Rebakan bandar

Rebakan bandar, juga dikenali sebagai rebakan pinggir bandar, merupakan konsep pelbagai dimensi, yang merangkumi rebakan bandar keluar dari bandar dan pinggir bandarnya ke kawasan kurang padat dan pembangunan bebas kereta di tanah kampung, pemisahan jauh kegunaan (contoh. kedai dan tempat tinggal), dan pelbagai ciri-ciri rekabentuk yang menggalakkan kebergantungan kepada kereta.^[1]

Perbincangan dan perdebatan mengenai rebakan sering dikelirukan dengan kekaburan yang dikaitkan dengan farsa "Matlamat mencipta bandar kekal diri dan tertutup dihentikan oleh rebakan bandar kerana pembangunan tidak dikawal." (K.H Sebonego, 2010, University of Botswana)Templat:Huh Sebagai contoh, sesetengah pengulas mengukur rebakan hanya dengan purata unit penduduk setiap ekar kawasan yang diukur. Tetapi yang lain mengaitkannya dengan nyahpusat (rebakan populasi tanpa pusat yang ditetapkan dengan jelas), terputus-putus (pembangunan melangkau, sebagaimana ditakrif di bawah), penggunaan berasingan, dll.

Istilah rebakan bandar pada umunya memiliki konotasi negetif disebabkan isu kesihatan, persekitaran, dan budaya yang dikaitkan dengan farsa tersebut.^[2] Penduduk rebakan bandar cenderung menghasilkan lebih banyak pencemaran bagi setiap seorang dan mengalami lebih banyak kematian akibat trafik.^[3]^[4] Rebakan menjadi pertikaian, dengan penyokong mendakwa bahawa pengguna gemarkan kawasan kejiranan berkepadatan rendah dan rebakan bandar tidak semestinya peningkatan trafik.^[5]

Rebakan bandar Kawasan Teluk San Francisco, terutama di kawasan mengadap Teluk San Francisco

Kesesakan dan peningkatan sifat agresif

Banyak kajian mengaitkan peningkatan kepadatan penduduk dengan peningkatan sifat agresif. Sesetengah orang percaya bahawa peningkatan kepadatan populasi menggalakkan jenayah dan sifat anti-sosial. It is argued that human beings, while social animals, need significant amounts of social space or they become agitated and aggressive.^[6] However, the relationship between higher densities and increased social pathology has been largely discredited ^[7]

Rujukan

^ What is Sprawl?. SprawlCity.org
^ Frumkin, Howard (May–June 2002). Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
^ Norman, Jonathan (2006). "Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Journal of Urban Planning and Development. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers. 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10). ISSN 0733-9488. Dicapai pada 2008-02-07. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)^{[pautan mati kekal]}
^ Van Pelt, Julie (ed.) (2006). Cascadia Scorecard 2006 (PDF). Cascadia Scorecard. Seattle, Washington: Sightline Institute. ISBN 1-886093-16-4. Dicapai pada 2008-02-07.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)^{[pautan mati kekal]}
^ Moore, Adrian; Rick Henderson (June 1998). "Plan Obsolescence", Reason Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
^ Sennett, Richard (ed.) (1969). Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. m/s. 67–83. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
^ Fischer, Claude S., Mark Baldasarre, and R. J. Ofshe. 1975. "Crowding Studies and Urban Life - A Critical Review." Journal of the American Institute of Planners 41(6): 406-418.

Bibliografi kerja yang dipetik

Baudrillard, Jean (1983). Simulacra and Simulation.
Duany, Andrés (2000). Suburban Nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
Jameson, Fredric (1990). Postmodernism or the cultural logic of late capitalism.
Koolhaas, Rem (2003). Junkspace, Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping. Harvard Press.
Schlosser, Eric (2002). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Houghton Mifflin Company.
DeGrove, John and Robyne Turner (1991) "Local Government in Florida: Coping with Massive and Sustained Growth" in Huckshorn, R. (ed.) Government and Politics in Florida, University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
Hirschhorn, Joel S. (2005), Sprawl Kills - How Blandburbs Steal Your Time, Health, and Money. New York: Sterling & Ross. ISBN 0-9766372-0-0
Crawford, Margaret (1992) "The World in a Shopping Mall" in Sorkin, Michael (ed.), Variations on a Theme Park, The new American city and the end of public space, Hill and Wang, New York, pp. 3–30.
Frieden, Bernard J. and Sagalyn, Lynne B. (1989) Downtown Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Davies, Ross (1960). Retail Planning Policies in Western Europe. Routledge.
Gruen, Victor and Larry Smith (1960) Shopping towns USA: the planning of shopping centers, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
Stein, Jay (1993). Growth Management: The planning challenge of the 1990’s. Sage Publications.

Bacaan lanjut

Jackson, Kenneth T.. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Bruegmann, Robert. Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. ISBN 0-226-07691-1
Garreau, Joel, "Edge City: life on the new frontier". New York, Anchor Books, 1991.
Gielen, Tristan. Coping with compaction; the demon of sprawl. Auckland, Random House New Zealand, 2006.
Hayden, Dolores. "A Field Guide to Sprawl". New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2004.
Rybczynski, Witold (Nov. 7, 2005). "Suburban Despair". Slate.
Vicino, Thomas, J. Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Winkler, Robert. Going Wild: Adventures with Birds in the Suburban Wilderness. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2003.

Pautan luar

[sprawlcity-1] What is Sprawl?. SprawlCity.org

[cdcreport-2] Frumkin, Howard (May–June 2002). Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.

[3] Norman, Jonathan (2006). "Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Journal of Urban Planning and Development. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers. 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10). ISSN 0733-9488. Dicapai pada 2008-02-07. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)^{[pautan mati kekal]}

[csc06-4] Van Pelt, Julie (ed.) (2006). Cascadia Scorecard 2006 (PDF). Cascadia Scorecard. Seattle, Washington: Sightline Institute. ISBN 1-886093-16-4. Dicapai pada 2008-02-07.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)^{[pautan mati kekal]}

[reason-5] Moore, Adrian; Rick Henderson (June 1998). "Plan Obsolescence", Reason Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.

[6] Sennett, Richard (ed.) (1969). Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. m/s. 67–83. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

[7] Fischer, Claude S., Mark Baldasarre, and R. J. Ofshe. 1975. "Crowding Studies and Urban Life - A Critical Review." Journal of the American Institute of Planners 41(6): 406-418.

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