Parti Demokratik Liberal (Jepun)

Parti Demokratik Liberal
自由民主党code: ja is deprecated
*Jiyū-Minshutō*code: ja is deprecated
Parti Demokratik Liberal; 自由民主党 Jiyū-Minshutō
Singkatan	LDP; Jimintō
Presiden	Shigeru Ishiba
Naib Presiden	Yoshihide Suga
Setiausaha Agung	Hiroshi Moriyama
Pengasas	Ichiro Hatoyama ; Taketora Ogata ;
Ditubuhkan	15 November 1955; 68 tahun yang lalu
Gabungan	Parti Liberal ; Parti Demokratik Jepun ;
Ibu pejabat	11–23, Nagatachō 1-chome, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8910, Jepun
Akhbar	Jiyu Minshu
Sayap pelajar	Divisyen Pelajar LDP
Sayap belia	Pemuda LDP [ja]
Keanggotaan	▲ 1,136,445 (2021 ang.)
Ideologi	Konservatisme (Jepun) ; Nasionalisme Jepun ;
Kedudukan politik	Sayap kananA[›]
Penggabungan antarabangsa	Kesatuan Demokrasi Asia Pasifik
Warna	Merah (rasmi) ; Hijau (biasa) ;
Slogan	地域の声で、新たな日本へ; ('Ke Jepun baharu dengan suara rantau ini')
Lagu parti	"We"
Ahli Kaunselor	115 / 248
Ahli Perwakilan	255 / 465
Prefektur	1,301 / 2,644
Pembandaran	2,137 / 29,135
Simbol pilihan raya
Bendera parti
Laman sesawang
	Jepun ; www.jimin.jp ; Inggeris ; www.jimin.jp/english/ ;
	Politik Jepun; Parti politik; Pilihan raya

Parti Demokratik Liberal (Bahasa Jepun: 自由民主党, Jiyū Minshutō atau 自民党 dan 自民, Bahasa Inggeris: Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, singkatan LDP) merupakan sebuah parti politik utama di Jepun.

Parti yang diketuai Perdana Menteri Jepun, Fumio Kishida ini telah memerintah Jepun secara hampir berterusan sejak penubuhannya pada 1955 dan kini mempunyai pakatan bersama parti Komeito.

Ideologi dan dasar politik

LDP biasanya dikaitkan dengan konservatisme[19] dan nasionalisme Jepun..^[9] Parti itu walaupun tidak menyokong ideologi atau falsafah politik yang jelas, bersatu, kerana pemerintahan jangka panjangnya, dan telah disifatkan sebagai parti "tangkap muat".^[10] Ahli-ahlinya memegang pelbagai jawatan yang boleh ditakrifkan secara meluas sebagai berada di sebelah kanan parti pembangkang utama. Ramai menterinya, termasuk Perdana Menteri terkini Fumio Kishida^[11] dan bekas Perdana Menteri Yoshihide Suga,^[12] Shinzo Abe bergabung dengan liga parlimen Nippon Kaigi, sebuah kumpulan pelobi ultranasionalis dan tradisionalis.^[13] Dalam politik Jepun, konvensyen itu adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan Parti Demokratik Liberal dan Parti Komunis Jepun sebagai masing-masing menduduki hujung konservatif dan progresif dalam spektrum ideologi, namun klasifikasi ini menghadapi cabaran, terutamanya di kalangan generasi muda, selepas 1990-an.^[14]

LDP secara tradisinya mengenal pasti dirinya dengan beberapa matlamat umum: pertumbuhan ekonomi berasaskan eksport yang pesat; kerjasama erat dengan Amerika Syarikat dalam dasar luar dan pertahanan; dan beberapa isu baharu, seperti reformasi pentadbiran. Pembaharuan pentadbiran merangkumi beberapa tema: memudahkan dan memperkemas birokrasi pemerintah; penswastaan perusahaan milik kerajaan; dan penggunaan langkah-langkah, termasuk pembaharuan cukai, sebagai persediaan menghadapi tekanan yang dijangkakan terhadap ekonomi yang ditimbulkan oleh masyarakat yang semakin tua. Keutamaan lain pada awal 1990-an termasuk promosi peranan yang lebih aktif dan positif untuk Jepun di rantau Asia-Pasifik yang sedang pesat membangun, pengantarabangsaan ekonomi Jepun melalui liberalisasi dan promosi permintaan dalam negara (dijangka akan membawa kepada penciptaan masyarakat maklumat teknologi tinggi) dan promosi penyelidikan saintifik. Komitmen yang diilhamkan oleh perniagaan terhadap perusahaan bebas telah diganggu oleh desakan perniagaan kecil yang penting dan kawasan pilihan raya pertanian mengenai beberapa bentuk perlindungan dan subsidi.^[15]

Nota

^ Sejak 2017
^ Warna rasmi sebelum 2017; masih digunakan di laman web Inggeris
^ Chiiki no koe de aratana nippon e
^ "われらcode: ja is deprecated "
"Ware-ra"

Rujukan

^ Endo, Masahisa; Pekkanen, Robert (2018). "The LDP: Return to Dominance? Or a Golden Age Built on Sand?". Dalam Pekkanen, Robert (penyunting). Critical Readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan. 4. Brill. m/s. 1626. ISBN 978-90-04-38055-4. Dicapai pada 31 Mei 2023. Jiyu Minshu, kertas parti LDP, mula memberi tumpuan kepada pembangunan luar bandar mulai Jun 2014.
^ "自民党学生部". www.tokyo-jimin.jp. Dicapai pada 2024-02-21.
^ "自民党員7年ぶり減少 108万人、19年末時点". 日本経済新聞 (dalam bahasa Jepun). 2020-03-02. Dicapai pada 2024-02-21.
^
- Florian Coulmas, penyunting (2023). Japanese Propriety, Past and Present: Disciplined Liberalism. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 88. ISBN 9781000885835. ... dalam wacana politik Jepun selepas perang sering menyokong kedudukan kiri dan sosialis yang menentang parti sayap kanan Liberal Demokratik yang memerintah, yang sentiasa digemari oleh Washington.
- "Japan's right-wing Liberal Democratic Party dominates parliamentary election". Business Insider. 10 Julai 2022. Dicapai pada 15 November 2022.
- Shorrock, Tim (27 Ogos 2019). "In a Major Shift, South Korea Defies Its Alliance With Japan". The Nation. Dicapai pada 19 Februari 2020.
- Akito Okada, penyunting (2022). Japan's School Curriculum for The 2020s: Politics, Policy, and Pedagogy. Springer Nature. m/s. 14. ISBN 9789811920769. In the case of Japan, the ideological basis of the right-wing LDP had almost no element of liberal (as in libertarian) thought, such as reliance on anti-nationalist liberalism and individualism, or vigilance against a centrally planned economy and welfare system.
- Arve Hansen; Jo Inge Bekkevold; Kristen Nordhaug, penyunting (2020). The Socialist Market Economy in Asia: Development in China, Vietnam and Laos. Springer Nature. m/s. 318. ISBN 9789811562488. Japan's economic miracle was largely formed under the leadership of the conservative right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), ...
- Lam Peng Er; Purnendra Jain, penyunting (2020). Japan's Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Continuity and Change. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 96. ISBN 9781498587969. The rising tide of hawkish nationalism and historical revisionism spearheaded by the right-wing LDP Prime Minister Abe Shinzo in recent decades seems to confirm the doubt.
- Arthur Alexander (Jun 2018). "Expert Voices on Japan: Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations" (PDF). Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.
- Katsuyuki Hidaka, penyunting (2016). Japanese Media at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781134988778. Criticism of the unreservedly right-wing Liberal Democratic Party administration led by Abe Shinzō nevertheless remains strong. Together with advocating for changes to the constitution, the Abe administration has succeeded in passing ...
- S. Carpenter, penyunting (2011). Japan's Nuclear Crisis: The Routes to Responsibility. Springer. m/s. 113. ISBN 9780230363717. Kodama quashed all things he regarded as remotely communist and consistently supported the right-wing LDP.
- J. A. A. Stockwin, penyunting (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. m/s. 177. ISBN 9781136894886. ... and joined the Young Storm Society (Seirankai) of right-wing liberal democratic party (LDP) parliamentarians, ...
- Joy Hendry, penyunting (2003). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. m/s. 219–220. ISBN 9781134502561.
- Ronald P. Dore, penyunting (1990). British Factory Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations, With a New Afterword. Akhbar Universiti California. ISBN 9780520024953. For nearly two decades the right-wing Liberal-Democratic Party has dominated Japanese politics with nearly two-thirds of Diet seats.
^ 日本に定着するか、政党のカラー [Will the colors of political parties settle in Japan?]. The Nikkei (dalam bahasa Jepun). Nikkei, Inc. 21 Oktober 2017. Dicapai pada 5 Oktober 2021.
^ "自民党". jimin.jp. Dicapai pada 25 Mei 2023.
^ 党歌・シンボル. jimin.jp. Dicapai pada 3 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities: Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2023
^
Sources describing the LDP as nationalist:
- "The Resurgence of Japanese Nationalism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 Julai 2015. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 Ogos 2016. Dicapai pada 11 Julai 2016.
- "As Hiroshima's legacy fades, Japan's postwar pacifism is fraying" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). The Conversation UK. 6 Ogos 2015. Dicapai pada 21 Februari 2020. Even though much of the Japanese public does not agree with the LDP's nationalist platform, the party won big electoral victories by promising to replace the DPJ's weakness with strong leadership – particularly on the economy, but also in foreign affairs.
- "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 Jun 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
- "Shinzo Abe and the rise of Japanese nationalism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New Statesman. 15 Mei 2019. Dicapai pada 21 Februari 2020. As a new emperor takes the throne, prime minister Abe is consolidating his ultranationalist "beautiful Japan" project. But can he overcome a falling population and stagnating economy?
- A Weiss (31 Mei 2018). Towards a Beautiful Japan: Right-Wing Religious Nationalism in Japan's LDP.
^ Glenn D. Hook; Julie Gilson; Christopher W. Hughes; Hugo Dobson (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 58. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2.
^ Mark, Craig (29 September 2021). "Who is Fumio Kishida, Japan's new prime minister?". The Conversation (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 26 Julai 2022.
^ "Abe’s reshuffle promotes right-wingers" (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)
^ "Tea Party Politics in Japan (dalam bahasa Inggeris) Diarkibkan 17 Ogos 2016 di Wayback Machine" (New York Times – 2014/09/13)
^ Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo, penyunting (2016). EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 29. ISBN 9781137503428. Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ...
^ The Liberal Democratic Party – "Japan – THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 November 2016. Dicapai pada 4 Mei 2012.

Pautan luar

Laman rasmi parti di Facebook
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[5] Sejak 2017

[7] Warna rasmi sebelum 2017; masih digunakan di laman web Inggeris

[8] Chiiki no koe de aratana nippon e

[10] "われらcode: ja is deprecated "
"Ware-ra"

[1] Endo, Masahisa; Pekkanen, Robert (2018). "The LDP: Return to Dominance? Or a Golden Age Built on Sand?". Dalam Pekkanen, Robert (penyunting). Critical Readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan. 4. Brill. m/s. 1626. ISBN 978-90-04-38055-4. Dicapai pada 31 Mei 2023. Jiyu Minshu, kertas parti LDP, mula memberi tumpuan kepada pembangunan luar bandar mulai Jun 2014.

[2] "自民党学生部". www.tokyo-jimin.jp. Dicapai pada 2024-02-21.

[jimin1-3] "自民党員7年ぶり減少 108万人、19年末時点". 日本経済新聞 (dalam bahasa Jepun). 2020-03-02. Dicapai pada 2024-02-21.

[Right-wing1-4] 
Florian Coulmas, penyunting (2023). Japanese Propriety, Past and Present: Disciplined Liberalism. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 88. ISBN 9781000885835. ... dalam wacana politik Jepun selepas perang sering menyokong kedudukan kiri dan sosialis yang menentang parti sayap kanan Liberal Demokratik yang memerintah, yang sentiasa digemari oleh Washington.
"Japan's right-wing Liberal Democratic Party dominates parliamentary election". Business Insider. 10 Julai 2022. Dicapai pada 15 November 2022.
Shorrock, Tim (27 Ogos 2019). "In a Major Shift, South Korea Defies Its Alliance With Japan". The Nation. Dicapai pada 19 Februari 2020.
Akito Okada, penyunting (2022). Japan's School Curriculum for The 2020s: Politics, Policy, and Pedagogy. Springer Nature. m/s. 14. ISBN 9789811920769. In the case of Japan, the ideological basis of the right-wing LDP had almost no element of liberal (as in libertarian) thought, such as reliance on anti-nationalist liberalism and individualism, or vigilance against a centrally planned economy and welfare system.
Arve Hansen; Jo Inge Bekkevold; Kristen Nordhaug, penyunting (2020). The Socialist Market Economy in Asia: Development in China, Vietnam and Laos. Springer Nature. m/s. 318. ISBN 9789811562488. Japan's economic miracle was largely formed under the leadership of the conservative right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), ...
Lam Peng Er; Purnendra Jain, penyunting (2020). Japan's Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Continuity and Change. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 96. ISBN 9781498587969. The rising tide of hawkish nationalism and historical revisionism spearheaded by the right-wing LDP Prime Minister Abe Shinzo in recent decades seems to confirm the doubt.
Arthur Alexander (Jun 2018). "Expert Voices on Japan: Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations" (PDF). Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.
Katsuyuki Hidaka, penyunting (2016). Japanese Media at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781134988778. Criticism of the unreservedly right-wing Liberal Democratic Party administration led by Abe Shinzō nevertheless remains strong. Together with advocating for changes to the constitution, the Abe administration has succeeded in passing ...
S. Carpenter, penyunting (2011). Japan's Nuclear Crisis: The Routes to Responsibility. Springer. m/s. 113. ISBN 9780230363717. Kodama quashed all things he regarded as remotely communist and consistently supported the right-wing LDP.
J. A. A. Stockwin, penyunting (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. m/s. 177. ISBN 9781136894886. ... and joined the Young Storm Society (Seirankai) of right-wing liberal democratic party (LDP) parliamentarians, ...
Joy Hendry, penyunting (2003). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. m/s. 219–220. ISBN 9781134502561.
Ronald P. Dore, penyunting (1990). British Factory Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations, With a New Afterword. Akhbar Universiti California. ISBN 9780520024953. For nearly two decades the right-wing Liberal-Democratic Party has dominated Japanese politics with nearly two-thirds of Diet seats.

[9] Florian Coulmas, penyunting (2023). Japanese Propriety, Past and Present: Disciplined Liberalism. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 88. ISBN 9781000885835. ... dalam wacana politik Jepun selepas perang sering menyokong kedudukan kiri dan sosialis yang menentang parti sayap kanan Liberal Demokratik yang memerintah, yang sentiasa digemari oleh Washington.

[10] "Japan's right-wing Liberal Democratic Party dominates parliamentary election". Business Insider. 10 Julai 2022. Dicapai pada 15 November 2022.

[11] Shorrock, Tim (27 Ogos 2019). "In a Major Shift, South Korea Defies Its Alliance With Japan". The Nation. Dicapai pada 19 Februari 2020.

[12] Akito Okada, penyunting (2022). Japan's School Curriculum for The 2020s: Politics, Policy, and Pedagogy. Springer Nature. m/s. 14. ISBN 9789811920769. In the case of Japan, the ideological basis of the right-wing LDP had almost no element of liberal (as in libertarian) thought, such as reliance on anti-nationalist liberalism and individualism, or vigilance against a centrally planned economy and welfare system.

[13] Arve Hansen; Jo Inge Bekkevold; Kristen Nordhaug, penyunting (2020). The Socialist Market Economy in Asia: Development in China, Vietnam and Laos. Springer Nature. m/s. 318. ISBN 9789811562488. Japan's economic miracle was largely formed under the leadership of the conservative right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), ...

[14] Lam Peng Er; Purnendra Jain, penyunting (2020). Japan's Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Continuity and Change. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 96. ISBN 9781498587969. The rising tide of hawkish nationalism and historical revisionism spearheaded by the right-wing LDP Prime Minister Abe Shinzo in recent decades seems to confirm the doubt.

[15] Arthur Alexander (Jun 2018). "Expert Voices on Japan: Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations" (PDF). Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.

[16] Katsuyuki Hidaka, penyunting (2016). Japanese Media at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781134988778. Criticism of the unreservedly right-wing Liberal Democratic Party administration led by Abe Shinzō nevertheless remains strong. Together with advocating for changes to the constitution, the Abe administration has succeeded in passing ...

[17] S. Carpenter, penyunting (2011). Japan's Nuclear Crisis: The Routes to Responsibility. Springer. m/s. 113. ISBN 9780230363717. Kodama quashed all things he regarded as remotely communist and consistently supported the right-wing LDP.

[18] J. A. A. Stockwin, penyunting (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. m/s. 177. ISBN 9781136894886. ... and joined the Young Storm Society (Seirankai) of right-wing liberal democratic party (LDP) parliamentarians, ...

[19] Joy Hendry, penyunting (2003). Understanding Japanese Society. Routledge. m/s. 219–220. ISBN 9781134502561.

[20] Ronald P. Dore, penyunting (1990). British Factory Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations, With a New Afterword. Akhbar Universiti California. ISBN 9780520024953. For nearly two decades the right-wing Liberal-Democratic Party has dominated Japanese politics with nearly two-thirds of Diet seats.

[6] 日本に定着するか、政党のカラー [Will the colors of political parties settle in Japan?]. The Nikkei (dalam bahasa Jepun). Nikkei, Inc. 21 Oktober 2017. Dicapai pada 5 Oktober 2021.

[9] "自民党". jimin.jp. Dicapai pada 25 Mei 2023.

[11] 党歌・シンボル. jimin.jp. Dicapai pada 3 September 2018.

[local_assemblies-12] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities: Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2023

[13] Sources describing the LDP as nationalist:
"The Resurgence of Japanese Nationalism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 Julai 2015. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 Ogos 2016. Dicapai pada 11 Julai 2016.

"As Hiroshima's legacy fades, Japan's postwar pacifism is fraying" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). The Conversation UK. 6 Ogos 2015. Dicapai pada 21 Februari 2020. Even though much of the Japanese public does not agree with the LDP's nationalist platform, the party won big electoral victories by promising to replace the DPJ's weakness with strong leadership – particularly on the economy, but also in foreign affairs.

"Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 Jun 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.

"Shinzo Abe and the rise of Japanese nationalism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New Statesman. 15 Mei 2019. Dicapai pada 21 Februari 2020. As a new emperor takes the throne, prime minister Abe is consolidating his ultranationalist "beautiful Japan" project. But can he overcome a falling population and stagnating economy?

A Weiss (31 Mei 2018). Towards a Beautiful Japan: Right-Wing Religious Nationalism in Japan's LDP.

[26] "The Resurgence of Japanese Nationalism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 Julai 2015. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 Ogos 2016. Dicapai pada 11 Julai 2016.

[27] "As Hiroshima's legacy fades, Japan's postwar pacifism is fraying" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). The Conversation UK. 6 Ogos 2015. Dicapai pada 21 Februari 2020. Even though much of the Japanese public does not agree with the LDP's nationalist platform, the party won big electoral victories by promising to replace the DPJ's weakness with strong leadership – particularly on the economy, but also in foreign affairs.

[28] "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 Jun 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.

[29] "Shinzo Abe and the rise of Japanese nationalism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New Statesman. 15 Mei 2019. Dicapai pada 21 Februari 2020. As a new emperor takes the throne, prime minister Abe is consolidating his ultranationalist "beautiful Japan" project. But can he overcome a falling population and stagnating economy?

[30] A Weiss (31 Mei 2018). Towards a Beautiful Japan: Right-Wing Religious Nationalism in Japan's LDP.

[HookGilson20012-14] Glenn D. Hook; Julie Gilson; Christopher W. Hughes; Hugo Dobson (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 58. ISBN 978-1-134-32806-2.

[15] Mark, Craig (29 September 2021). "Who is Fumio Kishida, Japan's new prime minister?". The Conversation (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 26 Julai 2022.

[2014_reshuffle-16] "Abe’s reshuffle promotes right-wingers" (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)

[17] "Tea Party Politics in Japan (dalam bahasa Inggeris) Diarkibkan 17 Ogos 2016 di Wayback Machine" (New York Times – 2014/09/13)

[progressive-18] Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo, penyunting (2016). EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 29. ISBN 9781137503428. Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ...

[19] The Liberal Democratic Party – "Japan – THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 November 2016. Dicapai pada 4 Mei 2012.

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Kawalan kewibawaan
Umum	ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat (melalui VIAF)
Perpustakaan negara	Norway Perancis (data) Jerman Israel Amerika Syarikat Jepun Republik Czech Australia Yunani Poland
Pangkalan data saintifik	CiNii (Jepun)
Lain-lain	SUDOC (Perancis) 1