Ferat Uzun

The aim of this study is to determine the current status of the rangeland, whose vegetation was completely renewed in 2013, as of 2021. During the 7-8 years after the rehabilitation study, the proportions of the species in the vegetation changed significantly, although there was no significant change in the soil cover value of the plants. Soil coverage rate of pasture vegetation is 98.20%; the ratios of decreaser, increaser and invasive species are 13.14%, 5.39% and 81.77%, respectively. It has been determined that the stubble height remaining after grazing in the pasture is less than 50% of the average vegetation height, all accessible parts of the pasture are grazed, the reproductive plant parts of the decreasing and increasing plant species are very few, and they can develop under the protection of thorny plants that animals cannot reach. It has been also determined that all herbaceous plants except thorny plants are grazing at varying rates in the pasture. According to all these data, it was concluded that the pasture was intensively grazed. Perennial grass (Lolium perenne) with the highest rate and the most common decreaser in vegetation with a frequency of 3.97% and a frequency of 80%, while the invasive species is a wild blackberry (Rubus sp.) with a rate of 46.54% and a frequency of 90%. According to their rate and distribution in vegetation, forage plant species that can be preferred in all kinds of seeding operations in pastures in this and similar ecologies; Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium fragiferum and Trifolium repens, the most important shrub species to be controlled is wild blackberry. The employment of goats, which preferably graze blackberries and other shrubs and even other herbaceous plants that cattle do not prefer, can be recommended as the most economical and environmentally friendly weed control method. Otherwise, vegetation should be renewed at regular intervals to protect the pasture from invasive species.

Çalışmada, Samsun Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından “Kentsel dönüşüm ve gelişim proje alanı” olarak ilan edilen; Atakum ilçesi, Sarıtaş mahallesi 467 ve 567 numaralı mera parsellerinin, tahsis amacı değişikliğine uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Göz ile tahmin metodu ile mera parsellerinin vejetasyonu incelenerek mera durumu sınıfının belirlendiği çalışma, 2022 yılı Mayıs ayının ikinci yarısında yapılmıştır. Vejetasyon etüdü verilerine göre 467 ve 567 numaralı mera parsellerinin durumları sırasıyla % 59.14 ve % 42.48 ile “İyi” ve “Orta” sınıfta yer almıştır. Bu değerlere göre, Mera Kanunu’nun 14. maddesine göre 467 numaralı parselde tahsis amacı değişikliği mümkün görünmezken, 567 numaralı parselde tahsis amacı değişikliği yapılabileceği anlaşılmıştır. Topografya olarak 467 no’lu parsel % 3 ile % 15, 567 no’lu parsel ise % 5 ile % 35 arasında değişen eğim dereceleriyle engebeli bir yüzeye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Her iki mera parselinin eğim derecelerinin küçükbaş hayvanların rahatlıkla o...

Abstract: The aim of study was to compare the yield nutritional and chemical properties of eight sorghum x sudan grass hybrid cultivare in Samsun, Turkey ecological conditions in 2007. While, late-maturing cultivare (Jumbo, Sweet Jumbo, Pacific-8386) were harvested ...

Genetik kaynaklar bakımından Akdeniz İklim Kuşağı'nda yer alan en önemli ülkelerden biri olan Türkiye'nin, doğal florasında yer alan gazal boynuzu türlerinin; ekolojisi, dağılımı ve bitkisel özellikleri hakkındaki bilgi oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Karadeniz Bölgesi doğal alanlarından örneklenen yabani daryapraklı gazal boynuzu (DGB) populasyonlarının; morfolojik, agronomik, fenolojik ve tesis ömrü özellikleri ile gelişme formlarının belirlenmesi ve bu özellikler ile örnekleme alanlarının rakım, enlem ve boylam değerleri arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Örnekleme alanlarının rakımları 1 ile 1510 m arasında değişmiştir. Çalışmada 86 adet yabani DGB örneklenmiştir. DGB, çalışma yapılan her rakım derecesinde bulunmakla birlikte, bulunma sıklığı 1-300 m rakım aralığında daha fazla olmuştur. Diğer yandan gelişme formu hariç, incelenen tüm özelliklerin çok önemli varyasyonlar gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Bütün DGB populasyonla...

This study has been conducted to determine the effects of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus applied to acid soils on mineral element contents of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) According to results of this experiment has been carried out in the greenhouse conditions with acid soils taken from Terme vicinity: 1. Lime application increased the contents of P, Ca and Na but decreased the contents of Fe, Zn, Mn and K/Ca+Mg ratio. Nitrogen application increased the levels of P and Mg, on the other hand decreased Zn in plants. By phosphorus application P and Mg con­ tents of plants increased, but K and Fe decreased. 2. In terms of animal feeding hungarian vetch had high level of Ca, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. The levels of P and Mg were sufficient whereas Na was not.

This research was conducted to determine the most suitable improvement methods applicable in pastures of the central Black Sea Region. A natural pasture in Salur Village of Ladik Town was used. Fertilizer (10 kg/da N+8 kg/da P 2 0 5 ), soil aeration, herbicide, broadcast seeding, deep cutting and some combinations of them were chosen and applied as pasture improvement methods in 1996-1998. The results indicated that deep cutting and herbicide application had different effects on hay and protein yields according to year. None of the methods affected the botanical composition of the pasture. Hay yield and botanical composition of the pasture were significantly different among the experiment years. In the second and third years of the experiment, higher hay yield and higher grass and legume percentages were produced than in the first year. According to the average data of the 3-year experiment the least hay yield (367 kg/da) was obtained from control (untreated) plots, the highest yiel...

In terms of nutritional traits, among burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.) genotypes with different flowering time there can produce compatible genotypes to both grazing and ley farming system. Therefore, in this study, variability for nutritional traits among early- (n=13), medium- (n=12) and late-flowering (n=19) the genotypes were assessed using one-way ANOVA and some multivariate analyses. Except for the acid detergent protein, Ca and Mg contents, the nutritional traits differed statistically among the genotypes with different flowering time. The medium-flowering genotype had a significant advantage over especially early-flowering genotype in crude protein, acid detergent fibre, metabolizable energy and relative feed value. There were significantly mutual correlations between most of the studied traits. Consequently, considerable amounts of variability were determined among the genotypes for all the traits under consideration. The 44 genotypes formed three clusters, in which clus...

Meralarin ekonomik degerlerini azaltan yabanci otlarla mucadele kacinilmaz bir zorunluluktur. Gunumuzde, yabanci ot mucadelesi kapsaminda basvurulan herbisit kullanimi ve mekanik mucadele gibi uygulamalarin gittikce artan maliyetleri, uygulamalarinda karsilasilan cesitli zorluklar ve ekosisteme olan olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle, biyolojik mucadele ajani olarak kecilerin kullanimi gittikce daha fazla populerlik kazanmaktadir. Keciler, ulkemiz meralarinda en fazla problem olusturan basta Centaurea, Cirsium ve Rumex cinslerine ait otsu turler ile Rubus, Rosa ve Genista cinslerine ait calilar olmak uzere bircok yabanci ot turleri ile mucadeleyi en ekonomik bir sekilde gerceklestirebilecek ve hatta bu mucadeleyi ekonomik kazanca donusturebilecek cevre dostu canlilardir. Keciler, otlamadaki farkli bitki tercihleri nedeniyle diger hayvan turleri ile birlikte ayni merada otlatilmalari durumunda mera vejetasyonlarinin yabanci otlara karsi rekabet guclerini artirmalari yaninda meraya da ek bir ...

To investigate the effects of seed origin on the nutrient content and nutritive value of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), seeds of wild birdsfoot trefoil (WBT) communities were collected from plants spontaneously occurring in pasture, rangelands and silvopastoral areas located at four altitudes, two latitudes and eight longitudes ranges of the Black Sea Region, Turkey. The relative feed value (RFV) and metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and condensed tannins (CT) contents, K/(Ca + Mg) and Ca/P ratios of 126 populations from these seeds collected from different locations and grown under the same climatic conditions were determined. Altitude was significantly correlated with the abundance of WBT (r2 = 0.71). The abundance of population (percentage of WBT populations) in the silvopastoral areas (58.4 %) was higher than that in upland (5.6 %), pasture (16.7 %) and rangeland (19.3 %). The ME, RFV and ADF, NDF, P, K and CT contents of populations were not influenced by altitudinal and geographical gradients. There were obvious effects of altitude on Ca and Mg, of latitude on Ca and of longitude on CP, Ca and Mg, and also on Ca/P and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios. This study provided information on genetic potentials of WBT populations in terms of nutritional properties. The results indicated that seeds selected from the populations that have high feed value can be used to improve the studied areas or artificial pasture and agroforest landscapes.

Bu calisma, Samsun ekolojik kosullarinda taban alanda ikinci urun yetistirme sezonunda yurutulmustur. Denemede 2 adet sorgum, 3 adet sorgumxsudan otu melezi, 1 adet sudan otu ve 2 adet misir cesidi yer almistir. Denemede en yuksek yesil ot verimi dekara 5023 kg ile Trebbia adli melez misir cesidinden elde edilirken, bu cesit ile Jumbo, El Rey ve yerli misir cesitleri arasinda fark bulunmamistir. Kuru ot verimi bakimindan ise en yuksek degere dekara 967.9 kg’lik verim ile El Rey sahip olurken, El Rey ile Jumbo, Grazer ve Trebbia arasinda istatistiksel olarak fark yoktur. En yuksek ham protein verimi dekara 97.77 kg’lik verim ile El Rey’de gerceklesirken, onun ile Early Sumac ve yerli misir arasinda fark bulunmamistir. Ham kul verimi olarak en yuksek deger yine El Rey’de gozlenirken, El Rey ile Rox ve yerli misir haric diger cesitler arasinda farklilik yoktur. Bu sonuclara gore, El Rey adli sorgum x sudan otu melezi ile Trebbia adli melez misir cesidi bolgede ve benzeri ekolojik alanlarda ikinci urun olarak tavsiye edilebilir.

This study was conducted to determine some vegetation characters of 24 natural rangelands in Sinop province in 2014. In the study, modified wheel point with loop was used. Totally 134 plant species were determined in studied rangelands. This plant species were also divided into 3 different successional groups: i) 19 species were decreasers, ii) 17 species were increasers, and iii) 98 species were invaders. Major decreaser, increaser and invader species in the rangelands were Onobrychis sativa, Chrysopogon gryllus and Lotus corniculatus; Cynodon dactylon, Festuca ovina and Brachypodium sylvaticum; Thymbra spicata, Medicago lupulina and Crepis armena, respectively. In the experiment field, plant coverage rate was 88.2%. It was determined that the amount of precipitation impacted plant cover more than livestock grazing level. There were significant correlations between the altitude and decreaser+increaser plant ratio (r=0.408); between the altitude and grazing intensity (r=-0.452). The...

Bartin ili, Merkez ilcesine bagli 15 koyun meralarinin bazi vejetasyon ozelliklerini belirlemek amaci ile 2016 yilinda yapilan bu calismada modifiye edilmis tekerlekli lup (halka) metodu kullanilmistir. Vejetasyon etudu yapilan meralarda toplam olarak 128 tur tespit edilmistir. Tespit edilen turlerin 18 adedi azalici, 10 adedi cogalici, 100 adedinin ise istilaci tur (89 adedinin otsu ve 11 adedinin ise cali-agac) oldugu belirlenmistir. Arastirmanin yurutuldugu meralarin bitkiyle kapli alan orani ortalamasi % 93.57’dir. Mera vejetasyonlarinda yer alan turlerin kalite dereceleri bakimindan siniflandirilmasi neticesinde botanik kompozisyondaki; azalicilar, cogalicilar ve istilaci turlerin oranlari ise sirasiyla % 15.52, % 15.59 ve % 68.89 olarak belirlenmistir. Arastirmadan elde edilen sonuclara gore calisilan meralarin 1 adedi “Cok iyi”, 1 adedi “Iyi”, 6 adedi “Orta” ve 7 adedi ise “Zayif” mera durumu sinifina girmistir.  Mera sagligi acisindan yapilan siniflamada ise 14 mera “Saglikli”, 1 mera ise “Sorunlu” olarak belirlenmistir. Calisilan meralarda, bitkilerin topragi kaplama orani ile toprak derinligi ( r =0.553 * ) ve otlanma derecesi ile mera topraginin sikismasi ( r =0.587 * ) arasinda pozitif iliskiler bulunmustur. Bu sonuclara gore; calisilan meralarin yaklasik yarisi dikkatli bir sekilde kullanilmaya, diger yarisi ise acilen islah programina dâhil edilmeye ihtiyac duymaktadir.

To investigate the changes in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and some agronomic and nutritional characteristics of forage maize and sorghum cultivars (cvs) irrigated in a shallow soil, two maize and seven sorghum cvs were evaluated in rain-fed (NIR) and irrigated (IR) field conditions for a 3-year period. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement. The irrigation increased plant height of forages whereas decreased metabolizable energy and relative feed values. There was an advantage for sorghum cvs over maize cvs regarding to agronomic and nutritional traits in a shallow soil, irrespective of irrigation. The IR-cvs had higher yield and nutritional quality compared to the NIR-cvs. The IWUE values of Jumbo, Grazer, Hayday, El Rey and Gozde cvs were higher than those of other sorghum cvs. The studied cvs, except for El Rey (the highest) and Rox (the lowest) had similar IWUE values. The plant heights and dry matter (DM), digestible DM (DD...

In this study, determination of habitat altitude effect on the total phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of flower and leaf extracts from Hypericum montbretii, H. orientale and H. perforatum species was aimed. The plants were collected randomly from forages (altitudes were ranged from 430 to 1105 m a.s.l.) located in Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts were determined with DPPH and ABTS assay and antimicrobial activities of the extracts on Bacillus pumilis NRRL BD-142, B. subtilis NRRL B-209, B. licheniformis NRRL-B-1001, B. cereus NRRL B-3711, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33862, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria inocua ATCC 33090, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were examined. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Hypericum species changed depending on the habitat altitude. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) method. Flower and leaf extracts exhibited a broad antibacterial spectrum, but they were not effective against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Phenolic contents of all Hypericum species and antimicrobial activity of only H. perforatum extracts were significantly increased by altitude rising, but no positive correlation was detected in antioxidant activity of extracts due to habitat altitude.

Bu calismanin amaci, taban bir merada gubreleme (G) ve G’ye ilave olarak; dinlendirme (D), ustten tohumlama (UT), havalandirma (H), ilkbahar bicimi (IB), selektif herbisit (S) ile UT (100 cc da-1 picloram, SUT) ve total herbisit (T) ile UT kombinasyonlarinin (600 cc da-1, T600UT veya 300 cc da-1 glyphosate, T300UT) mera kuru otu ve ham protein verimi ile botanik kompozisyon gibi agronomik ozellikler bakimindan etkinliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Kontrol (K) grubunda sadece asiri ve zamansiz otlanma onlenmistir. Deneme, tesaduf bloklari deseni’ne gore 2006-2009 yillari arasinda Samsun ilinde yurutulmustur. Kontrol parsellerinin kuru ot verimi 3 yillik deneme sonunda baslangica gore yaklasik 3 kat artmistir. Uc yillik calisma neticesinde G, G+D, G+H ve G+IB uygulamalari, Eryngium+Centaurea turlerine ait istilaci bitki turlerini yuksek oranda elemine etmistir. Bu istilaci turlerin orani, denemenin sonu itibariyla baslangicina gore yaklasik 7 kat azalmistir. Genel olarak bu istilaci turlerin yerini baklagil ve diger familyalara ait turler almistir. Calisilan merada kuru ot uretimini artirmak icin en etkili ve ekonomik metot G+R kombinasyonu olmustur. Bu uygulama kuru ot uretiminde denemenin baslangicina kiyasla, denemenin ilk yilinda 2, ikinci yilinda 7 ve ucuncu yilinda ise 15 kat artis saglamistir. Bu sonuclara gore, calisilan merada kuru ot verimini artirmak icin en etkili ve ekonomik metodun G+D kombinasyonu oldugu soylenebilir.

Generally, rangelands of Turkey have the groundling and stony construction and many of them are found in 5. and 7. class soil. Vegetation of the rangelands consists of the species which are insuffi cient in terms of quality and yield as a result of untimely and heavy grazing. For that reason, the over seeding and artifi cial rangeland establishment play an important role in rangeland improving studies. Selection of the best species using the soil conditions at maximum level is the most important factor in those studies. Birdsfoot trefoil species are native to our country and have some positive peculiarities such as their adaptation ability, high tolerance to all kinds of soil structure, non-bloating, resistance to heavy grazing and long-term presence in rangeland via reseeding itself. Hence, those species are one of the most important legume species in improvement of our mistreated rangelands. Besides, forage cultivation is not at desired level in our country. Due to the aforesaid c...

Uzun yillar boyunca hicbir kural ve sisteme bagli olmadan yapilan otlatmalara bagli olarak meralarimizin mevcut yapilari, orijinal ekosistemlerine gore oldukca degismistir. Bu gun itibariyla, meralarimizda yuzlerce yabanci bitki turu bulunmaktadir. Bunlar icerisinde en fazla problem olusturan yabanci bitkilerden bazilari; Centaurea solstitialis, Bromus tectorum, Euphorbia helioscopia, Ranunculus kotschyi ve Eryngium bithynicum olarak siralanabilir. Bunlar icerisinde ulkemizde sari peygamber cicegi olarak bilinen Centaurea solstitialis; meralardan elde edilen kaba yemlerin verim ve kalitesini azaltmak, ciftlik hayvanlarinin uretim maliyetlerini artirmak ve bulundugu arazinin degerini dusurmek suretiyle hayvancilik endustrisini olumsuz yonde etkilemektedir. Bitkinin, dogal hayat yaninda toprak ve su kaynaklari ile bitki ve hayvan cesitliligine de olumsuz etkileri vardir. Tek yillik ve kislik olan bitki, 2000 m’nin altindaki alanlarda yayilim gostermektedir. Sari peygamber cicegi ile mucadelede; elle koparma, topragin surulmesi, bicme, otlatma, kontrollu yakma, yeni vejetasyon olusturma, biyolojik ve kimyasal kontrol gibi bircok kontrol yontemi uygulanmaktadir. Bu mucadele yontemlerinin her biri ile bitkinin kontrolunde belli oranlarda basarilar elde edilebilmektedir. Ancak, sari peygamber ciceginin basarili bir sekilde kontrol edilmesi icin, bazi mucadele tekniklerinin kombinasyonundan olusacak sekilde planlanmis uzun vadeli bir stratejik plan ile birlikte, uygun bir otlatma yonetimine ihtiyac duyulmaktadir

This research was conducted to determine the most suitable improvement methods applicable in pastures of the central Black Sea Region. A natural pasture in Salur Village of Ladik Town was used. Fertilizer (10 kg/da N+8 kg/da P205), soil aeration, herbicide, broadcast seeding, deep cutting and some combinations of them were chosen and applied as pasture improvement methods in 1996-1998. The results indicated that deep cutting and herbicide application had different effects on hay and protein yields according to year. None of the methods affected the botanical composition of the pasture. Hay yield and botanical composition of the pasture were significantly different among the experiment years. In the second and third years of the experiment, higher hay yield and higher grass and legume percentages were produced than in the first year. According to the average data of the 3-year experiment the least hay yield (367 kg/da) was obtained from control (untreated) plots, the highest yield (5...

ZET Bu araştırma, serada 1992-1993 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür.Deneme, asit karakterli topraklarda yetiştirilen macar fiğinde kök, gövde ve nodul ağırlığı üzerine kireçleme, azotlu ve fosforlu gübrelemenin etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kireçleme ve fosforlu gübreleme ile macar fiğinde kök ağırlığı, kuru ot verimi, nodul sayısı ve nodul ağırlığı artmıştır. Azotlu gübrelemenin kuru ot verimi ve kök ağırlığı üzerine olumlu, nodul sayısı ve nodul ağırlığı üzerine ise olumsuz etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucu bazı ikili interaksiyonlarm önemli çıkması, kireçleme, azotlu ve fosforlu gübre uygulamalarının birlikte değerlendirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the effects of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus on root, stem, nodule number and nodule weight of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) in acid soils in greenhouse conditions at the Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricult...

Estimated the genetic relationships among 21 barley accessions from 17 bulbous barley (H. bulbosum L.), 4 cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.) collected from different part of Turkey were investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Eleven informative primers amplified 111 markers of which 98 (89.8%) were polymorphic. A dendogram was constructed using the UPGMA method based on the RAPD markers. The range of genetic similarity was from 0.111 to 0.815. The accessions were grouped into two main clusters based on the molecular data. The H. vulgare and H. bulbosum separated into two groups in the Principle Component Analysis.

Genetic relationships among 21 barley accessions (17 of bulbous barley H. bulbosum L. and 4 of cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.) collected from different part of Turkey were investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Eleven informative primers amplified 111 markers of which 98 (89.8%) were polymorphic. A dendogram was constructed using the UPGMA method based on the RAPD markers.

... Table 1. Annual and seasonal total precipitation (l/m 2 ) in Samsun, Turkey. ... Legumes in the botanical composition were mostly berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), spotted medic (Medicago arabica L.), burclover (Medicago hispida Gaertn.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L ...

The most practical and effective method to increase dry matter production in rangelands is by adequate fertilization. N and K fertilizers have commonly been used worldwide to increase yield in rangelands. Fertilizers have a significant effect on mineral concentration in the forage. Risk of tetany, causing yield decrease and death in cattle, increases by feeding forage with a ratio of K/(Ca+Mg)≥2.2. The fertilizers containing N and K are the most important factors increasing K/(Ca+Mg) ratio in forages. The present study has aimed to determine whether the tetany risks caused by K and N fertilization may be compensated by Mg fertilization. For this purpose, N (0 and 120kgha−1), K (0 and 100kgha−1) and Mg (0 and 30kgha−1) were applied as combinations of each other. Each plot was separated into three sub-plots sampled on 25 April, 15 May and 5 June to determine Ca, Mg, K concentrations and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio.In this 2-year study, dry matter production in the control plot was 2064kgha−1 and nitrogen application increased the dry matter production of the plots by about 100%. Dry weight ratios of grasses increased while legume dry weight ratios decreased drastically in response to N fertilization. An increase was observed in K/(Ca+Mg) ratio with N fertilization due to the fact that legumes have higher concentrations of Ca and Mg than grasses. K fertilization resulted in an approximately 30% increase of K concentration in dry matter. K/(Ca+Mg) ratio in plots where N and K were applied separately was lower than 2.2. However, K/(Ca+Mg) ratio in plots to which N and K were applied in combination was over 2.2, resulting in tetany risk. It is interesting to determine that Mg fertilization did not change Mg concentration in pasture. It was noted that tetany risk did not decrease with the advance of harvest dates. The results indicated that tetany risk caused by N and K fertilizations could not be compensated by Mg treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that fertilization programmes avoiding legume decrease in rangelands may be useful to prevent the tetany risk.

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the reasons for dormancy of Gelemen clover seeds existing in Campus area of the University of Ondokuz Mayis located in Kurupelit area of Samsun, Turkey and trie ways of overcoming these reasons. The study ...

Abstract: This study has been conducted to determine the effects of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus applied to acid soils on mineral element contents of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) According to results of this experiment has been carried out in the greenhouse ...

Changes in hypercin content of six Hypericum species available in Turkey, namely H. perforatum L., H. aviculariifolium Jaup. et Spach (endemic), H. pruinatum Boiss. et Bal., H. perfoliatum L., H. montbretii Spach and H. origanifolium Willd were studies with the aim of suggesting a suitable period for grazing on Hypericum infested pastures. The plants were harvested at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting stages and total hypercins was assayed. H. aviculariifolium, H. perforatum and H. montbretii produced higher amount of hypericin at all stages of plant development than the level regarded as safe for Merino sheep. Hence, pastures heavily infested by these species, were not recommended for grazing. Hypericin content of the plants changed significantly and highest accumulation level was reached during floral development in all species. Therefore, April and September for pastures dominated by H. perfoliatum and April, September and October for ...

Meraların ekonomik değerlerini azaltan yabancı otlarla mücadele kaçınılmaz bir zorunluluktur. Günümüzde, yabancı ot mücadelesi kapsamında başvurulan herbisit kullanımı ve mekanik mücadele gibi uygulamaların gittikçe artan maliyetleri, uygulamalarında karşılaşılan çeşitli zorluklar ve ekosisteme olan olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle, biyolojik mücadele ajanı olarak keçilerin kullanımı gittikçe daha fazla popülerlik kazanmaktadır. Keçiler, ülkemiz meralarında en fazla problem oluşturan başta Centaurea, Cirsium ve Rumex cinslerine ait otsu türler ile Rubus, Rosa ve Genista cinslerine ait çalılar olmak üzere birçok yabancı ot türleri ile mücadeleyi en ekonomik bir şekilde gerçekleştirebilecek ve hatta bu mücadeleyi ekonomik kazanca dönüştürebilecek çevre dostu canlılardır. Keçiler, otlamadaki farklı bitki tercihleri nedeniyle diğer hayvan türleri ile birlikte aynı merada otlatılmaları durumunda mera vejetasyonlarının yabancı otlara karşı rekabet güçlerini artırmaları yanında meraya da ek bir yük getirmemekte veya çok az yük getirmektedir. Keçilerin, sığırlar ve atlar ile birlikte otlatılmaları sürünün parazit problemlerini azaltıcı etkiye de sahip olabilmektedir. Bozulan meralarımızın bitki kompozisyonlarının istenilen yönde değişmesi ve buna bağlı olarak da meralarımızın üretim güçlerinin artırılmasına olumlu katkılarda bulunabilen keçilerin, bir şekilde mera amenajman planlarında daha fazla yer almaları önemlidir. Bu derlemede, keçilerin otlama davranışları ile mera amenajmanı ve ıslahı çalışmalarındaki etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Abstract. It is inevitable to control weeds affecting the economic value of pastures negatively. Use of goats as biological agent gains increasing popularity due to i) higher costs of herbicide usage and mechanical fight, ii) various difficulties encountered in practice and iii) the negative influences of these practices on ecosystem. Goats have been regarded as environmentally friendly animals which can control many weeds, especially herbaceous species belong to Centaurea, Cirsium and Rumex genus and shrub species belong to Rubus, Rosa and Genista genus, in the most economical way and even which can convert this struggle to economic gain. Grazing of goats with other animal species increases the competitiveness of desired plants in the pasture vegetation against the weeds due to their different grazing preferences, and it does not put an additional burden on pasture. Grazing goats with cows and horses can decrease the parasite problems in herd. It is essential to include the goats in pasture management plans due to their positive contributions in changing of pasture composition of damaged pastures and in increasing of pastures' productivities. In this review, the grazing behaviours and also the efficiencies of goats in pasture management and improvement studies were discussed.

Annual medics, the most common legumes in Turkey natural flora, are important resources in a leyfarming to restore and maintain soil fertility and also to improve rangelands. However, existingknowledge about agronomical and nutritional properties of these species is not adequate. In this study, some agronomical and feed values of some wild medic species (36 Medicago polymorpha L., 33 Medicago arabica L., 30 Medicago lupulina L., 38 Medicago minima L., 25 Medicago rigidula L. and 34 Medicago orbicularis L.), which spontaneously occuring in natural areas of Middle Black Sea Region,were determined. There were significant differences among species in terms of studied parameters. Ingeneral, Medicago polymorpha L. and and Medicago rigidula L. had the higher and lower values, respectively compared to other medic spp. Hay yield, crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fiber,digestible dry matter, dry matter intake ratio, relative feed value and metabolizable energy of species werechanged between 41.58 and 68.46 g plant-1, 19.42 and 23.04%, 27.89 and 36.06%, 39.71 and 48.20%,60.81 and 67.17%, 2.53 and 3.05%, 118.75 and 157.32, 8.34 and 9.42 MJ kg-1, respectively. There were also quite high variations within each species. The results of the present study indicated that there were rich genetic resources for medics improvement in the studied region and Medicago orbicularis L.,Medicago polymorpha L. and Medicago arabica L. can prefence to other species in terms of agronomicaland nutritional traits.

Öz: Bu araştırma, Sinop iline ait 24 farklı doğal meranın bazı vejetasyon özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 2014 yılında yapılmıştır. Çalışmada; " Modifiye Edilmiş Tekerlekli Lup Metodu " kullanılmıştır. Vejetasyon etüdü yapılan mera vejetasyonlarında toplam olarak 134 farklı tür tespit edilirken, bu türlerin 19'unun azalıcı, 17'sinin çoğalıcı ve 98'inin ise istilacı tür olduğu belirlenmiştir. Vejetasyon etüdü yapılan meralarda en yaygın bulunan azalıcı türlerin; Onobrychis sativa, Chrysopogon gryllus ve Lotus corniculatus, çoğalıcı türlerin; Cynodon dactylon, Festuca ovina ve Brachypodium sylvaticum, istilacı türlerin ise Thymbra spicata, Medicago lupulina ve Crepis armena olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü meraların bitkiyle kaplı alan oranı ortalama % 88.2'dir. Meraların bitki ile kaplılık oranını, bu alanlarda yapılan otlatmanın derecesinden daha ziyade, başta yağış olmak üzere yörede hüküm süren iklim değerleri daha çok etkilemiştir. Meraların bulunduğu rakım ile mera bitki kompozisyonu içerisindeki azalıcı+çoğalıcı bitki oranı arasında pozitif ve önemli (r=0.408 *), rakım ile otlatma yoğunluğu arasında ise negatif ve çok önemli (r=-0.452 **) ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Mera durumu sınıflandırmasına göre incelenen meraların 3'ünün " İyi " , 20'sinin " Orta " ve 1'inin ise " Zayıf " mera kategorisine girdiği görülmüştür. Mera sağlığı sınıflamasına göre ise 23 mera " Sağlıklı " , 1 mera ise " Riskli " olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre; meraların büyük çoğunluğu iyi durumda olup, sadece bir tanesi acilen ıslaha ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Abstract: This study was conducted to determine some vegetation characters of 24 natural rangelands in Sinop province in 2014. In the study, modified wheel point with loop was used. Totally 134 plant species were determined in studied rangelands. This plant species were also divided into 3 different successional groups: i) 19 species were decreasers, ii) 17 species were increasers, and iii) 98 species were invaders. Major decreaser, increaser and invader species in the rangelands were Onobrychis sativa, Chrysopogon gryllus and Lotus corniculatus; Cynodon dactylon, Festuca ovina and Brachypodium sylvaticum; Thymbra spicata, Medicago lupulina and Crepis armena, respectively. In the experiment field, plant coverage rate was 88.2%. It was determined that the amount of precipitation impacted plant cover more than livestock grazing level. There were significant correlations between the altitude and decreaser+increaser plant ratio (r=0.408 *); between the altitude and grazing intensity (r=-0.452 **). The results from the present study indicated that 3 rangelands are " Good " , 20 rangelands are " Fair " and 1 rangeland is " Poor " quality. On the other hand, 23 rangelands were " Healthy " and 1 rangeland was " Risky " in rangeland health categories. According to these results, the majority of the studied rangelands are in good condition. Only a rangeland urgently needs improvement.