- Centre for Geotechnology
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli
Tamilnadu
India - 627 012 - 9944717646
- Anna University, Department of Geology, Post-Docadd
- Remote Sensing, Trace element Geochemistry, Heavy mineral analysis, Geochemistry, Geography, Groundwater modeling, and 20 moreEnvironmental Science, Hydrology, Spatial Analysis, Using Remote Sensing, MIF Techniques, Coastal Aquifer, Trace Metals, Morphometry, Hydrochemistry, Island Studies, Hydrogeochemistry, Groundwater Hydrology, Environmental GIS, Watershed Hydrology, Sedimentology, Hydrogeology, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Environmental Sustainability, Water Pollution, and Groundwater Qualityedit
- Dynamic, forward-looking team player with relevant experience in the field of Environmental Science, Remote sensing a... moreDynamic, forward-looking team player with relevant experience in the field of Environmental Science, Remote sensing and GIS. Combines extensive technical, analytical, and interpretive skills with practical field experience. Possess strong interpersonal skills: experience working with multi-discipline research/scientific teams and professionals.edit
Trace element concentration in the beach placer mining areas of Kanyakumari coast, South India was assessed. Sewage and contaminated sediments from mining sites has contaminated the surface sediments. Enrichment factor indicates... more
Trace element concentration in the beach placer mining areas of Kanyakumari coast, South India was assessed. Sewage and contaminated sediments from mining sites has contaminated the surface sediments. Enrichment factor indicates moderately severe enrichment for Pb, minor enrichment for Mn, Zn, Ni, Fe and no enrichment for Cr and Cu. The Igeo values show higher concentration of Pb ranging in the scale of 3-4, which shows strong contamination due to high anthropogenic activity such as mining and terrestrial influences into the coastal regions. Correlation coefficient shows that most of the elements are associated with each other except Ni and Pb. Factor analysis reveals that Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr, Pb and Cu are having a significant loading and it indicates that these elements are mainly derived from similar origin. The cluster analysis clearly indicated that the mining areas are grouped under cluster 2 and non-mining areas are clustered under group 1.
Research Interests:
The present study focused on the elemental distribution of nearshore environment and to understand the interrelationship between different parameters such as trace elements, organic matter, calcium carbonate and sediment texture. For this... more
The present study focused on the elemental distribution of nearshore environment and to understand the interrelationship between different parameters such as trace elements, organic matter, calcium carbonate and sediment texture. For this purpose, 24 surface samples were collected from the nearshore environment using a stainless steel Van Veen grab sampler. The above said parameters indicate that nearshore sediment transport, contaminants from estuarine source and anthropogenic activities deteriorates the sediment quality in the nearshore area. The enrichment factor reveals that the sediments are enriched with Pb, Co, Ni and Cr, whereas the geoaccumulation index highlights that the sediments are polluted with Pb, Ni and Co. The elevated concentration of Pb in the nearshore sediments are possibly from the port activities and thermal power plants situated in the north of the study area. Proper management of industrial effluents is needed to curb further metal pollution in the nearshor...
Research Interests:
Forty eight surface sediment samples were collected from the vicinity of Van Island in order to assess the sediment pollution level and potential ecological risk on coral reef ecosystem. The analytical and correlation results indicate a... more
Forty eight surface sediment samples were collected from the vicinity of Van Island in order to assess the sediment pollution level and potential ecological risk on coral reef ecosystem. The analytical and correlation results indicate a distribution of elements is chiefly controlled by the CaCO3 and OM. The enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index show the elevated level of Pb in the surface sediments is due to application of lead petrol and coal incinerating power plants. The sediment pollution index reveals that majority of the sediments falling under highly polluted sediment category (35.4%) followed by moderately polluted (25%) and dangerous sediment category (14.58%). The potential ecological risk suggests that nearly 66.6% of the samples falling under the low risk category, moderate risk category (20.8%) followed by considerable risk category (8.33%) and very high risk category (4.1%). The accumulation level of trace elements clearly suggests that the coral reef ecosystem i...
Research Interests:
The present study was conducted to assess the trace element concentration in marine surface sediments after major flood event of Chennai metropolis, India. Thirty surface samples were collected from off Chennai coast. Trace elements,... more
The present study was conducted to assess the trace element concentration in marine surface sediments after major flood event of Chennai metropolis, India. Thirty surface samples were collected from off Chennai coast. Trace elements, organic matter, CaCO3, sand-silt-clay and C/N ratios were studied to understand the accumulation dynamics on sediments. The elemental concentration, calcium carbonate and OM distribution suggest that they are derived from urban runoff and transported through Adyar and Cooum Rivers. The enrichment factor reveals that the sediments are enriched by Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni followed by Fe. The observed Igeo value shows that the samples are contaminated by Pb, Cu and Zn. The elemental concentration of the surface sediments is low when compared to other coastal region except Pb. The elevated level of Pb in the surface sediments is probably due to migration of contaminated urban soil from industrial and transportation sectors into marine environment.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The present study was carried out on the Porites coral growth bands (1979 to 2014) to measure the metal accumulation for assessing the environmental pollution status. The concentrations of studiedmetals are compared with similar global... more
The present study was carried out on the Porites coral growth bands (1979 to 2014) to measure the metal
accumulation for assessing the environmental pollution status. The concentrations of studiedmetals are compared
with similar global studies,which indicate that themetals are probably derived fromnatural sources. The identical
peaks of Fe and Mn are perfectly matched with Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, the metal profile trend is
slightly depressed froma regular trend in Zn, Cd and Pb peaks. Themetal accumulation affinity of the reef skeleton
is ranked in the following order Cr N Cd N Pb N Fe N MnN Cu N Ni N Zn. The distribution ofmetal constituents in coral
growth bands is primarily controlled by Fe andMn in the reef skeleton. Other reef associatedmetals such as Pb and
Cd are derived from other sources like coastal developments and anthropogenic sources.
accumulation for assessing the environmental pollution status. The concentrations of studiedmetals are compared
with similar global studies,which indicate that themetals are probably derived fromnatural sources. The identical
peaks of Fe and Mn are perfectly matched with Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, the metal profile trend is
slightly depressed froma regular trend in Zn, Cd and Pb peaks. Themetal accumulation affinity of the reef skeleton
is ranked in the following order Cr N Cd N Pb N Fe N MnN Cu N Ni N Zn. The distribution ofmetal constituents in coral
growth bands is primarily controlled by Fe andMn in the reef skeleton. Other reef associatedmetals such as Pb and
Cd are derived from other sources like coastal developments and anthropogenic sources.
Research Interests:
During the last three decades, remotely sensed data (both satellite images and aerial photographs) have been in-creasingly used in groundwater exploration and management exercises. An integrated approach has been adopted in the present... more
During the last three decades, remotely sensed data
(both satellite images and aerial photographs) have been in-creasingly used in groundwater exploration and management
exercises. An integrated approach has been adopted in the
present study to delineate groundwater recharge potential
zones using RS and GIS techniques. IRS-1C satellite imager-ies and Survey of India toposheets are used to prepare various
thematic layers viz. geology, soil, land-use, slope, lineament
and drainage. These layers were then transformed in to raster
data using feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 9.3 soft-ware. The raster maps of these factors are allocated a fixed
score and weight computed from Influencing Factor (IF) tech-nique. The weights of factors contributing to the groundwater
recharge are derived using aerial photos, geologymaps, a land
use database, and field verification. Subjective weights are
assigned to the respective thematic layers and overlaid in
GIS platform for the identification of potential groundwater
recharge zones within the study area. Then these potential zones were categories as‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘low’, ‘poor’.
The resulted map shows that 19 % of the area has highest
recharge potential, mainly confined to buried pediplain, agri-culture land-use and river terraces (considerable amount of
precipitatedwater percolates into subsurface), 28%of the area
hasmoderate groundwater recharge potentiality and rest of the
area has low to poor recharge potentiality. The residual hills
and linear ridges with steep slopes are not suitable for artificial
recharge sites. Finally, 13 % of total average annual precipi-tated water (840 mm) percolates downward and ultimately
contributes to recharge theaquifers in the Kovilpatti
Municipality area. The paper is an attempt to suggest for
maintaining the proper balance between the groundwater
quantity and its exploitation.
(both satellite images and aerial photographs) have been in-creasingly used in groundwater exploration and management
exercises. An integrated approach has been adopted in the
present study to delineate groundwater recharge potential
zones using RS and GIS techniques. IRS-1C satellite imager-ies and Survey of India toposheets are used to prepare various
thematic layers viz. geology, soil, land-use, slope, lineament
and drainage. These layers were then transformed in to raster
data using feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 9.3 soft-ware. The raster maps of these factors are allocated a fixed
score and weight computed from Influencing Factor (IF) tech-nique. The weights of factors contributing to the groundwater
recharge are derived using aerial photos, geologymaps, a land
use database, and field verification. Subjective weights are
assigned to the respective thematic layers and overlaid in
GIS platform for the identification of potential groundwater
recharge zones within the study area. Then these potential zones were categories as‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘low’, ‘poor’.
The resulted map shows that 19 % of the area has highest
recharge potential, mainly confined to buried pediplain, agri-culture land-use and river terraces (considerable amount of
precipitatedwater percolates into subsurface), 28%of the area
hasmoderate groundwater recharge potentiality and rest of the
area has low to poor recharge potentiality. The residual hills
and linear ridges with steep slopes are not suitable for artificial
recharge sites. Finally, 13 % of total average annual precipi-tated water (840 mm) percolates downward and ultimately
contributes to recharge theaquifers in the Kovilpatti
Municipality area. The paper is an attempt to suggest for
maintaining the proper balance between the groundwater
quantity and its exploitation.
Research Interests:
The south west coast of Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu, India, is significantly affected by seawater intrusion and diffusion of pollutants into the aquifers due to unregulated beach placer mining and other anthropogenic activities.... more
The south west coast of Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu, India, is significantly affected by seawater intrusion and diffusion of pollutants into the aquifers due to unregulated beach placer mining and other anthropogenic activities. The present study investigates the vulnerability of the coastal aquifers using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based DRASTIC model. The seven DRASTIC parameters have been analyzed using the statistical equation of this model to demarcate the vulnerable zones for aquifer contamination. The vulnerability index map is prepared from the weighted spatial parameters, and an accounting of total index value ranged from 85 to 213. Based on the categorization of vulnerability classes, the high vulnerable zones are found near the beach placer mining areas between Manavalakurichi and Kodimanal coastal stretches. The aquifers associated with settlements and agricultural lands in the middle-eastern part have experienced high vulnerability due to contaminated wa...
Research Interests: Coastal Management, Water resources, Coastal Geomorphology, Groundwater, Environmental Monitoring, and 12 moreRemote Sensing (Earth Sciences), Remote sensing and GIS applications in Landscape Research, Water Pollution, Multidisciplinary, India, Water Supply, Estuaries, Seawater, Environmental monitoring and assessment, Theoretical Models, Geographic Information Systems, and Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination Using Drastic Model
In the present study, the geochemical characteristics of groundwater and drinking water quality has been studied. 24 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbonate,... more
In the present study, the geochemical characteristics
of groundwater and drinking water quality has
been studied. 24 groundwater samples were collected and
analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved
solids, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate,
calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total hardness.
The results were evaluated and compared with WHO
and BIS water quality standards. The studied results reveal
that the groundwater is fresh to brackish and moderately
high to hard in nature. Na and Cl are dominant ions among
cations and anions. Chloride, calcium and magnesium ions
are within the allowable limit except few samples.
According to Gibbs diagram, the predominant samples fall
in the rock–water interaction dominance and evaporation
dominance field. The piper trilinear diagram shows that
groundwater samples are Na–Cl and mixed CaMgCl type.
Based on the WQI results majority of the samples are
falling under excellent to good category and suitable for
drinking water purposes.
of groundwater and drinking water quality has
been studied. 24 groundwater samples were collected and
analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved
solids, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate,
calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total hardness.
The results were evaluated and compared with WHO
and BIS water quality standards. The studied results reveal
that the groundwater is fresh to brackish and moderately
high to hard in nature. Na and Cl are dominant ions among
cations and anions. Chloride, calcium and magnesium ions
are within the allowable limit except few samples.
According to Gibbs diagram, the predominant samples fall
in the rock–water interaction dominance and evaporation
dominance field. The piper trilinear diagram shows that
groundwater samples are Na–Cl and mixed CaMgCl type.
Based on the WQI results majority of the samples are
falling under excellent to good category and suitable for
drinking water purposes.
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT A total of 20 groundwater samples were col-lected from both dug and bore wells of southern Tiruchi-rappalli district and analyzed for various hydrogeochemical parameters. The analyzed physicochemical parameters such as pH,... more
ABSTRACT A total of 20 groundwater samples were col-lected from both dug and bore wells of southern Tiruchi-rappalli district and analyzed for various hydrogeochemical parameters. The analyzed physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and fluoride are used to characterize the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigational uses. The results of the chemical analysis indicates that the groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline and mainly contains Na ? , Ca 2? , and Mg 2? cations as well as HCO 3 2-, Cl -, SO 4 2-and NO 3 -anions. The total dissolved solids mainly depend on the concen-tration of major ions such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO 3 , Cl, and SO 4 . Based on TDS, 55 % of the samples are suitable for drinking and rest of the samples are unsuitable for drinking. The total hardness indicates that majority of the ground-water samples are found within the permissible limit of WHO. The dominant hydrochemical facies for groundwater are Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–HCO 3 , and Ca–Cl type. The USSL graphical geochemical representation of groundwater quality suggests that majority of the water samples belongs to high medium salinity with low alkali hazards. The Gibb's plot indicates that the groundwater chemistry of the study area is mainly controlled by evap-oration and rock–water interaction. Spearman's correlation and factor analysis were used to distinguish the statistical relation between different ions and contamination source in the study area.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Earth Sciences, Water quality, Groundwater, Cameroon, Environmental Monitoring, and 13 moreMultidisciplinary, Groundwater Management, Environmental Sciences, Silica, Drinking Water, Groundwater Quality, Environmental monitoring and assessment, World Health Organization, Water Quality, Agricultural Irrigation, Cation Exchange, Physicochemical Properties, and Total Hardness of Water
Trace elements in the groundwater of Tamiraparani river basin is modeled spatially. Elemental concentrations were compared with WHO standards. Emprical bayesian kriging was used and prediction errors were quantified. Health risk... more
Trace elements in the groundwater of Tamiraparani river basin is modeled spatially. Elemental concentrations were compared with WHO standards. Emprical bayesian kriging was used and prediction errors were quantified. Health risk assessment was done through oral and dermal pathways. Multivariate statistical analysis were used to infer the source. a b s t r a c t This study investigates the concentration of trace elements in the groundwater of Tamiraparani river basin, South India. 124 groundwater samples were collected representing diverse landuse condition over the study area. The results reveal that the mean concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni were 0.269, 0.02, 0.007, 0.007, 0.003, 0.066, and 0.004 ppm respectively. The decreasing trend of trace element content shows the following order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) is found between most of the variables such as water level and Fe, Pb; EC and Ni; Fe and Pb; Mn and Pb; Cu and Zn, Ni; Cr and Pb; Zn and Ni. The studied trace elements are found below the international drinking water guidelines except Fe, Mn, and Pb. The Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) model is used to interpolate the studied metal concentrations in the groundwater of the study area. A health risk assessment was carried out using exposure dose index (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ). The CDI values of trace elements for oral and dermal pathways shows the following order of Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb respectively. The Hazard quotients suggest that the risk of contamination through oral and dermal pathways is feeble as all the elements show values less than one. The multivariate statistical analysis reveals that the source of trace elements in the groundwater is through natural origin except copper, chromium and lead as these contaminants are derived from anthropogenic activities.
Research Interests:
This study is an approach to better estimate the groundwater recharge potential zones using geographical information system (GIS), influence factor and RS techniques. This concept has been applied in Ottapidaram taluk in Tuticorin... more
This study is an approach to better estimate the
groundwater recharge potential zones using geographical
information system (GIS), influence factor and RS techniques.
This concept has been applied in Ottapidaram taluk
in Tuticorin district to determine the overall groundwater
recharge potentiality. Survey of India toposheets and
Indian Remote Sensing-1C satellite imageries are used to
prepare various thematic layers such as: lithology, slope,
land use, lineament, drainage, soil, and rainfall. These
layers were then transformed into raster data using the
feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 9.3 software.
Subjective weights are assigned to the respective thematic
layers and overlaid in GIS platform for the identification of
potential groundwater zones within the study area. These
potential zones were categorized as ‘high’, ‘moderate’, and
‘low’ zones with respect to the assigned weightage of
different thematic layers. The results reveal that the areas of good groundwater potential are estimated to cover
260.25 km2 (35 % of the study area), moderate potential
297.43 km2 (40 %), and low potential 185 km2 (25 %).
Moreover, only 34 % of the total average annual precipitated
water (680 mm) percolates into subsurface and ultimately
contributes to recharge the groundwater. These
results suggest that the high potential zones will have a key
role in future expansion of drinking water and irrigation
development in the study area.
groundwater recharge potential zones using geographical
information system (GIS), influence factor and RS techniques.
This concept has been applied in Ottapidaram taluk
in Tuticorin district to determine the overall groundwater
recharge potentiality. Survey of India toposheets and
Indian Remote Sensing-1C satellite imageries are used to
prepare various thematic layers such as: lithology, slope,
land use, lineament, drainage, soil, and rainfall. These
layers were then transformed into raster data using the
feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 9.3 software.
Subjective weights are assigned to the respective thematic
layers and overlaid in GIS platform for the identification of
potential groundwater zones within the study area. These
potential zones were categorized as ‘high’, ‘moderate’, and
‘low’ zones with respect to the assigned weightage of
different thematic layers. The results reveal that the areas of good groundwater potential are estimated to cover
260.25 km2 (35 % of the study area), moderate potential
297.43 km2 (40 %), and low potential 185 km2 (25 %).
Moreover, only 34 % of the total average annual precipitated
water (680 mm) percolates into subsurface and ultimately
contributes to recharge the groundwater. These
results suggest that the high potential zones will have a key
role in future expansion of drinking water and irrigation
development in the study area.
Research Interests:
Abstract: The present study was carried out to decipher the groundwater potential zones in the coastal terrain of Tuticorin using Indian remote sensing satellite IRS-1C, LlSS-III data on a 1:50,000 scale and Survey of India (SOI)... more
Abstract: The present study was carried out to decipher the groundwater potential zones in the coastal terrain of Tuticorin
using Indian remote sensing satellite IRS-1C, LlSS-III data on a 1:50,000 scale and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets.
The thematic layers such as lithology, slope, land-use, lineament, drainage, soil and rainfall were generated and integrated
to prepare the groundwater prospect and recharge map of the study area. These layers were transformed to raster data
using feature to raster converter tool in Arc GIS 9.2 software. Subjective weights are assigned to the respective thematic
layers and overlaid in GIS platform for the identification of potential groundwater zones within the area. These potential
zones were categorized as ‘high’, ‘moderate’, and ‘low’ zones with respect to the assigned weightage of different thematic
layers. The resultant map shows that 10% of the area has highest recharge potentials, this is due to the percolation of
precipitated water into the sub-surface rocks, followed by 65% of the area with moderate groundwater recharge potentiality,
and rest of the area has low recharge potential. The study highlights that the total average annual precipitated water
(877 mm) is responsible for natural recharge of the aquifers in the Tuticorin area.
using Indian remote sensing satellite IRS-1C, LlSS-III data on a 1:50,000 scale and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets.
The thematic layers such as lithology, slope, land-use, lineament, drainage, soil and rainfall were generated and integrated
to prepare the groundwater prospect and recharge map of the study area. These layers were transformed to raster data
using feature to raster converter tool in Arc GIS 9.2 software. Subjective weights are assigned to the respective thematic
layers and overlaid in GIS platform for the identification of potential groundwater zones within the area. These potential
zones were categorized as ‘high’, ‘moderate’, and ‘low’ zones with respect to the assigned weightage of different thematic
layers. The resultant map shows that 10% of the area has highest recharge potentials, this is due to the percolation of
precipitated water into the sub-surface rocks, followed by 65% of the area with moderate groundwater recharge potentiality,
and rest of the area has low recharge potential. The study highlights that the total average annual precipitated water
(877 mm) is responsible for natural recharge of the aquifers in the Tuticorin area.
Research Interests:
Abstract The present study investigates the groundwater recharge potential zone and suitable sites for artificial recharge structures in the River Vaigai upper basin, Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-based multi-parameter weighted... more
Abstract The present study investigates the groundwater
recharge potential zone and suitable sites for artificial
recharge structures in the River Vaigai upper basin, Theni
district, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-based multi-parameter
weighted overlay method. The study area experiences
severe groundwater scarcity despite having high rainfall
and runoff. Therefore, an integrated remote sensing and
GIS technique is used to assess the permeability and infiltration characteristics of the area and demarcate the
recharge potential zones. The recharge potential zones and
site-specific artificial recharge structures have been demarcated based on the weights of multiple parameters
based on their permeability and infiltration capacity to
groundwater recharge. The groundwater recharge potential
map shows the twenty suitable sites for artificial recharge
structures such as percolation ponds, loose rock check
dams, and water absorption trench (WAT) in various parts
of the study area. The effective recharge practices such as
percolation ponds and check dams are highly suitable for
gentle-sloped barren and agricultural plains in the northwestern and northeastern parts. Whereas, the barren valley
fill, bajada and streams intersecting lineaments along the
middle-eastern and central part are suitable for constructing
WAT and check dams. These water-harvesting features can
improve the groundwater scenario of the study area and
groundwater augmentation is possible in future with the
help of advanced techniques like remote sensing and GIS.
recharge potential zone and suitable sites for artificial
recharge structures in the River Vaigai upper basin, Theni
district, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-based multi-parameter
weighted overlay method. The study area experiences
severe groundwater scarcity despite having high rainfall
and runoff. Therefore, an integrated remote sensing and
GIS technique is used to assess the permeability and infiltration characteristics of the area and demarcate the
recharge potential zones. The recharge potential zones and
site-specific artificial recharge structures have been demarcated based on the weights of multiple parameters
based on their permeability and infiltration capacity to
groundwater recharge. The groundwater recharge potential
map shows the twenty suitable sites for artificial recharge
structures such as percolation ponds, loose rock check
dams, and water absorption trench (WAT) in various parts
of the study area. The effective recharge practices such as
percolation ponds and check dams are highly suitable for
gentle-sloped barren and agricultural plains in the northwestern and northeastern parts. Whereas, the barren valley
fill, bajada and streams intersecting lineaments along the
middle-eastern and central part are suitable for constructing
WAT and check dams. These water-harvesting features can
improve the groundwater scenario of the study area and
groundwater augmentation is possible in future with the
help of advanced techniques like remote sensing and GIS.
Research Interests:
Abstract The quantitative analysis of the drainage morphometric system is vital to understand the hydrological and environmental interaction and its processes of an area. The present study deals with quantitative characteristics of... more
Abstract The quantitative analysis of the drainage morphometric system is vital to understand the hydrological
and environmental interaction and its processes of an area.
The present study deals with quantitative characteristics of
morphometry of steep slope and short length sub-basin of
R. Thamirabarani in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu,
India, using geospatial technology. In this study, the digital
elevation model data product (ASTER DEM), Landsat
ETM? image and Survey of India topographical map were
used to delineate slope, relief and drainage system structures such as drainage pattern, stream order, stream network and stream length of the sub-basin using ArcGIS 9.3
software. The morphometric analysis deals with hydrologic
processes such as stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, circulatory ratio and length of overland flow of the sub-basin
area and their influences on the local morphologic landforms. The quantitative measurement of these characteristics is used to explore the basin’s contribution to the
hydrological cycle and the shape, size and formation of the
local landscapes in the region. Moreover, the hypsometric
analysis and denudation rate were estimated for understanding the quantitative geomorphological characteristics
of the sub-basin. The relationship of the morphometric
parameters reveals that the drainage network is strongly
controlled by geological and geomorphological structures
of the area. The geometry of streams exhibits dendritic
drainage pattern associated with coarse drainage texture in
primary order of streams present on hilly terrain surface
and semi-dendritic pattern in higher stream order flow on
less elevated surface with gentle slope. The drainage density of the study area ranges from 0.1 to 1.89 km/km2, and
the maximum density value was found along the higher
stream order. The mean bifurcation ratio of this area is 4.21
and the high ratio was measured between the third and
fourth order of stream segments. The morphometry of this
area is depicted by the length of the stream segment,
drainage pattern and stream flow direction, which are
influenced by relief, steep slope and local geological
structure. Furthermore, the sub-basin is found to be
strongly elongated in shape with a length of 42.78 km, and
the circularity ratio of this area is measured as 0.33 and
elongation ratio as 0.57. The textural dissection of the
landforms shows low drainage density in the high elevated
hilly terrain in the north and high level in the plain areas in
the southern part. The values of the circulatory ratio, length
of overland flow and elongation ratio are relatively close to
one another and the relationship among them shows their
influences on the process of surface runoff and sediment
deposition along the estuary landforms in the study area.
Moreover, it is observed that the hypsometric curve of this
study area is characterized by convex-up shape in nature
and represents the youth stage (inequilibrium) of landscapes. Consequently, the hypsometric integral value 0.49
reflects the distribution of a major volume of the landmass
(435.32 km2) at relatively low elevations (\180 m). The
morphometric parameters-induced denudation rate of this
study area is 65.14 t/km2/year and indicates the occurrence
of a wide range of denudation intensities throughout the
sub-basin, which is relatively proportional to the suspended
sediment yield that is transported in the suspension per unit
area. Based on the realistic output, it is proved that remote sensing and GIS are effective tools for morphometric
studies of the drainage basin.
and environmental interaction and its processes of an area.
The present study deals with quantitative characteristics of
morphometry of steep slope and short length sub-basin of
R. Thamirabarani in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu,
India, using geospatial technology. In this study, the digital
elevation model data product (ASTER DEM), Landsat
ETM? image and Survey of India topographical map were
used to delineate slope, relief and drainage system structures such as drainage pattern, stream order, stream network and stream length of the sub-basin using ArcGIS 9.3
software. The morphometric analysis deals with hydrologic
processes such as stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, circulatory ratio and length of overland flow of the sub-basin
area and their influences on the local morphologic landforms. The quantitative measurement of these characteristics is used to explore the basin’s contribution to the
hydrological cycle and the shape, size and formation of the
local landscapes in the region. Moreover, the hypsometric
analysis and denudation rate were estimated for understanding the quantitative geomorphological characteristics
of the sub-basin. The relationship of the morphometric
parameters reveals that the drainage network is strongly
controlled by geological and geomorphological structures
of the area. The geometry of streams exhibits dendritic
drainage pattern associated with coarse drainage texture in
primary order of streams present on hilly terrain surface
and semi-dendritic pattern in higher stream order flow on
less elevated surface with gentle slope. The drainage density of the study area ranges from 0.1 to 1.89 km/km2, and
the maximum density value was found along the higher
stream order. The mean bifurcation ratio of this area is 4.21
and the high ratio was measured between the third and
fourth order of stream segments. The morphometry of this
area is depicted by the length of the stream segment,
drainage pattern and stream flow direction, which are
influenced by relief, steep slope and local geological
structure. Furthermore, the sub-basin is found to be
strongly elongated in shape with a length of 42.78 km, and
the circularity ratio of this area is measured as 0.33 and
elongation ratio as 0.57. The textural dissection of the
landforms shows low drainage density in the high elevated
hilly terrain in the north and high level in the plain areas in
the southern part. The values of the circulatory ratio, length
of overland flow and elongation ratio are relatively close to
one another and the relationship among them shows their
influences on the process of surface runoff and sediment
deposition along the estuary landforms in the study area.
Moreover, it is observed that the hypsometric curve of this
study area is characterized by convex-up shape in nature
and represents the youth stage (inequilibrium) of landscapes. Consequently, the hypsometric integral value 0.49
reflects the distribution of a major volume of the landmass
(435.32 km2) at relatively low elevations (\180 m). The
morphometric parameters-induced denudation rate of this
study area is 65.14 t/km2/year and indicates the occurrence
of a wide range of denudation intensities throughout the
sub-basin, which is relatively proportional to the suspended
sediment yield that is transported in the suspension per unit
area. Based on the realistic output, it is proved that remote sensing and GIS are effective tools for morphometric
studies of the drainage basin.
Research Interests:
The quantitative analysis of the drainage morphometric system is vital to understand the hydrological and environmental interaction and its processes of an area. The present study deals with quantitative characteristics of morphometry of... more
The quantitative analysis of the drainage morphometric system is vital to understand the hydrological and environmental interaction and its processes of an area. The present study deals with quantitative characteristics of morphometry of steep slope and short length sub-basin of R. Thamirabarani in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India, using geospatial technology. In this study, the digital elevation model data product (ASTER DEM), Landsat ETM+ image and Survey of India topographical map were used to delineate slope, relief and drainage system structures such as drainage pattern, stream order, stream network and stream length of the sub-basin using ArcGIS 9.3 software. The morphometric analysis deals with hydrologic processes such as stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, circulatory ratio and length of overland flow of the sub-basin area and their influences on the local morphologic landforms. The quantitative measurement of these characteristics is used to explore the basin’s contribution to the hydrological cycle and the shape, size and formation of the local landscapes in the region. Moreover, the hypsometric analysis and denudation rate were estimated for understanding the quantitative geomorphological characteristics of the sub-basin. The relationship of the morphometric parameters reveals that the drainage network is strongly controlled by geological and geomorphological structures of the area. The geometry of streams exhibits dendritic drainage pattern associated with coarse drainage texture in primary order of streams present on hilly terrain surface and semi-dendritic pattern in higher stream order flow on less elevated surface with gentle slope. The drainage density of the study area ranges from 0.1 to 1.89 km/km2, and the maximum density value was found along the higher stream order. The mean bifurcation ratio of this area is 4.21 and the high ratio was measured between the third and fourth order of stream segments. The morphometry of this area is depicted by the length of the stream segment, drainage pattern and stream flow direction, which are influenced by relief, steep slope and local geological structure. Furthermore, the sub-basin is found to be strongly elongated in shape with a length of 42.78 km, and the circularity ratio of this area is measured as 0.33 and elongation ratio as 0.57. The textural dissection of the landforms shows low drainage density in the high elevated hilly terrain in the north and high level in the plain areas in the southern part. The values of the circulatory ratio, length of overland flow and elongation ratio are relatively close to one another and the relationship among them shows their influences on the process of surface runoff and sediment deposition along the estuary landforms in the study area. Moreover, it is observed that the hypsometric curve of this study area is characterized by convex-up shape in nature and represents the youth stage (inequilibrium) of landscapes. Consequently, the hypsometric integral value 0.49 reflects the distribution of a major volume of the landmass (435.32 km2) at relatively low elevations (<180 m). The morphometric parameters-induced denudation rate of this study area is 65.14 t/km2/year and indicates the occurrence of a wide range of denudation intensities throughout the sub-basin, which is relatively proportional to the suspended sediment yield that is transported in the suspension per unit area. Based on the realistic output, it is proved that remote sensing and GIS are effective tools for morphometric studies of the drainage basin.
Research Interests:
The present study was carried out to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purposes in the urban coastal aquifers of part of south Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Twenty-three groundwater samples were collected... more
The present study was carried out to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purposes in the urban coastal aquifers of part of south Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Twenty-three groundwater samples were collected during March 2012. The minimum and maximum values of pH (6.3–8 on scale), electrical conductivity (620–12,150 lS/cm), total dissolved solids (399.28–7,824.6 mg/l), carbonate (0–30 mg/l), bicarbonate (0.9–58.9 mg/l), chloride (70.9–4,067.89 mg/l), sulphate (17.4–105 mg/l), nitrate (0.4–6.0 mg/l), calcium (30–200 mg/l), magnesium (1.2–164 mg/l), sodium (69–1,490 mg/l) and potassium (8–340 mg/l) were recorded in the coastal aquifers of Chennai city. The groundwater samples show that the majority of the sampling points clustered on the NaCl and mixed CaMgCl facies of the piper trilinear diagram.
In the Gibbs diagram, the majority of the sampling points fall under rock water and evaporation dominance field. Fuzzy membership classification suggests that the majority of the samples fall under good water type followed by excellent water and poor water categories. Groundwater quality index showing the majority of the
samples falls under excellent to poor category of water. A positive correlation was observed with Cl-, SO4 2-, Ca2+, Na+, K+, EC and TDS. The extracted results of the correlation matrix and geochemical analysis suggest that the dominant ions of groundwater (Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl- and SO4 2-) were derived from seawater intrusion and gypsum dissolution process. Nitrate concentration is most significantly derived from anthropogenic sources.
In the Gibbs diagram, the majority of the sampling points fall under rock water and evaporation dominance field. Fuzzy membership classification suggests that the majority of the samples fall under good water type followed by excellent water and poor water categories. Groundwater quality index showing the majority of the
samples falls under excellent to poor category of water. A positive correlation was observed with Cl-, SO4 2-, Ca2+, Na+, K+, EC and TDS. The extracted results of the correlation matrix and geochemical analysis suggest that the dominant ions of groundwater (Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl- and SO4 2-) were derived from seawater intrusion and gypsum dissolution process. Nitrate concentration is most significantly derived from anthropogenic sources.
Research Interests:
The suspended sediment concentration in the coastal water is an indicator of erosion and deposition of coastal landforms. This study is attempted to estimate the suspended sediment concentration along the Southern coast of Kanyakumari,... more
The suspended sediment concentration in the coastal water is an indicator of erosion and deposition of coastal landforms. This study is attempted to estimate the suspended sediment concentration along the Southern coast of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India using Landsat ETM+ image acquired on 10th April, 2013. The different bands of Landsat image available in geotiff format were applied for data fusion, gap-filling and atmospheric correction to remove the noise and other errors using the ENVI 4.8 software. The empirical multivariate regression algorithm is used to estimate the suspended sediment from the image at various concentration and spatial distribution. The correlation between sediment and reflectance shows that high concentration of sediments produces more reflection in green and red bands than the other, whereas near IR has noticed with significant reflectance due to the presence of organic matter in suspended sediments and this phenomenon is attributed to estimate sediment from the surface water. Quantitative estimation of suspended sediments in the surface water is used to understand their contribution to the coastal landform formation and magnitudes of littoral drift. The result reveals that high sediment concentration is accumulated in the shallow depth region (less than 5m) of the off-shore and it is estimated as 276.3 mg/l. However, it is decreased to 152.1mg/l at the water surface with the depth of 5-10 m and the distance from shoreline approximately between 1 and 2.5km. This variation indicates the suspended sediment concentration gradually decreases with the increase of distance and depth of off-shore. Changes in suspended sediment concentration in different parts may be due to shoaling action induced by wind and waves, littoral currents and bathymetry. High concentration of suspended sediment is observed in the shallow depth, whereas the steep slope in the off-shore region. The suspended sediments are drifted towards low energy zone by the high energy waves in the off-shore with steep gradients led to accretion process. This study proves the efficacy of multispectral image to estimate sediment concentration and transportation in the shallow and deep sea region.
Research Interests:
The present study highlights the importance of digital elevation model and satellite imageries for mapping the coastal geomorphological landforms in Tuticorin-Vembar coastal stretch, southeast coast of India. Aster DEM 30 meter resolution... more
The present study highlights the importance of digital elevation model and satellite imageries for mapping the coastal geomorphological landforms in Tuticorin-Vembar coastal stretch, southeast coast of India. Aster DEM 30 meter resolution data and Landsat 2006 image (30 meter resolution) of the study area were overlayed together with 30 and 70 percent transparency ratio respectively in ArcGIS platform. Further, a hillshade layer derived from Aster DEM has been included to visualize the surface morphology of the study area. Visual interpretation technique was used for identifying the various coastal geomorphological landforms in the study area. The results were cross validated
through a GPS based field check. Based on the analysis, we have found that the study area has a wide variety of geomorphological landforms such as beach ridges, alluvial plains, deltaic plains, channel deposits, sand dunes, linear ridges, mud flats, plain lands, salt marsh, sand sheets, sand bars, beaches and backwater channels. The dominant landform features like the beach ridges and alluvial plains are found near to Vembar and Vaippar river systems. Saltpans are other dominant features, which have been evolved from scrapping the mud flats and salt marsh lands by
human induced activities. The concept used in this paper provides a cost effective and time saving technique for mapping the coastal geomorphological landforms at a resolution of 30 meters. However, micro scale mapping at 1-meter resolution using LIDAR datasets needs to be explored in future.
through a GPS based field check. Based on the analysis, we have found that the study area has a wide variety of geomorphological landforms such as beach ridges, alluvial plains, deltaic plains, channel deposits, sand dunes, linear ridges, mud flats, plain lands, salt marsh, sand sheets, sand bars, beaches and backwater channels. The dominant landform features like the beach ridges and alluvial plains are found near to Vembar and Vaippar river systems. Saltpans are other dominant features, which have been evolved from scrapping the mud flats and salt marsh lands by
human induced activities. The concept used in this paper provides a cost effective and time saving technique for mapping the coastal geomorphological landforms at a resolution of 30 meters. However, micro scale mapping at 1-meter resolution using LIDAR datasets needs to be explored in future.
Research Interests:
The groundwater quality in the southeast coast of India is severely affected by sea water intrusion and it is a growing concern to the masses. Lack of sufficient recharge with only one prevailing monsoon season, the quality and quantity... more
The groundwater quality in the southeast coast of India is severely affected by sea water intrusion and it is a growing
concern to the masses. Lack of sufficient recharge with only one prevailing monsoon season, the quality and quantity
of the groundwater aquifers in this region are deteriorating. A geochemical study was conducted on the southern part
of Chennai metropolitan city in the state of Tamil Nadu, India along the coastal reaches on developing sub-urban
population areas. Groundwater samples from different locations along the coast were collected using random
sampling and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. The results were tabulated and further statistical
work was carried out. The statistical approach provides a means to estimate the distribution characteristics of the data
thus provide a means for the development of hypothetical models. The primary objective of the analysis was to verify
certain observation found in the earlier analysis about the distribution properties of geochemical data. Tests were
conducted for the goodness of fit on log-normal distribution with 5% confidence interval. Eight parameters were
tested on the probability distribution plot to estimate the best fit. It has been confirmed that the geochemical values
does follow the log-normal distribution. As such, after obtaining the required parameters of suitable sample size,
hypothetical models can be developed using this observation. The analysis support the earlier assumptions, suggesting
an effective method of evaluation and estimation of errors.
concern to the masses. Lack of sufficient recharge with only one prevailing monsoon season, the quality and quantity
of the groundwater aquifers in this region are deteriorating. A geochemical study was conducted on the southern part
of Chennai metropolitan city in the state of Tamil Nadu, India along the coastal reaches on developing sub-urban
population areas. Groundwater samples from different locations along the coast were collected using random
sampling and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. The results were tabulated and further statistical
work was carried out. The statistical approach provides a means to estimate the distribution characteristics of the data
thus provide a means for the development of hypothetical models. The primary objective of the analysis was to verify
certain observation found in the earlier analysis about the distribution properties of geochemical data. Tests were
conducted for the goodness of fit on log-normal distribution with 5% confidence interval. Eight parameters were
tested on the probability distribution plot to estimate the best fit. It has been confirmed that the geochemical values
does follow the log-normal distribution. As such, after obtaining the required parameters of suitable sample size,
hypothetical models can be developed using this observation. The analysis support the earlier assumptions, suggesting
an effective method of evaluation and estimation of errors.
Research Interests:
The present study investigates the groundwater quality from Vembar to Taruvaikulam coastal area to provide an overview of the relationship and sources of physicochemical parameters. A total of 23 groundwater samples were collected and... more
The present study investigates the groundwater quality from Vembar to Taruvaikulam coastal area to provide an
overview of the relationship and sources of physicochemical parameters. A total of 23 groundwater samples were
collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total
dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3
2-) ,
chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO4
2-). The ionic concentrations confirm most of the groundwater samples belong to order
of (Na+) > (Mg2+) > (Ca2+) > (K+) and (Cl-) > (SO4
2-) > (HCO3
2-). Spearman’s correlation matrix, principal component
analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the main contamination sources in the study area. The significant correlation
(r=>0.5) of EC, TDS, sodium, magnesium and chloride indicates saline intrusion, insignificant correlation (r=<0.5) on
calcium and bicarbonate ions attribute to a fresh water source. Four varimax components were extracted from PCA,
which explained 55.3, 19.20, and 0.98% of the variation in the groundwater quality in present study area. The
components obtained from PCA indicated that seawater intrusion, industrial pollution, geological activities and
anthropogenic activities exists in the study area.
overview of the relationship and sources of physicochemical parameters. A total of 23 groundwater samples were
collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total
dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3
2-) ,
chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO4
2-). The ionic concentrations confirm most of the groundwater samples belong to order
of (Na+) > (Mg2+) > (Ca2+) > (K+) and (Cl-) > (SO4
2-) > (HCO3
2-). Spearman’s correlation matrix, principal component
analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the main contamination sources in the study area. The significant correlation
(r=>0.5) of EC, TDS, sodium, magnesium and chloride indicates saline intrusion, insignificant correlation (r=<0.5) on
calcium and bicarbonate ions attribute to a fresh water source. Four varimax components were extracted from PCA,
which explained 55.3, 19.20, and 0.98% of the variation in the groundwater quality in present study area. The
components obtained from PCA indicated that seawater intrusion, industrial pollution, geological activities and
anthropogenic activities exists in the study area.
Research Interests:
The present study is focused on the influence of tidal cycle on heavy minerals variation in the beaches at Kottilpadu coast of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. The study area is enriched with a variety of heavy minerals, most commonly... more
The present study is focused on the influence of tidal cycle on heavy minerals variation in the beaches at Kottilpadu
coast of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. The study area is enriched with a variety of heavy minerals, most
commonly with ilmenite, along with monazite, rutile, zircon, garnet etc. These placer deposits often vary in
distribution due to the effect of tides as well as waves. 5 sampling stations were selected to represent the beach and
daily monitoring was carried out during high and low tide levels. Moreover, wave parameters such as wave height,
wave period, littoral drift and wave direction are also taken into consideration. Further, the sediment samples were
analyzed for size fraction and mineral composition. The beach morphology was assessed based on beach profile data.
The results reveal that high percentage of heavy minerals is noticed at high tide and low percentage at low tide.
Exceptions are noticed in few samples which may be due to varied hydrodynamic conditions prevails in the study area.
In all samples more than 40% constitute opaques followed by sillimanite <25% and other constitute rest of the
percentage. From the XRD analysis, the peak positions shown by diffractogram is ilmenite (FeTiO3) pyrope and
pseudorutile (Fe2Ti3O9), sillimanite (AlFeO2.SiO5), zircon (ZrSiO4) and rutile (TiO2). X-ray fluorescence analytical
results also reflect what was inferred from XRD and point counting data. The heavy mineral assemblage of the beach
sediment indicates the possibility of mineral supply from alongshore and offshore sources.
coast of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. The study area is enriched with a variety of heavy minerals, most
commonly with ilmenite, along with monazite, rutile, zircon, garnet etc. These placer deposits often vary in
distribution due to the effect of tides as well as waves. 5 sampling stations were selected to represent the beach and
daily monitoring was carried out during high and low tide levels. Moreover, wave parameters such as wave height,
wave period, littoral drift and wave direction are also taken into consideration. Further, the sediment samples were
analyzed for size fraction and mineral composition. The beach morphology was assessed based on beach profile data.
The results reveal that high percentage of heavy minerals is noticed at high tide and low percentage at low tide.
Exceptions are noticed in few samples which may be due to varied hydrodynamic conditions prevails in the study area.
In all samples more than 40% constitute opaques followed by sillimanite <25% and other constitute rest of the
percentage. From the XRD analysis, the peak positions shown by diffractogram is ilmenite (FeTiO3) pyrope and
pseudorutile (Fe2Ti3O9), sillimanite (AlFeO2.SiO5), zircon (ZrSiO4) and rutile (TiO2). X-ray fluorescence analytical
results also reflect what was inferred from XRD and point counting data. The heavy mineral assemblage of the beach
sediment indicates the possibility of mineral supply from alongshore and offshore sources.
Research Interests:
An integrated study of tidal ingress has been carried out to decipher the cause of water quality variation in the Vembar estuary. The present research has been planned in such a way to fix 6 sampling station in the banks and one in the... more
An integrated study of tidal ingress has been carried out to decipher the cause of water quality variation in the Vembar
estuary. The present research has been planned in such a way to fix 6 sampling station in the banks and one in the
mouth of Vembar estuary. In contrast, tidal level fluctuations, temperature variation, water quality, beach profile and
texture analysis of the monitoring stations were studied. The results reveal that the tidal fluctuations are high in the
river mouth and it is controlled by sediment texture. The beach profile plays an important role in determining the
water quality, in the sense it acts as a barrier between the river mouth and the open sea. But, the sandy beach permits
water movement under the beach surface. Thus, increases the chance of seawater mixing. The grain size varies with
respect to upstream stations, as clay content is found to be high in those stations. Higher clay content results in poor
water transmittance. The temperature in the monitoring stations is influenced by local climatic conditions. The water
quality in the study area is found to be quite interesting as station 2 and 4, which have high value except HCO3. This
anomaly is due to the external disturbances due to saltpans and high evaporation rate. The effect of saline intrusion
eventually degrades the quality of water in the Vembar estuary. This study is useful to understand the concept of tidal
ingress in the estuarine channels and its effect on water quality.
estuary. The present research has been planned in such a way to fix 6 sampling station in the banks and one in the
mouth of Vembar estuary. In contrast, tidal level fluctuations, temperature variation, water quality, beach profile and
texture analysis of the monitoring stations were studied. The results reveal that the tidal fluctuations are high in the
river mouth and it is controlled by sediment texture. The beach profile plays an important role in determining the
water quality, in the sense it acts as a barrier between the river mouth and the open sea. But, the sandy beach permits
water movement under the beach surface. Thus, increases the chance of seawater mixing. The grain size varies with
respect to upstream stations, as clay content is found to be high in those stations. Higher clay content results in poor
water transmittance. The temperature in the monitoring stations is influenced by local climatic conditions. The water
quality in the study area is found to be quite interesting as station 2 and 4, which have high value except HCO3. This
anomaly is due to the external disturbances due to saltpans and high evaporation rate. The effect of saline intrusion
eventually degrades the quality of water in the Vembar estuary. This study is useful to understand the concept of tidal
ingress in the estuarine channels and its effect on water quality.
Research Interests:
The impact of coastal erosion has adversely affected the socioeconomic conditions of the coastal community worldwide. The coastal environment is experiencing a wide range of natural and anthropogenic pressure in India. This study was... more
The impact of coastal erosion has adversely affected the socioeconomic conditions of the coastal community worldwide. The coastal environment is experiencing a wide range of natural and anthropogenic pressure in India. This study was carried out along the southwest coast of Kanyakumari, South India using multitemporal Landsat satellite images from 1999 to 2011. The long-term coastal erosion and accretion rates have been calculated for the periods between 1999 and 2011, and the subsequent short-term changes were performed during 1999–2000, 2005–2006, and 2010–2011. Thus, the long-term coastal changes indicate that the net erosion rate is higher on the coasts of Kanyakumari, Kovalam, Manavalakurichi, Mandaikadu, and Thengapattinam; the values are 0.118, 0.105, 0.127, 0.133, and 0.017 m2, respectively. Meanwhile, the annual erosion rate of these areas is 10,000, 9,000, 11,000, and 1000 m2/year. The coastal zones Ganapathipuram and Enayamputhandurai have experienced accretion; the net accretion rate is 0.271 and 0.081 m2, respectively. Coastal beaches, beach ridges, and marine terraces are predominantly disturbed by the hydrodynamic processes including wave action, littoral current, and intervention of littoral drift by the artificial coastal structures like groins, revetments, and seawalls. Moreover, the study area has been demarcated with site-specific erosion and accretion zones based on the frequent seaward or landward coastline fluctuation through geospatial technique.
Research Interests:
The aim of the present study is to develop a knowledge-driven expert system for mapping the potential heavy mineral placer deposits along the coast using integrated Geographical Information System (GIS) and fuzzy logic techniques. The... more
The aim of the present study is to develop a knowledge-driven expert system for mapping the potential heavy mineral placer deposits along the coast using integrated Geographical Information System (GIS) and fuzzy logic techniques. The study has been carried out in Kalaigananpuram coastal stretch, southeast coast of India, where high-quality heavy mineral placers are deposited naturally. A total of six transects was laid perpendicular to the coastline, in which 36 samples per transect of 2 m interval per month was taken for analysis. Standard techniques were adopted for evaluating the beach profile, grain size, and heavy mineral weight percent. Moreover, the statistical results of these parameters were considered for mapping the heavy mineral placer potential zone in the study area. A fuzzy-based expert system model was developed through ArcGIS model builder to map the mineral potential zone. In this study, three evidential layers were fuzzified using the linear membership function. These evidential layers were further ranked based on expert knowledge from placer minerals exploration researchers. The analyzed results reveal that heavy mineral placer deposits are observed in the berm and high-tide region of the study area. The annual average weight percent of heavy mineral placer deposits in the study area range from 40 % to 60 %. The extracted heavy mineral placer potential maps can be used for sustainable mining and surveying purposes.
Research Interests:
The present study investigates the impact of wave energy and littoral current on shorelines along the south-west coast of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India. The multi-temporal Landsat TM, ETM+ images acquired from 1999 to 2011 were used to... more
The present study investigates the impact of wave energy and littoral current on shorelines along the south-west coast of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India. The multi-temporal Landsat TM, ETM+ images acquired from 1999 to 2011 were used to demarcate the rate of shoreline shift using GIS-based Digital Shoreline Analysis System. The statistical analysis such as net shoreline movement and end point rate were determined from the multi-temporal shoreline layers. Moreover, the wave energy and seasonal littoral current velocity were calculated for each coastal zone using mathematical equations. The results reveal that the coastal zones, which include Kanyakumari, Kovalam, Manavalakurichi and Thengapattinam coasts, consisting of maximum wave energy along with high velocity of littoral current, have faced continuous erosion processes. The estimated wave energy along these zones ranges from 6.5 to 8.5 kJ/km2 and the observed current velocity varies from 0.22 to 0.32 m/s during south-west and north-east monsoons. The cumulative effect of these coastal processes in the study area leads to severe erosion that is estimated as 300.63, 69.92, 54.12 and 66.11 m, respectively. However, the coastal zones, namely Rajakkamangalam, Ganapathipuram, Muttam and Colachel, have experienced sediment deposits due to current movement during the north-east monsoon. However, the trend changes during the south-west monsoon as a result of sediment drift through backwash. The spatial variation of shoreline and its impact on wave energy and the littoral current have been mapped using the geo-spatial technology. This study envisages the impact of coastal processes on site-specific shorelines. Hence, the study will be effective for sustainable coastal zone management.
Hydrogeochemical investigation of groundwater has been carried out in the coastal aquifers of southern Tamil Nadu, India. Seventy-nine dug well samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The result of the... more
Hydrogeochemical investigation of groundwater has been carried out in the coastal aquifers of southern Tamil Nadu, India. Seventy-nine dug well samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The result of the geochemical analysis indicates the groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline with moderate saline water. The cation and anion concentrations confirm most of the groundwater samples belong to the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and Cl− > SO4 2− > HCO3 −. Thereby three major hydrochemical facies (Ca–Cl, mixed Ca–Mg–Cl and Na–Cl) were identified. Based on the US Salinity diagram, majority of the samples fall under medium to very high salinity with low to high sodium hazard. The cross plot of Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus chloride shows 61 % of the samples fall under saline water category. Higher EC, TDS and Cl concentrations were observed from Tiruchendur to Koodankulam coastal zone. It indicates that these regions are significantly affected by saltwater contamination due to seawater intrusion, saltpan deposits, and beach placer mining activities.
Sediment samples were collected from Kallar, Korampallam creek and Punnakayal estuaries of Tuticorin coast for assessing the level of contamination by trace elements in these estuarine sediments. The trace element concentration, calcium... more
Sediment samples were collected from Kallar, Korampallam creek and Punnakayal estuaries of Tuticorin
coast for assessing the level of contamination by trace elements in these estuarine sediments. The trace
element concentration, calcium carbonate, organic carbon and mercury level were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer, Titrimetric method and SnCl2 reduction
method. The results reveals that the enrichment factor, metal pollution index and geo-accumulation
index of these estuarine sediments were predominantly polluted by Cd, As, Zn, Hg and Pb. The factor
analysis revealed the source of trace element accumulation in the estuarine sediments particularly Mn
and Fe are from riverine inputs and As and Hg from untreated industrial effluents. Among the selected
estuaries, Korampallam creek was found to be highly contaminated by trace elements due to the discharge of effluents from thermal power plant, Tuticorin alkali chemicals, copper smelting, Petrochemical
industries and shipping activities.
coast for assessing the level of contamination by trace elements in these estuarine sediments. The trace
element concentration, calcium carbonate, organic carbon and mercury level were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer, Titrimetric method and SnCl2 reduction
method. The results reveals that the enrichment factor, metal pollution index and geo-accumulation
index of these estuarine sediments were predominantly polluted by Cd, As, Zn, Hg and Pb. The factor
analysis revealed the source of trace element accumulation in the estuarine sediments particularly Mn
and Fe are from riverine inputs and As and Hg from untreated industrial effluents. Among the selected
estuaries, Korampallam creek was found to be highly contaminated by trace elements due to the discharge of effluents from thermal power plant, Tuticorin alkali chemicals, copper smelting, Petrochemical
industries and shipping activities.
A morphometric analysis of Bharathapuzha river basin has been carried out using geoprocessing techniques in GIS. This technique is found relevant for the extraction of river basin and its drainage networks. The extracted drainage network... more
A morphometric analysis of Bharathapuzha river basin has been carried out using geoprocessing techniques in GIS. This technique is found relevant for the extraction of river basin and its drainage networks. The extracted drainage network was classified according to Strahler’s system of classification and it reveals that the terrain exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. The Bharathapuzha drainage basin is sprawled over an area of 5,988.56 km2. The study area was designated as seventh-order basin and lower order streams mostly dominate the basin with the drainage density value of 1.07 km/km2. The slope of basin varied from 0° to 70° and the slope variation is chiefly controlled by the local geology and erosion cycles. The elongation ratio of the basin is 0.57 indicating that the study area is elongated with moderate relief and steep slopes. The drainage texture of the basin is 7.78 which indicates an intermediate texture that exists over the region. Hence, from the study, it can be concluded that remote sensing data (SRTM–DEM) coupled with geoprocessing techniques prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis and the data can be used for basin management and other hydrological studies in future.
Groundwater recharge is an important process for the management of both surface and subsurface water resources. The present study utilizes the application of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) on geospatial analysis for the exploration... more
Groundwater recharge is an important process for the management of both surface and subsurface water resources. The present study utilizes the application of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) on geospatial analysis for the exploration of potential zones for artificial groundwater recharge along Vaigai upper basin in the Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India. The morphology of earth surface features such as geology, geomorphology, soil types, land use and land cover, drainage, lineament, and aquifers influence the groundwater recharge in either direct or indirect way. These thematic layers are extracted from Landsat ETM+ image, topographical map, and other collateral data sources. In this study, the multilayers were weighed accordingly to the magnitude of groundwater recharge potential. The AHP technique is a pair-wise matrix analytical method was used to calculate the geometric mean and normalized weight of individual parameters. Further, the normalized weighted layers are mathematically overlaid for preparation of groundwater recharge potential zone map. The results revealed that 21.8 km2 of the total area are identified as high potential for groundwater recharge. The gentle slope areas in middle-east and central part have been moderately potential for groundwater recharge. Hilly terrains in south are considered as unsuitable zone for groundwater recharge processes.
A morphometric evaluation of Tamiraparani subbasin was carried out to determine the drainage characteristics using GIS model technique. Extraction of the subbasin and stream network model has been developed to quantify the drainage... more
A morphometric evaluation of Tamiraparani subbasin was carried out to determine the drainage characteristics using GIS model technique. Extraction of the subbasin and stream network model has been developed to quantify the drainage parameters in the study area. The input parameters required to run this model are: a pour point, a minimum upstream area in hectares, and a digital elevation model. After execution, the model provides a drainage basin with Strahler’s classified stream network supported by thematic layers like aspect, slope, relief, and drainage density. The developed model reveals that the drainage area of this subbasin is 2,055 km2 and shows subdendritic to dendritic drainage pattern. The basin includes seventh order stream and mostly dominated by lower stream order. The slope of the study area varies from 0° in the east to 61° towards west. The presence of Western Ghats is the chief controlling factor for slope variation. Moreover, the slope variation is controlled by the local lithology and erosion cycles. The bifurcation ratio indicates that the geological structures have little influence on the drainage networks and the drainage density reveals that the nature of subsurface strata is permeable.
GIS and Remote Sensing have proved to be an indispensible tool in morphometric analysis. The identifica- tion of morphometric properties based on a geographic information system (GIS) was carried out in two watersheds in the Thrissur... more
GIS and Remote Sensing have proved to be an
indispensible tool in morphometric analysis. The identifica-
tion of morphometric properties based on a geographic
information system (GIS) was carried out in two watersheds
in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India. These watersheds
are parts of Western Ghats, which is an ecologically sensi-
tive area. Quantitative geomorphometric analysis was
carried out for the Chimmini and Mupily watersheds inde-
pendently by estimating their (a) linear aspects like stream
number, stream order, stream length, mean stream length,
stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, length of overland
flow, drainage pattern (b) aerial aspects like circulatory
ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density and (c) relief aspects
like basin relief, relief ratio, relative relief and ruggedness
number. The drainage areas of Chimmini and Mupily water-
sheds are 140 and 122 km2
respectively and show patterns
of dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage. The Chimmini water-
shed was classified as a sixth order drainage basin, whereas
Mupily watershed was classified as a fifth order basin. The
stream order of the basin was predominantly controlled by
physiographic and structural conditions. The increase in the
stream length ratio from lower to higher order suggests that
the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage. The
development of stream segments is affected by rainfall and
local lithology of the watersheds. The slope of both water-
sheds varied from 0° to 50° and 0° to 42° respectively and
the slope variation is chiefly controlled by the local geology
and erosion cycles. Moreover, these studies are useful for
planning rain water harvesting and watershed management.
indispensible tool in morphometric analysis. The identifica-
tion of morphometric properties based on a geographic
information system (GIS) was carried out in two watersheds
in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India. These watersheds
are parts of Western Ghats, which is an ecologically sensi-
tive area. Quantitative geomorphometric analysis was
carried out for the Chimmini and Mupily watersheds inde-
pendently by estimating their (a) linear aspects like stream
number, stream order, stream length, mean stream length,
stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, length of overland
flow, drainage pattern (b) aerial aspects like circulatory
ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density and (c) relief aspects
like basin relief, relief ratio, relative relief and ruggedness
number. The drainage areas of Chimmini and Mupily water-
sheds are 140 and 122 km2
respectively and show patterns
of dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage. The Chimmini water-
shed was classified as a sixth order drainage basin, whereas
Mupily watershed was classified as a fifth order basin. The
stream order of the basin was predominantly controlled by
physiographic and structural conditions. The increase in the
stream length ratio from lower to higher order suggests that
the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage. The
development of stream segments is affected by rainfall and
local lithology of the watersheds. The slope of both water-
sheds varied from 0° to 50° and 0° to 42° respectively and
the slope variation is chiefly controlled by the local geology
and erosion cycles. Moreover, these studies are useful for
planning rain water harvesting and watershed management.
Groundwater is an essential and vital component of any life support system. It is not only the basic need for human existence but also a vital input for all development activities. The present hydro-geochemical study was confined to the... more
Groundwater is an essential and vital component of any life support system. It is not only the basic need for human existence but also a vital input for all development activities. The present hydro-geochemical study was confined to the coastal belt of Alappuzha district, which lies in the coastal lowland division of Kerala. Groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation and domestic purpose were examined by various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride. These parameters were used to assess the suitability of groundwater for domestic purpose by comparing with the WHO and Indian standards. TDS, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Permeability Index (PI) were used for irrigation suitability assessment. The sample analysis reveals that the groundwater is not entirely fit for drinking with respect to pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Cl-. In some of the collected samples, the concentrations of these parameters exceed the permissible limits of WHO and ISI standards. Based on TDS and SAR almost all samples are suitable for irrigation purpose except a few locations, which show values beyond the permissible limits. Ca-Mg-HCO3 is the dominant water type in the study area. The sequence of the abundance of the major cations and anions is Ca> Na > Mg > K = HCO3 > Cl> SO4. Based on the total hardness and TDS, 96% of groundwater samples are suitable for drinking purpose.
The regions subjected to coastal environment generally face the impact of sea water intrusion, as most of the population is clustred towards coastal region. The present study helps to understand the impact of sea water intrusion in the... more
The regions subjected to coastal environment generally face the impact of sea water intrusion, as most of the population is clustred towards coastal region. The present study helps to understand the impact of sea water intrusion in the southern coast of Tamil Nadu, from Kanyakumari to Vembar. For this study water samples have been collected from 80 dug well along the coastal tract. These samples are analysed for physico-chemical variation. Parameters such as pH and EC were measured in the field during sample collection using hand held multi parameter water quality kit. Other parameters such as TDS, HCO3, Total hardness, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and salinity were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods (APHA, 1995). The measured values were plotted in GIS platform for the identification of saline zones in the study area. It is observed that the percentage of chloride and salinity are high, and the water quality map prepared using CCME WQI technique reveals that the water quality ranges from fair to poor. Finally it is concluded that most of the water samples are deteriorated due to beach placer mining activities in the study area.
The morphometric analysis for the present study area helps to understand the relation and variation of major sub-watersheds in Aiyar and Karai-Pottanar basin, Tamil Nadu. The study area is classified into four sub-watersheds, namely... more
The morphometric analysis for the present study area helps to understand the relation and variation of major sub-watersheds in Aiyar and Karai-Pottanar basin, Tamil Nadu. The study area is classified into four sub-watersheds, namely SWS-I, SWS-II, SWS-III, SWS-IV. Different morphometric parameter were used to understand the drainage characteristics. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), data were used to prepare the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Aspect grid, Drainage network and Slope maps in ArcGIS platform. Stream orders in the sub-watersheds ranges from fifth to seventh order. The drainage pattern in the study area exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic pattern. The mean bifurcation ratio varies between 3.03 to 4.39 and falls under normal basin category. High bifurcation ratio determines that the region is subjected to strong structural control on the drainage. Drainage density shows coarse drainage and texture shows fine drainage texture. The elongation ratio varies between 0.65 to 0.89, in which SWS-II shows oval shape and rest other shows elongation pattern. Hence from the study, remote sensing and GIS techniques plays a vital role in understanding and evaluating morphometric analysis.
In meteorology concept, rainfall is a dynamic phenomenon that vary from place to place and responsible for recharging the fresh water in both surface and sub surface of the earth. The aim of the present study is to explore the spatial and... more
In meteorology concept, rainfall is a dynamic phenomenon that vary from place to place and responsible for recharging the fresh water in both surface and sub surface of the earth. The aim of the present study is to explore the spatial and temporal changes in rainfall pattern at past, present and also to predict the trend of rainfall for future period using stochastic modelling at annual scale level along the south west coastal area of Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu. Rainfall data series were collected from 28 rain gauge station for the period of 35 years between 1971 and 2006. Stochastic modelling is a statistical technique that has the ability to analyze the sequences of spatial data and to draw inferences about the properties of dynamic natural phenomena in an area from where the sample data have been drawn. The stochastic process has applied to characterize and analyze the time series of rainfall data sets collected from 28 rain gauge stations across the study area. The extreme average annual rainfall data series of all station for each year is analyzed using stochastic process. The first order Markov-Chain model and transition matrix was performed to compute the probability distribution of rainfall in the area for future prediction using recent data sets. Each class interval is treated as states and frequency of rainfall range calculated to form the transition probability matrix and the synthesis of rainfall for uniform random states generated using uniform random number. These numbers are represented behavior of rainfall pattern. The result was depicted that high uniform random value calculated for the years 2007, 2009 and 2013 and least value derived in 2010. The synthetic rainfall series values of states are considered to predict the future rainfall pattern with sufficient accuracy.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the pollution vulnerability of groundwater aquifers in the coastal regions of Tuticorin city, Tamil Nadu, India. Fourteen samples were analyzed to determine the concentration of trace... more
The aim of the present study is to investigate the pollution vulnerability of groundwater aquifers in the coastal regions of Tuticorin city, Tamil Nadu, India. Fourteen samples were analyzed to determine the concentration of trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cr and Cu) in the groundwater. Among the total samples six were collected from industrial areas and eight from non-industrial areas of Tuticorin city. The concentration of trace element ranges from 0.01 to 0.19 mg/kg(-1) for Pb, from 0.01 to 0.16 mg/kg(-1) for Zn, from BDL to 0.21 mg/kg(-1) for Cd, from BDL (Below Detection Limit) to 0.023 mg/kg(-1) for Hg, from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/kg(-1) for Cr and from 0.01 to 0.16 mg/kg(-1) for Cu. The trace element concentration in groundwater is higher than the WHO suggested maximum permissible limit except Zn and Cu.
An automated extraction tool was developed through the model builder technique in ArcGIS environment to delineate the basin morphometry. The basic requirements to run this tool are a SRTM data, and a pour point shapefile. The developed... more
An automated extraction tool was developed through the model builder technique in ArcGIS environment to delineate the basin morphometry. The basic requirements to run this tool are a SRTM data, and a pour point shapefile. The developed model will create necessary data required for morphometric analysis after the processing of the input data. The output from this model will create a number of parameters such as, stream network (Strahler’s), aspect, slope, DEM, drainage density, hill shade, and basin boundary in meter square. Before proceeding with the model, there is an option to the user to select the minimum upstream area to which a stream should be counted. This option helps the users to select the range of stream delineation. The slope generated will be in degrees and the drainage density in Sq.km. This technique is very useful for those who work in the field of terrain analysis, hydrology, and watershed analysis as it is easy to use with a single click for the generation of a reliable database for morphometric analysis.
Integration of remote sensing data and the geographical information system (GIS) for the exploration of groundwater resources has become a breakthrough in the field of groundwater research, which assists in assessing, monitoring, and... more
Integration of remote sensing data and the geographical information system (GIS) for the exploration of groundwater resources has become a breakthrough in the field of groundwater research, which assists in assessing, monitoring, and conserving groundwater resources. In the present paper, various groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Theni district have been delineated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Survey of India toposheets and IRS-1C satellite imageries are used to prepare various thematic layers viz. lithology, slope, land-use, lineament, drainage, soil, and rainfall were transformed to raster data using feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS. The raster maps of these factors are allocated a fixed score and weight computed from multi influencing factor (MIF) technique. Moreover, each weighted thematic layer is statistically computed to get the groundwater potential zones. The groundwater potential zones thus obtained were divided into four categories, viz., very poor, poor, good, and very good zones. The result depicts the groundwater potential zones in the study area and found to be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources.
Research Interests:
Groundwater plays a major life support to mankind. It is the major source to meet the domestic, irrigation and industrial water demands. The depletion of groundwater through excessive consumption and less recharge in the study area has... more
Groundwater plays a major life support to mankind. It is the major source to meet the domestic, irrigation and industrial water demands. The depletion of groundwater through excessive consumption and less recharge in the study area has detoriated the quality of groundwater. The present study has analyzed the pre- and post-monsoon physicochemical data of groundwater samples from 49 different bore wells in Virudunagar district. Spatial distribution maps were prepared for various physicochemical parameters using geographic information system. These maps are further classified according to highest desirable, maximum permissible and not permissible prescribed by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, a water quality index (WQI) map was also generated to understand the groundwater quality in the study area. It was observed that the groundwater in the area is hard and alkaline in nature and the WQI reveals that most part of the study area fall under fair water quality class. Also, the effect of recharge during monsoon period has diluted the geochemistry of the groundwater. The application of GIS and WQI in the study area is a promising tool to understand the spatial pattern of groundwater quality and its management.
Research Interests:
The impact of industrial effluents on the Tamiraparani estuary was investigated by determining the degree of trace element contamination in the estuarine sediments. Surface samples were taken from 30 locations covering the entire estuary.... more
The impact of industrial effluents on the Tamiraparani estuary was investigated by determining the degree of trace element contamination in the estuarine sediments. Surface samples were taken from 30 locations covering the entire estuary. Grain size and trace element (Ni, Pb, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, Al) variations were analysed, and enrichment factors (EF) as well as geo-accumulation indices (Igeo) calculated to understand the contamination level of the study area. A geographical information system (GIS) mapping technique was employed to highlight the spatial distribution patterns of trace elements in the estuarine sediments. Vulnerability maps prepared from the Igeo values revealed that the estuary is extremely contaminated with Cd and moderately contaminated with Zn and Pb. The sources of these metals are associated with nearby chemical plants and harbour activities. The cumulative effect of anthropogenic activities has led to a serious threat to the whole estuarine environment.
Research Interests:
A morphometric analysis was carried out to describe the topography and drainage characteristics of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds. These watersheds are part ofWestern Ghats, which is an ecologically sensitive region. The drainage... more
A morphometric analysis was carried out to describe the topography and drainage characteristics of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds. These watersheds are part ofWestern Ghats, which is an ecologically sensitive region. The drainage areas of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds are 163 and 211 km2, respectively and they show patterns of dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage. The slope of both watersheds varied from 0 to 59 and 0 to 55, respectively. Moreover, the slope variation is chiefly controlled by the local geology and erosion cycles. Each watershed was classified as a fifth-order drainage basin. The stream order of the basin was predominantly controlled by physiographic and structural conditions. The increase in stream length ratio from lower to higher order suggests that the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage. The development of stream segments is affected by rainfall and local lithology of the watersheds.