Co-operative livestock systems (CLS) in Europe have accommodated certain welfare institutions within their own institutional limits by providing livelihood security to people with very limited alternative possibilities. CLS also provide... more
Co-operative livestock systems (CLS) in Europe have accommodated certain welfare institutions within their own institutional limits by providing livelihood security to people with very limited alternative possibilities. CLS also provide access equity and conflict resolution for ...
Sámi reindeer management (SRM) has a long history in Northern Fennoscandia. The Sámi have developed a culture and a land-use pattern adapted to the reindeer's requirements through an annual cycle of pasturing, calving, rutting, and... more
Sámi reindeer management (SRM) has a long history in Northern Fennoscandia. The Sámi have developed a culture and a land-use pattern adapted to the reindeer's requirements through an annual cycle of pasturing, calving, rutting, and other requirements. However, this order has been distorted by effects of national border establishments between Norway-Sweden (1751), Finland-Sweden (1809) and Norway-Russia (1826), complete border closures
