Homo ergaster

Homo ergaster; Julat zaman: Pleistosen awal, 2.04/1.95–1.4/0.87 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	KNM-ER 3733, tengkorak Homo ergaster berusia 1.6 juta tahun ditemui pada 1975 di Koobi Fora, Kenya
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Keluarga:	Hominidae
Genus:	Homo
Spesies:	†H. ergaster
Nama binomial
	Homo ergaster; Groves dan Mazák, 1975
Sinonim
	† Telanthropus capensis; Broom and Robinson, 1949; † Homo erectus ergaster ; (Groves and Mazák, 1975); †Homo louisleakeyi; Kretzoi, 1984; † Homo kenyaensis ; Zeitoun, 2000; † Homo okotensis ; Zeitoun, 2000;

Homo ergaster ialah spesies pupus atau subspesies manusia purba yang tinggal di Afrika pada zaman Pleistosen Awal. Sama ada H. ergaster membentuk spesiesnya sendiri atau harus dimasukkan ke dalam H. erectus ialah pertikaian yang berterusan dan tidak dapat diselesaikan dalam paleoantropologi. Penyokong sinonim biasanya menamakan H. ergaster sebagai "Homo erectus Afrika" ^[2] atau "Homo erectus ergaster".^[2] Nama Homo ergaster secara kasar diterjemahkan kepada " lelaki bekerja", merujuk kepada alat yang lebih canggih yang digunakan oleh spesies berbanding dengan nenek moyang mereka. Julat fosil H. ergaster terutamanya meliputi tempoh 1.7 hingga 1.4 juta tahun yang lalu, walaupun julat masa yang lebih luas mungkin.^[3] Walaupun fosil diketahui dari seluruh Afrika Timur dan Selatan, kebanyakan fosil H. ergaster telah ditemui di sepanjang pantai Tasik Turkana di Kenya. Terdapat fosil Afrika kemudiannya, beberapa lebih muda daripada 1 juta tahun yang lalu, yang menunjukkan kesinambungan anatomi jangka panjang, walaupun tidak jelas sama ada ia boleh dianggap secara rasmi sebagai spesimen H. ergaster. Sebagai chronospecies, H. ergaster mungkin telah berterusan sehingga 600,000 tahun yang lalu, apabila keturunan baru Homo muncul di Afrika.

Rujukan

^ Broom, R.; Talbot, J. T. (1949). "A New Type of Fossil Man". Nature. 164 (4164): 322–323. doi:10.1038/164322a0. PMID 18137042. S2CID 4106457.
^ ^a ^b Tattersall 2013.
^ Wood, Bernard; Doherty, Dandy; Boyle, Eve (2020-05-29). "Hominin Taxic Diversity". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.194. ISBN 9780190854584. Dicapai pada 2021-04-19.

Bibliografi dipetik

Aiello, Leslie C.; Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993). "Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language". Current Anthropology. 34 (2): 184–193. doi:10.1086/204160. S2CID 144347664.
Aiello, Leslie C.; Wells, Jonathan C. K. (2002). "Energetics and the Evolution of the Genus Homo". Annual Review of Anthropology. 31: 323–338. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085403.
Antón, Susan C. (2003). "Natural history of Homo erectus". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 46: 126–170. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10399. PMID 14666536.
Baab, Karen L. (2008). "The taxonomic implications of cranial shape variation in Homo erectus". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 827–847. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.11.003. PMID 18191986.
Bonde, Niels (2012). "Hominid Diversity and 'Ancestor' Myths". Dalam Schilhab, Theresa; Stjernfelt, Frederik; Deacon, Terrence (penyunting). The Symbolic Species Evolved. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-2336-8.
Ben-Dor, Miki; Gopher, Avi; Hershkovitz, Israel; Barkai, Ran (2011). "Man the Fat Hunter: The Demise of Homo erectus and the Emergence of a New Hominin Lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant". PLOS ONE. 6 (12): e28689. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...628689B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028689. PMC 3235142. PMID 22174868.
Brown, Frank; Harris, John; Leakey, Richard; Walker, Alan (1985). "Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 316 (6031): 788–792. Bibcode:1985Natur.316..788B. doi:10.1038/316788a0. PMID 3929141. S2CID 4311887.
Caspari, Rachel; Lee, Sang-Hee (2004). "Older age becomes common late in human evolution". PNAS. 101 (30): 10895–10900. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402857101. PMC 503716. PMID 15252198.
Ciochon, Russell (2009). "The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia" (PDF). Nature. 459 (7249): 910–911. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..910C. doi:10.1038/459910a. PMID 19536242. S2CID 205047272.
Coqueugniot, H.; Hublin, J.-J.; dll. (2004). "Early brain growth in Homo erectus and implications for cognitive ability". Nature. 431 (7006): 299–302. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..299C. doi:10.1038/nature02852. PMID 15372030. S2CID 4428043.
Dávid-Barrett, Tamás; Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016). "Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling". Journal of Human Evolution. 94: 72–82. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006. PMC 4874949. PMID 27178459.
Dennell, Robin; Roebroeks, Wil (2005). "An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa". Nature. 438 (7071): 1099–1104. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1099D. doi:10.1038/nature04259. PMID 16371999. S2CID 4405913.
Giles, James (2010). "Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness". Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062. S2CID 84164968.
Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). "The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process". Philosophical Transactions B. 371 (20150164): 20150164. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0164. PMC 4874402. PMID 27216521.
Hatala, Kevin G.; Roach, Neil T.; Ostrofsky, Kelly R.; Wunderlich, Roshna E.; Dingwall, Heather L.; Villmoare, Brian A.; Green, David J.; Harris, John W. K.; Braun, David R.; Richmond, Brian G. (2016). "Footprints reveal direct evidence of group behavior and locomotion in Homo erectus". Scientific Reports. 6 (28766): 28766. Bibcode:2016NatSR...628766H. doi:10.1038/srep28766. PMC 4941528. PMID 27403790.
Herries, Andy I. R.; dll. (2020). "Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa". Science. 368 (6486): eaaw7293. doi:10.1126/science.aaw7293. hdl:11568/1040368. PMID 32241925. S2CID 214763272.
Janssen, Marco A.; Sept, Jeanne M.; Griffith, Cameron S. (2007). "Hominids Foraging in a Complex Landscape: Could Homo ergaster and Australopithecus boisei Meet Their Calories Requirements?". Dalam Takahashi, Shingo; Sallach, David; Rouchier, Juliette (penyunting). Advancing Social Simulation: The First World Congress. Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-73150-4.
Kimbel, William H.; White, Tim D. (2017). "Variation, Sexual Dimorphism and the Taxonomy of Australopithecus". Dalam Grine, Frederick E. (penyunting). Evolutionary History of the Robust Australopithecines. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-202-36137-6.
Klein, Richard (2005). "Hominin dispersals in the Old World". Dalam Chris, Scarre (penyunting). The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500285312.
Larick, Roy; Ciochon, Russell (1996). "The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo". American Scientist. 84 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1996AmSci..84..538L.
Latimer, Bruce; Ohman, James C. (2001). "Axial dysplasia in Homo erectus". Journal of Human Evolution. 40: A12.
Meyer, Marc R.; Vekua, Abesalom; Lordkipanidze, David (2006). "Language and empathy in Homo erectus: behaviors suggested by a modern spinal cord from Dmanisi, but not Nariokotome". Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
Nowell, April; Chang, Melanie Lee (2009). "The Case Against Sexual Selection as an Explanation of Handaxe Morphology" (PDF). PaleoAnthropology. 2009: 77–88.
Pagel, Mark; Bodmer, Walter (2004). "The Evolution of Human Hairlessness: Cultural Adaptations and the Ectoparasite Hypothesis". Dalam Wasser, Solomon P. (penyunting). Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Horizons. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0443-4_17. ISBN 978-90-481-6457-8.
Reno, Philip L.; Meindl, Richard S.; McCollum, Melanie A.; Lovejoy, C. Owen (2003). "Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humans" (PDF). PNAS. 100 (16): 9404–9409. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9404R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1133180100. PMC 170931. PMID 12878734.
Roberts, Alice (2018). Evolution: The Human Story (ed. Revised). Dorling Kindersley Ltd. ISBN 978-0-2413-0431-0.
Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (2004). "Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair". Current Anthropology. 45 (1): 105–108. doi:10.1086/381006.
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Wilkinson, David M. (2011). "Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins" (PDF). PNAS. 108 (52): 20965–20969. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820965R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113915108. PMC 3248486. PMID 22160694.
Sandgathe, Dennis M.; Berna, Francesco (2017). "Fire and the Genus Homo: An Introduction to Supplement 16". Current Anthropology. 58 (Supplement 16): S165–S175. doi:10.1086/691424. S2CID 164992270.
Schiess, Regula; Häusler, Martin (2013). "No skeletal dysplasia in the Nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 (Homo erectus) – a reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22211. PMID 23283736.
Schiess, Regula; Böni, Thomas; Rühli, Frank J.; Häusler, Martin (2014). "Revisiting scoliosis in the KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus skeleton" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 67: 48–59. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.009. PMID 24491377.
Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (2000). "Taxonomy of the Dmanisi Crania" (PDF). Science. 289 (5476): 55–56. doi:10.1126/science.289.5476.55b. PMID 10928927. S2CID 23195350.
Simpson, Scott W.; Quade, Jay; Levin, Naomi E.; Butler, Robert; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume; Everett, Melanie; Semaw, Sileshi (2008). "A Female Homo erectus Pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia". Science. 322 (5904): 1089–1092. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1089S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.710.7337. doi:10.1126/science.1163592. PMID 19008443. S2CID 22191315.
Strait, David; Grine, Frederick; Fleagle, John (2015). "Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach" (PDF). Dalam Henke, Winfried; Tattersall, Ian (penyunting). Handbook of Paleoanthropology (ed. 2nd). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_58. ISBN 978-3-642-39979-4.
Tattersall, Ian (2013). "Homo ergaster and Its Contemporaries" (PDF). Dalam Henke, Winfried; Tattersall, Ian (penyunting). Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-39978-7.
Ungar, Peter S.; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F. (2008). "Diet in Early Homo: A Review of the Evidence and a New Model of Adaptive Versatility". Annual Review of Anthropology. 35 (1): 208–228.
Willems, Erik P.; van Schaik, Carel P. (2017). "The social organization of Homo ergaster: Inferences from anti-predator responses in extant primates". Journal of Human Evolution. 109: 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.05.003. PMID 28688456.
Wang, Weijie; Crompton, Robin H.; Carey, Tanya S.; Günther, Michael M.; Li, Yu; Savage, Russell; Sellers, Williams I. (2004). "Comparison of inverse-dynamics musculo-skeletal models of AL 288-1 Australopithecus afarensis and KNM-WT 15000 Homo ergaster to modern humans, with implications for the evolution of bipedalism". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (6): 453–478. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.007. PMID 15566947.
Wood, Bernard; Collard, Mark (1999). "The Human Genus". Science. 284 (5411): 65–71. Bibcode:1999Sci...284...65.. doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.65. PMID 10102822.
Zhu, Zhaoyu; Dennell, Robin; Huang, Weiwen; Wu, Yi; Qiu, Shifan; Yang, Shixia; Rao, Zhiguo; Hou, Yamei; Xie, Jiubing; Han, Jiangwei; Ouyang, Tingping (2018). "Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311.

Pautan luar

Homo ergaster; The Australian Museum
Homo ergaster; Milne Publishing – The History of Our Tribe: Hominini
Homo ergaster; Origins – Exploring the Fossil Record – Bradshaw Foundation
Homo ergaster; eFossils Resources
Human origins family tree; DNA Learning Center

[1] Broom, R.; Talbot, J. T. (1949). "A New Type of Fossil Man". Nature. 164 (4164): 322–323. doi:10.1038/164322a0. PMID 18137042. S2CID 4106457.

[FOOTNOTETattersall2013-2] Tattersall 2013.

[3] Wood, Bernard; Doherty, Dandy; Boyle, Eve (2020-05-29). "Hominin Taxic Diversity". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.194. ISBN 9780190854584. Dicapai pada 2021-04-19.

[1]

[2]

[3]