Salaheldin Mohieldin

Additional file 1: Figure S1. White Nile Sugar Factory, White Nile State, Centre of Sudan (Source of Bagasse raw materials). Figure S2. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dichloromethane and petroleum ether of Roots of S. indicum. Figure S3. Pulp with dichloromethane extracts and sodium hydroxide of bagasse. Figure S4. Production of Sugar in White Nile Factory, White Nile state, Centre of Sudan. Figure S5. Amount of Bagasse as (byproduct unused bagasse) in White Nile Factory, White Nile State, and Centre of Sudan. Figure S6. Remains of Bagasse burned by sun rays and ash, causes environmental pollution and health complications. Table S1. Pulping properties for S. indicum roots extract with different organic solvents as anthraquinone catalyst.

 Abstract-Non-wood plants were increasingly utilized for the pulp and paper production especially in countries witnessing decreased wood supply for such industry. Since they are somewhat different from pulp wood, they need special attention dealing with them as raw materials for pulping. Some of the common pretreatment efforts were reviewed.

Pennisetum glaucum pearl millet as whole stalks and core were examined for suitability in the production of pulp and paper. Fiber dimensions, morphological, and chemical characteristics are reported. The pulping trials with soda-AQ, ASAM, and soda as reference were carried out. ASAM pulping gave good results in yield, degree of delignification, and mechanical properties. The best screened yield, lowest kappa number, highest brightness, and viscosity were obtained by ASAM cooking. Soda-AQ gave pulps with good screened yield, kappa number, and viscosity compared with soda cooking. The separation of bark and core is not recommended.

Pennisetum glaucum pearl millet as whole stalks and core were examined for suitability in the production of pulp and paper. Fiber dimensions, morphological, and chemical characteristics are reported. The pulping trials with soda-AQ, ASAM, and soda as reference were carried out. ASAM pulping gave good results in yield, degree of delignification, and mechanical properties. The best screened yield, lowest kappa number, highest brightness, and viscosity were obtained by ASAM cooking. Soda-AQ gave pulps with good screened yield, kappa number, and viscosity compared with soda cooking. The separation of bark and core is not recommended.

This study aims to utilize the pruned branches of Citrus limon in pulping with alkaline pulping methods and to determine the suitability of guar gum to improve the strength properties of pulps and limitations of cutting trees for environmental issues and utilization of lemon branches as horticultural residues. These branches’ physical properties exhibited high medium density and very low percentages of bark to wood ratio. The whole chemical components of these raw materials indicated the suitability to a pulp with alkaline cooking methods. In addition, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone with methanol methods gave excellent screened yield (60.1 %), negligible rejects, bleachable Kappa number 19.5, and best strength properties, especially tensile and strengths. Alkaline sulfite with anthraquinone gave excellent screened yield with a small percentage of rejects and bleachable Kappa number. On the other hand, soda cooking produced pulps with acceptable yield (41.9 %), rejects (3 %), and sui...

Abstract: this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of pruned branches of Lawsonia inermis (Henna) for soda and soda anthraquinone pulping to add economic value for this small tree (shrub). The investigations were carried out to determine fiber dimensions, morphological indices, chemical constituents, cooking trials were done with and without anthraquinone according to Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI). The short fiber of Henna (0.628 mm) compensated with wide fiber and lumen (83 µm) and (71 µm) respectively. The high lignin 28.8% and good cellulose 47% resulted in total yield ranged between 36.9-40.6%.

ABSTRACT
Matured Senna obtusifolia (kawal) was collected as whole plant from Blue Nile state (Southern Sudan). Leaves, stem, and roots were been separated, air dried and ground in a standard star mill. The selection of representative raw material was due to its highly contents of anthraquinones. Bagasse was collected from White Nile sugarcane factory (White Nile State). Bagasse was air-dried and screened from sand and dust by dry debiting and screened by standard sieve. Five organic solvents were chosen to use in this study namely ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether 60 - 80 and dichloromethane. Their chosen according to their polarity discrepancies. Full extraction was performed in a Soxhlet extraction unit. Each crude extracts were evaporated to dryness on rotator evaporator. Senna obtusifolia leaves, stem and roots were extracted with the five organic solvents; ethanol always has the highest yield % extractives (15.0053), (8.1733) and (6.1586) respectively. Bagasse employing three different alkaline pulping processes namely soda, soda-AQ and soda –AQ crude extract in certain conditions. 160 oC and active alkali 10.9% resulted screened yield% (49.84) and kappa number (15.57). Addition of 0.1 AQ to the same pulping conditions gave kappa number (8.26) and screened yield (53.68%). Stem extractives of senna obtusifolia attained screened yield ranged between (37.57%) and (55.44%) with kappa number ranged between (15.58) and (64.27). Leave extractives have been attained screened yield ranged between (33.58%) and (57.22%) with kappa number ranged between (17.89) and (30.57). Root extracts were achieved the promising results. It gave screened yield ranged between (49.5%) and (61.36%) with kappa number ranged between (16.01) and (28.02). Organic solvents crude extracts which are used as AQ source has attained yield ranged (55.44 % – 61.36 %) and kappa number ranged (15.58– 17.89).