ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ
| ߟߊߝߟߐߕߎߡߊ | ߈ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ 2005  |
|---|---|
| ߟߊ߬ߓߊ߰ߙߊ߬ߟߌ | web mapping |
| ߕߐ߮ ߓߊߖߎ | Google Maps |
| ߖߎ߬ߕߍ߰ߓߊ߮ | Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen, Lars Rasmussen |
| ߦߙߐ | Mountain View, California |
| Owned by | ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߎߟ |
| Headquarters location | Mountain View |
| ߘߊ߲ߓߊ | ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߎߟ |
| Distributed by | Google Play, App Store |
| Mascot | Pegman |
| ߟߊߥߙߎߞߌߓߊ߮ | ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߎߟ |
| Platform | Java Virtual Machine |
| ߢߍߥߟߊߦߊߟߌ߫ ߞߊ߲ | C++, JavaScript, XML, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML |
| Software version identifier | 7.4.0 |
| Official app | Google Maps Go |
| ߓߟߐߟߐ | https://google.com/maps |
| Official blog URL | https://blog.google/products/maps/ |
| Typeface/font used | Roboto |
| ACM Classification Code (2012) | 10011480 |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://stackoverflow.com/tags/google-maps |
| ߥߞߌ-ߘߕߊ ߘߎ߲߬ߘߎ߬ߡߊ | Google Maps Customer ID |
| Search formatter URL | https://www.google.com/maps?q=$1 |
ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߦߋ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ ߔߊ߬ߔߘߊ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߌ߫ ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߣߌ߫ ߡߍ߬ߡߍ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߌ ߡߍ߲ ߣߌ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߓߟߏ߫. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߐߓߌߟߊ (ߛߊߕߋߟߕߌ) ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߞߎߟߎ߲ߠߞߊ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߟߊ߫߸ ߛߌߟߊ ߔߊ߬ߔߘߊ ߟߎ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌߟߊ ߞߛߊߞߊ߫ ߃߆߀° ߞߍߢߐ߲߯ߝߍ ߟߛߊ߬ߟߌ (360° interactive panoramic) ߦߋߟߌ߸ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߖߐ߲ߖߐ߲ ߘߐ߬ߕߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߛߙߊߕߌ߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌߟߊ ߝߊ߲߬ߝߘߊ߬ߡߊ߬ߞߍ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߕߊ߰ߡߊ߬ ߞߊ߲ ߡߊ߬߸ ߞߐ߲߬ߛߏ߸ ߔߏߔߏ ߣߌ߫ ߣߍ߰ߛߏ (ߓߋߕߊ ߘߐ߫)߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߖߊ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߰ߣߌ߬ߦߟߍ ߟߎ߫. ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߥߟߎ߬ߡߊ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߓߟߏ߫ ߞߊߙߏ ߓߍ߯ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߞߣߐ߫.
ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߊ߮ ߛ++ (++C) ߢߍߥߟߊ ߟߋ߬ ߓߟߏ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߓߊߘߋ߲ߡߊ ߟߊߙߛ ߣߌ߫ ߖߋߡߛ ߙߊߛߑߡߎߛߊ߲߫ ߟߎ߫ ߓߟߏ߫ ߛߋߒߞߏߟߊߘߐߦߊ߫ ߂ ߘߌ߫. ߂߀߀߄ ߞߏ߲ߓߌߕߌ߮ ߟߊ߫߸ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߟߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߵߊ߬ ߡߊߝߊ߬ߟߋ߲߬ ߓߟߐߟߐ (ߥߍߓ) ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߘߎ߱ ߛߊ߲ߠߞߊ\ߘߎ߱ߛߊ߲ߡߟߊ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ ߟߎ߬ ߦߋߟߌ (geospatial data visualization) ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߞߵߏ߬ ߝߙߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ ߖߐ߲ߖߐ߲ ߖߌ߰ߣߌ߬ߦߟߍ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߫߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߝߏ߬ߦߌ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߎߘߊ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߂߀߀߅ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߟߊ߫. ߗߋߘߊ ߛߝߊ߫ ߝߟߐ (ߢߝߍߟߊ) ߦߋ߫ ߖߝ߭ߊߛߑߞߙߌߔߕ (JavaScript) ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫߸ ߍߞߛ.ߍߡ.ߍߟ (XML)߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߊߖߊߞߛ (Ajax) ߟߎ߫. ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߦߋ߫ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߌ ߢߍߥߟߊߦߊߟߌ ߢߐ߲߯ߕߍߞߣߍ (ߟ.ߢ.ߢ «API») ߟߎ߫ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߏߟߊߘߍ߫ ߛߓߊߣߊ߲ (third-party) ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߞߍߦߙߐ ߟߎ߫ ߡߊߞߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߟߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߟߊߘߌ߬ߢߍ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߦߌߟߊߟߐ߲ߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߢߍ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߬ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߢߍ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߞߊߓߋ ߟߊ߫. ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߌ߬ߢߍ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߟߊ߬ߓߊ߰ߙߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏߟߊߘߍߢߐ߲߯ߦߊ ߡߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߔߊ߬ߔߘߊ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߌ߫ ߗߋߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐߦߙߌߥߊ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊߞߎߘߦߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߭ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߴߊ߬ ߞߵߏ߬ ߟߊߟߐ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߂߀߁߇ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߟߊ߫. ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߡߊ߬ߜߍ߲߬ ߞߍ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߟߊ߬ߥߟߏ߬ߟߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߊ߫ ߟߊߟߐ߬ ߊ߬ ߝߐ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߓߟߏ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߗߋߘߊ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌߣߊ߬ ߟߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߘߌ߲߬ߞߌߙߊ ߟߊ߬ߛߌ߲߬ߠߌ߲߫ ߢߍߥߟߊ ߘߐ߫.
ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߞߐߓߌߟߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߦߋߟߌ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎ߲߬ߘߟߊ߬ (top-down) ߥߟߊ߫ ߞߐ߬ߣߐ ߢߊ ߟߊ߫ ߦߋߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫; ߛߏ ߟߎ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߢߊߓߐߟߌ߫ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߕߊ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߦߋ߫ ߛߊ߲ߝߍ߫ ߖߌߦߊߓߍ ߦߋߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߞߎߟߎ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫ ߛߋ߲߬ߝߘߍ߫ (ߝߌߕ ߈߀߀ ߣߌ߫ ߁߅߀߀ ߟߎ߫ ߕߍ߫) ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߂߄߀ ߣߌ߫ ߄߈߀ ߠߎ߫ ߕߍ߫)߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߎ߫ ߕߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߊߕߋߟߕߌ ߟߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߓߟߏ߫. ߞߐߓߌߟߊ ߟߊ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߡߊ߲ߘߌ߫ ߛߊ߲߭ ߛߊ߬ߓߊ߫ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊߞߎߘߦߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߛߐ߲߬ ߞߘߊߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߂߀߁߁ ߘߊ߲߬ߕߍ߰ߟߌ ߡߊ߬. ߞߘߐ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍߙߌߞߊߕߏ ߔߙߏߖߍߞߑߛߌߦߐ߲߫ ߦߌߟߡߊ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߬ ߕߴߛߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊߙߌ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߲߬ߞߌߙߊ ߟߎ߬ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߊ߮ ߦߌߟߡߊ ߟߊߞߎߘߦߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߂߀߁߈ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߃ߘ (3D) ߜߟߎߞߘߎ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߞߏ߬ߣߴߏ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߊ߫߸ ߡߐ߰ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߡߎߣߎ߲߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊߞߐߛߊ߬ߦߌ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߂ߘ (2D) ߜߟߎߞߘߎ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߌ ߘߐ߫.
ߊ߲ߘߙߏߦߌߘ ߣߌ߫ ߌߏߛ ߞߍߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߫ ߕߊ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߟߊߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߂߀߀߈ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߌ߭.ߔߌ.ߍߛ (GPS) ߗߋߘߊ ߛߏ߲߯ߓߊߟߌ ߡߙߎߟߌ ߣߌ߫ ߡߙߎߟߌ (turn-by-turn) ߟߋ߬ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߙߍߞߙߍߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߐ߬ߘߊ ߜߋ߬ߟߎ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߗߋߘߊ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬.
߂߀߁߃ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߜߋߟߋ߲ߜߋߟߋ߲߫ ߜߛߋߓߊ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲߫ ߛߘߊߡߊ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߜߋߟߋ߲ߜߋߟߋ߲߫ ߤߊߞߟߌߡߊ %߅߄ ߠߎ߫ ߓߟߏ߫.
߂߀߁߇ ߟߊ߫߸ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲ ߣߌ߲߬ ߘߊ߲߬ߕߍ߰ ߘߊ߫ ߞߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߊ߲ߘߙߏߦߌߘ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߟߊ ߥߟߎ߬ߡߊ߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߟߊ߫ ߗߋߘߊ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߝߍ߬߸ ߦߏ߫ ߦߎߕߎߓ߸ ߞߙߏߡ߸ ߗ߭ߌߡߍߟ߸ ߛߍ߯ߙߗ (ߕߌߙߌ߲ߠߌ߲)߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߔߑߟߋߦ ߛߑߕߏߙߦ ߟߎ߫.
ߘߐ߬ߝߐ
ߟߊ߬ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲
ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߝߟߐ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߦߏ߫ ߛ++ (++C) ߢߍߥߟߊ߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߐ߯ߙߍߦߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߊߣߋߡߊߙߌߞߌ߬ ߓߊߘߋ߲ߡߊ߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߟߊߙߛ ߙߊߛߑߡߎߛߊ߲߫ ߣߌ߫ ߖߍ߲ߛ ߋߌߟߛߑߕߙߐߔ ߙߊߛߑߡߎߛߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߣߏߍߟ ߜ߭ߐߙߑߘߐ߲߫ ߣߌ߫ ߛߑߕߌߝߍ߲ߣ ߡߊ ߟߎ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߘߌߣߋ ߓߋߖ߭ߋߘ ߥߍ߯ߙ ߂ ߕߌߗߑߣߏ߬ߟߏ߯ߖߌ߬ ߟߋ߬. ߊ߬ ߣߐ߬ߣߐ߬ߟߌ߬ ߝߟߐ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߛߊ߫ ߟߊ߬ߓߊ߰ߙߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊߖߌ߰ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ ߝߘߊߟߌߓߟߏߡߊ߬߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߞߐ ߟߊ߫߸ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߞߵߊ߬ ߡߙߌߘߐ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ ߓߊߖߎ߫ ߥߟߏߒߘߐ ߖߍ߬ߘߍߖߍ߬ߘߍ ߘߌ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߘߊߘߐߓߍ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߕߟߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߘߐߕߟߊߟߌ ߞߍߞߌߦߊ ߝߣߊ߫ ߡߊߝߊ߬ߟߋ߲߬. ߂߀߀߄ ߞߏ߲ߓߌߕߌ߮ ߟߊ߫߸ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߌ߲ߞ ߕߊ߫ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬. ߒ߬ߓߊ߬ ߊ߬ ߖߙߎߡߎ߲ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ߬ ߛߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߘߌ߫.
ߊ߬ߟߋ߬ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߏ߬ ߡߎ߰ߡߍ ߟߊ߫߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߞߊ߬ ߞߌߤߏߟ (Keyhole) ߝߣߊ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬߸ ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ ߛߊ߲ߝߍ߫ ߦߋߟߌ ߟߐ߲ߕߊ (ߓߟߏߡߟߊ) ߦߋߟߌ߫ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ (ߛߋ.ߌ.ߊ ߟߊ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߝߟߏ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬)߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲߫ ߕߊߝߟߊ ߍߙߝ ߝ߭ߌ߭ߥߊ߬ (Earth Viewer) ߘߌ߫ ߞߐߝߍ߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߍ߬ߘߍ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߍߙߝ ߛߎߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲ ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߂߀߀߅ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߛߋߒߞߏߟߊߘߐߦߊ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߘߍ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߟߊ߫. ߂߀߀߄ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߞߊ߬ ߖ߭ߌߔߑߘߊߛ߭ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬߸ ߥߊߟߌߘߊ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߘߎߡߊ߲ ߖߌ߰ߣߌ߬ߦߟߍ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߟߊ߫.
߂߀߀߅–߂߀߁߅
ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߓߋߕߊ ߂߀߀߅ ߟߊ߫
ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߟߊߥߟߌ߬ߞߏ ߟߊߥߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ ߝߟߐ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߓߑߟߐߜ߭ ߟߋ߬ ߝߟߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߂߀߀߅ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߈ ߡߊ߬.
߂߀߀߅ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߎߙߊߞߊ߲ ߞߊߕߙߌߣߊ߫ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߞߊ߬ ߣߌߦߥ ߐߙߑߟߍ߲ߣ ߞߐߓߌߟߊ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߟߊߞߎߘߦߊ߫ ߞߊߟߌߦߊ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߵߏ߬ ߟߊߥߟߌ߬ ߛߊ߫ ߟߊ߬ߓߊ߰ߙߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߝߐ߬ߝߐ ߥߙߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߛߊ߬ߓߌ ߟߐ߲߫ ߛߏ ߝߊ߲߬ ߓߐߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߰ߡߊ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߫.
ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߂߀߀߇ ߡߊ߬߸ ߜ߭ߎߜ߭ߏߟ ߡߊߔߛ ߡߊߖߐ߯ߙߊ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋߟߌ߫ ߡߊߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߕߎ߲ߞߎ߲ߓߍ߲ ߕߣߍ߬ߣߍ߬ߟߌ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߘߌ߲߬ߞߌߙߊ߫ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߌߝߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ (ߛߓߍߟߌ ߣߌ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌߟߊ) ߦߋߟߌߞߣߍ߫ ߢߣߊߡߊ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߣߌ߲߫ ߞߣߍ ߝߣߊ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߔߊ߬ߔߘߊ ߘߌ߲߬ߞߌߙߊ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊߔߛ ߞߊ߲߬߸ ߞߵߏ߬ ߝߊߙߊ߲ߝߊ߯ߛߟߌ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐߜߍ߫ ߢߍߦߋߟߌ ߘߐ߫.