005 and 6 April 2007. ... Newhall CG,; Punongbayan RS. Jones JW,; Newhall CG. 1996, Pre-eruption and post-eruption digital-terrain models of Mt. ...
... APPLICATION OF AIRBORNE LIDAR IN RIVER ENVIRONMENTS: THE RIVER COQUET, NORTHUMBERLAND, UK ...... more ... APPLICATION OF AIRBORNE LIDAR IN RIVER ENVIRONMENTS: THE RIVER COQUET, NORTHUMBERLAND, UK ... intervals along the six cross-sections using the surface profiling facilities available in Arc/INFO GIS. ... Forest biodiversity and its assessment by remote sensing. ...
This paper applies meta-analysis techniques to a database of 401 14C-dated Holocene fluvial units... more This paper applies meta-analysis techniques to a database of 401 14C-dated Holocene fluvial units in New Zealand. We use the database to produce a probability-based reconstruction of Holocene river behaviour at a national and regional scale. Records of river activity in northern (North Island) and southern (South Island) New Zealand are compared with independent hydro-climate proxy records that reflect regional, tropical and polar influences on Southern Hemisphere climate. During the Holocene, 12 multi-centennial length episodes of river activity and flooding were identified in the North Island, and in the South Island record 11 periods exceed the mean relative probability of activity. These records show that episodes of river activity have exhibited a predominantly out-of-phase relationship, suggesting the relationship between ENSO and SAM, and the relative dominance of the two modes, may be influencing Holocene river activity in New Zealand. The emerging pattern in the South Islan...
ABSTRACT Landslides are an important means of conveying sediment from slopes to channels in fores... more ABSTRACT Landslides are an important means of conveying sediment from slopes to channels in forested steepland environments, but their occurrence and connectivity is highly variable. This means that any single assessment in time of their contribution to the sediment cascade is of limited value. To better understand landscape dynamics and the variability of the contribution of sediment derived by landslides over time, their connectivity and sediment contribution is quantified over a time span of 60 years in the 11.3 km² Tamaki catchment in the SE Ruahine Range, New Zealand. The temporal variability in connectivity between landslides and the stream network was assessed using six sets of aerial photography flown between 1946 and 2011, from which landslides were mapped. An assessment of the contribution of material delivered by landslides to the Tamaki channel system was based on field measurements of landslide scar area and depth using RTK-dGPS and tacheometric surveys. The volume of material was estimated as the difference between the measured landslide surface and an interpolation of the original slope surface. This generated an approximate average volume of 1.2 m3 per square metre of landslide scar, which is consistent with previous estimations in this terrain. Approximate volumes of sediment delivered to the channel varied from 42,000 m3 in 1946 to over 320,000 m3 in 1977 with a second peak of 140,000m3 in 2005. This variability largely reflects the occurrence of significant rainfall events with the 1970s peak in sediment input being attributed to Cyclone Alison in 1975 and a secondary peak following a major storm in 2004.The number of landslides connected to the channel network ranged from a minimum of 10 (38% of all) in 1946 to a maximum of 96 (74%) in 1977 with a second peak of 41 landslides (78%) following the 2004 storm. Sediment generated in this forested steepland system has caused severe channel aggradation and flooding of pastoral land downstream of the Range front. Therefore this study helps to understand the processes of sediment generation and their spatial and temporal variability in order to project future trends in sediment flux and to identify appropriate catchment management strategies.
Accurate characterisation of morphology is critical to many studies in the field of geomorphology... more Accurate characterisation of morphology is critical to many studies in the field of geomorphology, particularly those dealing with changes over time. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are commonly used to represent morphology in three dimensions. The quality of the DEM is largely a function of the accuracy of individual survey points, field survey strategy, and the method of interpolation. Recommendations concerning field survey strategy and appropriate methods of interpolation are currently lacking. Furthermore, the majority of studies to date consider error to be uniform across a surface. This study quantifies survey strategy and interpolation error for a gravel bar on the River Nent, Blagill, Cumbria, UK. Five sampling strategies were compared: (i) cross section; (ii) bar outline only; (iii) bar and chute outline; (iv) bar and chute outline with spot heights; and (v) aerial LiDAR equivalent, derived from degraded terrestrial laser scan (TLS) data. Digital Elevation Models were then produced using five different common interpolation algorithms. Each resultant DEM was differentiated from a terrestrial laser scan of the gravel bar surface in order to define the spatial distribution of vertical and volumetric error. Overall triangulation with linear interpolation (TIN) or point kriging appeared to provide the best interpolators for the bar surface. Lowest error on average was found for the simulated aerial LiDAR survey strategy, regardless of interpolation technique. However, comparably low errors were also found for the bar-chute-spot sampling strategy when TINs or point kriging was used as the interpolator. The magnitude of the errors between survey strategy exceeded those found between interpolation technique for a specific survey strategy. Strong relationships between local surface topographic variation (as defined by the standard deviation of vertical elevations in a 0.2-m diameter moving window), and DEM errors were also found, with much greater errors found at slope breaks such as bank edges. A series of curves are presented that demonstrate these relationships for each interpolation and survey strategy. The simulated aerial LiDAR data set displayed the lowest errors across the flatter surfaces; however, sharp slope breaks are better modelled by the morphologically based survey strategy. The curves presented have general application to spatially distributed data of river beds and may be applied to standard deviation grids to predict spatial error within a surface, depending upon sampling strategy and interpolation algorithm.
Scour and fill estimation from digital elevation model (DEM) subtraction or differencing is an in... more Scour and fill estimation from digital elevation model (DEM) subtraction or differencing is an increasingly common technique in morphological and sediment transport investigations. The technique is commonly used to estimate scour and fill volumes and to produce scour and fill maps that provide process-based information to geomorphologists. Accounting for sources of uncertainty within the DEM is of critical importance. DEM error is spatially variable and has a tendency to be greater at breaks of slope such as bar and bank edges. In the past however, this has been achieved using a uniform error metric across the DEM, resulting in over-conservative estimates of error. In turn this has led to over-conservative scour and fill volumes, and incorrect process interpretation. This paper applies a new approach that permits assessment of spatially distributed error across a DEM. The method is tested on a sequence of field surveys of the gravel-bed River Nent, Cumbria, UK. The results demonstrate some dramatic differences: application of conventional techniques that account for mean error across a DEM led to a 15 and 31% underestimation in scour and fill volumes, respectively, between July and October 1998, whilst for the October 1998–June 1999 subtraction 31 and 13% of scour and fill were underestimated respectively. Use of a uniform error across a surface captures less change in comparison to a spatially distributed approach. Furthermore, the changes captured using a uniform error are biased toward areas of the channel that have more local topographic variability such as bar and bank edges. In contrast the use of a spatially distributed approach provides information on change from flatter surfaces such as bar tops that would otherwise be missed. This study also demonstrates that estimates of morphological change can be misleading in the absence of an error filter. Where the raw survey data is available, it is recommended that sediment budgeting studies take account of the spatial variability of error in each DEM involved in the subtraction.
In Blum, M., Marriott, S. & Leclair, S. (eds) Fluvial Sedimentology VII, IAS Special Publication 35, 61-74., 2005
Measurement of three-dimensional morphological change in a river channel provides a useful means ... more Measurement of three-dimensional morphological change in a river channel provides a useful means of assessing reach-scale rates and patterns of fluvial sediment erosion, transfer and deposition. The morphological sediment budgeting techniques used to generate these estimates of sediment flux may be particularly valuable in unstable gravel bed rivers, owing to the inherent difficulties associated with direct measurement of bedload transport. This paper compares two approaches used to derive a measure of annual sediment transfers within a 1 km long piedmont reach of the gravel-bed River Coquet in Northumberland, northern England, which has a locally braided channel planform and has experienced lateral instability over the past 150 yr. The first technique utilized channel planform and cross-profile surveys based on theodolite-EDM survey of (i) 21 monumented channel cross-profiles and (ii) channel and gravel bar margins. The second method used theodolite–EDM surveys to generate a series of xyz coordinates for the channel and bars within the reach, from which digital elevation models (DEMs) can be constructed. Calculating the difference between two DEM surfaces provides a measure of volumetric change between surveys. The compatibility between the two exercises, carried out during the springs of 1999 and 2000, was assessed by an error analysis comparing the surveyed cross-profiles with sections abstracted from the DEMs. This indicates a mean gross error between surveyed and DEM profiles of approximately twice the value of the D50 of the surface sediment in the reach. The accuracy of the DEMs as a representation of the terrain surface is quantified using residual analysis, which indicates that more than 96.3% of the interpolated surface is accurate to ±5 cm (equivalent to the surface sediment D50) for both the 1999 and 2000 DEM surfaces. Comparison of sediment volumes derived from the two approaches suggests that, relative to the higher resolution DEM survey, estimation of sediment transfers using monumented profiles and planform underestimates the magnitude of volumetric changes that occur within the reach. The degree of underestimation is reach and time dependent. The DEM method using a carefully designed sampling strategy based on morphological units provides a rigorous identification of spatial patterns of erosion and deposition, which cross-section-based approaches may fail to include.
In: Jones, S. and Frostick, L. (eds) Sediment flux to basins: causes, controls and consequences, Geological Society of London Special Issue, 191, 115-131., 2002
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