As with most kinds of inner experience, it is difficult to assess actual self-talk frequency beyo... more As with most kinds of inner experience, it is difficult to assess actual self-talk frequency beyond self-reports, given the often hidden and subjective nature of the phenomenon. The Self-Talk Scale (STS; Brinthaupt et al., 2009) is a self-report measure of self-talk frequency that has been shown to possess acceptable reliability and validity. However, no research using the STS has examined the accuracy of respondents' self-reports. In the present paper, we report a series of studies directly examining the measurement of self-talk frequency and functions using the STS. The studies examine ways to validate self-reported self-talk by (1) comparing STS responses from 6 weeks earlier to recent experiences that might precipitate self-talk, (2) using experience sampling methods to determine whether STS scores are related to recent reports of self-talk over a period of a week, and (3) comparing self-reported STS scores to those provided by a significant other who rated the target on the STS. Results showed that (1) overall self-talk scores, particularly self-critical and self-reinforcing self-talk, were significantly related to reports of context-specific self-talk; (2) high STS scorers reported talking to themselves significantly more often during recent events compared to low STS scorers, and, contrary to expectations, (3) friends reported less agreement than strangers in their self-other self-talk ratings. Implications of the results for the validity of the STS and for measuring self-talk are presented.
This study examined the effect of a 6-week school-based pedometer intervention for children. It c... more This study examined the effect of a 6-week school-based pedometer intervention for children. It compared the number of step counts between group- and individual-based step goal conditions over time, and compared the number of goal attainments between the two step goal conditions by physical activity levels. Ninety-nine 4th-grade students' (50 boys, 49 girls) data were analyzed. Overall step counts continued to increase over time, increasing about 19% from baseline. Different step goal conditions produced similar effects on children's physical activity levels across all time points. The number of goal attainments was higher for low active children with individual-based step goals than those with group-based step goals. Using pedometers in school is promising for enhancing physical activity in children.
Journal of physical activity & health, Jan 31, 2015
This study examined the optimal measurement conditions to obtain reliable peak cadence measures u... more This study examined the optimal measurement conditions to obtain reliable peak cadence measures using the accelerometer-determined step data from the NHANES 2005-2006. A total of 1,282 adults (>17years) who provided valid accelerometer data for 7 consecutive days were included. The peak 1-and 30-minute cadences were extracted. The sources of variance in peak stepping cadences were estimated using Generalizability theory analysis. A simulation analysis was conducted to examine the effect of the inclusion of weekend days. The optimal number of monitoring days to achieve 80% reliability for peak stepping cadences were estimated. Intra-individual variability was the largest variance component of peak cadences for young and middle-aged adults aged <60 years (50.55%-59.24%) compared to older adults aged ≥60 years (31.62%-41.72%). In general, the minimum of 7and 5days of monitoring were required for peak 1-and 30-minute cadences among young and middle-aged adults, while 3 days of mon...
The purpose of this study was to investigate rater effects on the TGMD-2 when it applied to child... more The purpose of this study was to investigate rater effects on the TGMD-2 when it applied to children with intellectual disability. A total of 22 children with intellectual disabilities participated in this study. Children's performances in each of 12 subtests of the TGMD-2 were recorded via video and scored by three adapted physical activity specialists who have expertise in the TGMD-2. Two advanced measurement theories, Generalizability-theory (G-theory) and many-facet Rasch model (MFRM), were applied in data analyses. There were relatively large variances attributed to rater effects on the scores of the TGMD-2 awarded to children with intellectual disabilities. The severity of each rater significantly differed across all subtests of the TGMD-2. There was a set of biased ratings interacted with measurement conditions of the TGMD-2.
Tennessee medicine : journal of the Tennessee Medical Association, 2010
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic predictors and health-related c... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic predictors and health-related correlates of no leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a representative sample of Tennessee adults. Data from 5024 adults participating in the 2008 Tennessee Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used for the analysis. Overall, 28.9 percent of Tennessee adults (26.2 percent of men and 31.4 percent of women) reported no LTPA. The sociodemographic predictors of no LTPA were age, race, and education. No LTPA was a useful predictor of health status markers such as self-report health, obesity, smoking, and cardiovascular disease. This study found that selected sociodemographic characteristics were adequate predictors of no LTPA among Tennessee adults. Also, the absence of LTPA was found to be a significant predictor of health status.
The seasonal and monthly variability of pedometer-determined physical activity and its effects on... more The seasonal and monthly variability of pedometer-determined physical activity and its effects on accurate measurement have not been examined. The purpose of the study was to reduce measurement error in step-count data by controlling a) the length of the measurement period and b) the season or month of the year in which sampling was conducted. Twenty-three middle-aged adults were instructed to wear a Yamax SW-200 pedometer over 365 consecutive days. The step-count measurement periods of various lengths (eg, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, etc.) were randomly selected 10 times for each season and month. To determine accurate estimates of yearly step-count measurement, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and bias were calculated. The year-round average was considered as a criterion measure. A smaller MAPE and bias represent a better estimate. Differences in MAPE and bias among seasons were trivial; however, they varied among different months. The months in which seasonal changes occur presen...
There is little consensus on how many hours of accelerometer wear time is needed to reflect a usu... more There is little consensus on how many hours of accelerometer wear time is needed to reflect a usual day. This study identifies the bias in daily physical activity (PA) estimates caused by accelerometer wear time. 124 adults (age = 41 ± 11 years; BMI = 27 ± 7 kg·m⁻²) contributed approximately 1,200 days accelerometer wear time. Five 40 day samples were randomly selected with 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 h·d⁻¹ of wear time. Four semisimulation data sets (10, 11, 12, 13 h·d⁻¹) were created from the reference 14 h·d⁻¹ data set to assess Absolute Percent Error (APE). Repeated-measures ANOVAs compared min·d⁻¹ between 10, 11, 12, 13 h·d⁻¹ and the reference 14 h·d⁻¹ for inactivity (<100 cts·min⁻¹), light (100-1951 cts·min⁻¹), moderate (1952-5724 cts·min⁻¹), and vigorous (≥5725 cts·min⁻¹) PA. APE ranged from 5.6%-41.6% (10 h·d⁻¹ = 28.2%-41.6%; 11 h·d⁻¹ = 20.3%-36.0%; 12 h·d⁻¹ = 13.5%-14.3%; 13 h·d⁻¹ = 5.6%-7.8%). Min·d⁻¹ differences were observed for inactivity, light, and moderate PA between 1...
As with most kinds of inner experience, it is difficult to assess actual self-talk frequency beyo... more As with most kinds of inner experience, it is difficult to assess actual self-talk frequency beyond self-reports, given the often hidden and subjective nature of the phenomenon. The Self-Talk Scale (STS; Brinthaupt et al., 2009) is a self-report measure of self-talk frequency that has been shown to possess acceptable reliability and validity. However, no research using the STS has examined the accuracy of respondents&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; self-reports. In the present paper, we report a series of studies directly examining the measurement of self-talk frequency and functions using the STS. The studies examine ways to validate self-reported self-talk by (1) comparing STS responses from 6 weeks earlier to recent experiences that might precipitate self-talk, (2) using experience sampling methods to determine whether STS scores are related to recent reports of self-talk over a period of a week, and (3) comparing self-reported STS scores to those provided by a significant other who rated the target on the STS. Results showed that (1) overall self-talk scores, particularly self-critical and self-reinforcing self-talk, were significantly related to reports of context-specific self-talk; (2) high STS scorers reported talking to themselves significantly more often during recent events compared to low STS scorers, and, contrary to expectations, (3) friends reported less agreement than strangers in their self-other self-talk ratings. Implications of the results for the validity of the STS and for measuring self-talk are presented.
This study examined the effect of a 6-week school-based pedometer intervention for children. It c... more This study examined the effect of a 6-week school-based pedometer intervention for children. It compared the number of step counts between group- and individual-based step goal conditions over time, and compared the number of goal attainments between the two step goal conditions by physical activity levels. Ninety-nine 4th-grade students' (50 boys, 49 girls) data were analyzed. Overall step counts continued to increase over time, increasing about 19% from baseline. Different step goal conditions produced similar effects on children's physical activity levels across all time points. The number of goal attainments was higher for low active children with individual-based step goals than those with group-based step goals. Using pedometers in school is promising for enhancing physical activity in children.
Journal of physical activity & health, Jan 31, 2015
This study examined the optimal measurement conditions to obtain reliable peak cadence measures u... more This study examined the optimal measurement conditions to obtain reliable peak cadence measures using the accelerometer-determined step data from the NHANES 2005-2006. A total of 1,282 adults (>17years) who provided valid accelerometer data for 7 consecutive days were included. The peak 1-and 30-minute cadences were extracted. The sources of variance in peak stepping cadences were estimated using Generalizability theory analysis. A simulation analysis was conducted to examine the effect of the inclusion of weekend days. The optimal number of monitoring days to achieve 80% reliability for peak stepping cadences were estimated. Intra-individual variability was the largest variance component of peak cadences for young and middle-aged adults aged <60 years (50.55%-59.24%) compared to older adults aged ≥60 years (31.62%-41.72%). In general, the minimum of 7and 5days of monitoring were required for peak 1-and 30-minute cadences among young and middle-aged adults, while 3 days of mon...
The purpose of this study was to investigate rater effects on the TGMD-2 when it applied to child... more The purpose of this study was to investigate rater effects on the TGMD-2 when it applied to children with intellectual disability. A total of 22 children with intellectual disabilities participated in this study. Children's performances in each of 12 subtests of the TGMD-2 were recorded via video and scored by three adapted physical activity specialists who have expertise in the TGMD-2. Two advanced measurement theories, Generalizability-theory (G-theory) and many-facet Rasch model (MFRM), were applied in data analyses. There were relatively large variances attributed to rater effects on the scores of the TGMD-2 awarded to children with intellectual disabilities. The severity of each rater significantly differed across all subtests of the TGMD-2. There was a set of biased ratings interacted with measurement conditions of the TGMD-2.
Tennessee medicine : journal of the Tennessee Medical Association, 2010
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic predictors and health-related c... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic predictors and health-related correlates of no leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a representative sample of Tennessee adults. Data from 5024 adults participating in the 2008 Tennessee Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used for the analysis. Overall, 28.9 percent of Tennessee adults (26.2 percent of men and 31.4 percent of women) reported no LTPA. The sociodemographic predictors of no LTPA were age, race, and education. No LTPA was a useful predictor of health status markers such as self-report health, obesity, smoking, and cardiovascular disease. This study found that selected sociodemographic characteristics were adequate predictors of no LTPA among Tennessee adults. Also, the absence of LTPA was found to be a significant predictor of health status.
The seasonal and monthly variability of pedometer-determined physical activity and its effects on... more The seasonal and monthly variability of pedometer-determined physical activity and its effects on accurate measurement have not been examined. The purpose of the study was to reduce measurement error in step-count data by controlling a) the length of the measurement period and b) the season or month of the year in which sampling was conducted. Twenty-three middle-aged adults were instructed to wear a Yamax SW-200 pedometer over 365 consecutive days. The step-count measurement periods of various lengths (eg, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, etc.) were randomly selected 10 times for each season and month. To determine accurate estimates of yearly step-count measurement, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and bias were calculated. The year-round average was considered as a criterion measure. A smaller MAPE and bias represent a better estimate. Differences in MAPE and bias among seasons were trivial; however, they varied among different months. The months in which seasonal changes occur presen...
There is little consensus on how many hours of accelerometer wear time is needed to reflect a usu... more There is little consensus on how many hours of accelerometer wear time is needed to reflect a usual day. This study identifies the bias in daily physical activity (PA) estimates caused by accelerometer wear time. 124 adults (age = 41 ± 11 years; BMI = 27 ± 7 kg·m⁻²) contributed approximately 1,200 days accelerometer wear time. Five 40 day samples were randomly selected with 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 h·d⁻¹ of wear time. Four semisimulation data sets (10, 11, 12, 13 h·d⁻¹) were created from the reference 14 h·d⁻¹ data set to assess Absolute Percent Error (APE). Repeated-measures ANOVAs compared min·d⁻¹ between 10, 11, 12, 13 h·d⁻¹ and the reference 14 h·d⁻¹ for inactivity (<100 cts·min⁻¹), light (100-1951 cts·min⁻¹), moderate (1952-5724 cts·min⁻¹), and vigorous (≥5725 cts·min⁻¹) PA. APE ranged from 5.6%-41.6% (10 h·d⁻¹ = 28.2%-41.6%; 11 h·d⁻¹ = 20.3%-36.0%; 12 h·d⁻¹ = 13.5%-14.3%; 13 h·d⁻¹ = 5.6%-7.8%). Min·d⁻¹ differences were observed for inactivity, light, and moderate PA between 1...
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