Mehmet Inel
Pamukkale University, Civil Engineering, Faculty Member
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The aim of this study is to evaluate the existence of torsion due to nonlinear behavior of lateral load resisting elements during moderate or strong earthquakes and to check the validity of pushover analysis of existing regular buildings.... more
The aim of this study is to evaluate the existence of torsion due to nonlinear behavior of lateral load resisting elements during moderate or strong earthquakes and to check the validity of pushover analysis of existing regular buildings. Therefore, torsion due to unsymmetrical distribution of lateral load resisting elements in the plan of the structure is not in the scope of the current study. Two reference RC buildings, 4and 7-story, are selected for the purpose the current study. The other set of buildings is obtained from reference buildings by adding heavy overhangs with and without edge beams. The building models considered in the current study are subjected to 12 ground motion records using SAP2000 program to carry out nonlinear time history analyses. Displacement demands at the center of mass and corner points of the building were obtained for both X and Y directions. The maximum interstory displacement drift demand ratio (IDR) values are determined. Then, torsional irregula...
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Inadequate separations cause lateral collision of adjacent buildings during earthquakes. This collision refers to seismic pounding and imposes an unexpected impact loading on buildings causing heavy damages or collapses. Building damages... more
Inadequate separations cause lateral collision of adjacent buildings during earthquakes. This collision refers to seismic pounding and imposes an unexpected impact loading on buildings causing heavy damages or collapses. Building damages due to pounding have been reported from major past earthquakes such as 1964 Alaska, 1971 San Fernando, 1985 Mexico City, 1989 Loma Prieta, 1999 Chi-Chi and 1999 Kocaeli Earthquakes. Major ratio of existing building stock has potential pounding risk in possible future earthquakes in Turkey. This study investigates the effects of pounding on seismic behaviour of inadequately separated mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey. Three different models are used to evaluate seismic performance of adjacent buildings; 4-story building per 1975 Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC), 7-story building per 1975 and 1998 TEC are used to represent mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The selected buildings have reinforced concrete frame systems without shear wa...
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This study aims to evaluate the effect of soil structure interaction and the differences in linear and nonlinear modelling of the structure on seismic response. For this purpose, SSI and fixed base models of 7-story building were used.... more
This study aims to evaluate the effect of soil structure interaction and the differences in linear and nonlinear modelling of the structure on seismic response. For this purpose, SSI and fixed base models of 7-story building were used. Both linear and nonlinear behavior of the building are taken into account for comparison. The findings obviously indicate large variation in displacement demands depending on ground motion record, soil type, consideration of soil structure interaction and linear and nonlinear structure modelling. The displacement demands tend to increase for softer soils except few cases, especially for fixed base models. Significant differences are obvious for linear and nonlinear building models of fixed base case. The evaluation of obtained results and observations in the current study clearly indicate that the effects of SSI approach depend on dynamic characteristics of soil and structure. While soil deformations influence the seismic demands of structure in posit...
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Determining the dynamic properties of structures is important for understanding their seismic behaviour. Ambient vibration signal measurement is one of the approaches used to determine the period of structures. Advantages of this method... more
Determining the dynamic properties of structures is important for understanding their seismic behaviour. Ambient vibration signal measurement is one of the approaches used to determine the period of structures. Advantages of this method include the possibility of taking real-time records and presenting nondestructive and rapid solutions. In this study, natural vibration periods are calculated by taking ambient vibration signal records from 40 buildings. The height of the building, infill wall effect, presence of seismic retrofit, and presence of damage are taken into consideration, and their effects on natural vibration periods are investigated. Moreover, the results are compared with the analytical methods to reveal the differences. A significant correlation between the period and height of the building is observed. It is seen that the natural vibration periods of the buildings decrease by 7% to 30% (15% on average) due to infill wall contribution. However, the efficiency of infill...
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Aktif bir deprem kuşağı üzerinde yer alan ülkemizde çok kısa denebilecek zaman aralıkları içerisinde yıkıcı depremler meydana gelmiş ve birçok betonarme yapı hasar görmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, deprem riski yüksek olan ülkemiz yapı... more
Aktif bir deprem kuşağı üzerinde yer alan ülkemizde çok kısa denebilecek zaman aralıkları içerisinde yıkıcı depremler meydana gelmiş ve birçok betonarme yapı hasar görmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, deprem riski yüksek olan ülkemiz yapı stoğunun büyük bir bölümünü oluşturan ...
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Ülkemiz coğrafi konumu ve sahip olduğu yapı stoğu gereği oldukça ciddi deprem tehdidi altındadır. Deprem zararlarının en aza indirilmesi ülkemizin en önemli problemlerinden biridir. Bu nedenle bu konuyla ilgili bilimsel gelişmelerin... more
Ülkemiz coğrafi konumu ve sahip olduğu yapı stoğu gereği oldukça ciddi deprem tehdidi altındadır. Deprem zararlarının en aza indirilmesi ülkemizin en önemli problemlerinden biridir. Bu nedenle bu konuyla ilgili bilimsel gelişmelerin yakından takip edilmesi ...
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ABSTRACT This study evaluates seismic performance of the school buildings with the selected template designs in Turkey considering nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete components. Five school buildings with template designs were... more
ABSTRACT This study evaluates seismic performance of the school buildings with the selected template designs in Turkey considering nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete components. Five school buildings with template designs were selected to represent major percentage of school buildings in medium-size cities located in high seismic region of Turkey. Selection of template designed buildings and material properties were based on field investigation on government owned school buildings in several cities in western part of Turkey. Capacity curves of investigated buildings were determined by pushover analyses conducted in two principal directions. The inelastic dynamic characteristics were represented by equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems and their seismic displacement demands were calculated under selected ground motions. Seismic performance evaluation was carried out in accordance with recently published Turkish Earthquake Code that has similarities with FEMA-356 guidelines. Reasons of building damages in past earthquakes are examined using the results of performance assessment of investigated buildings. The effects of material quality on seismic performance of school buildings were investigated. The detailed examination of capacity curves and performance evaluation identified deficiencies and possible solutions for template designs
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1. Giriş Yaşadığımız son depremlerde oluşan ekonomik zarar ve can kayıpları, yapılarımızın mevcut durum-larının değerlendirilerek gerekli önlemlerin alınması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır [1, 2]. Mevcut betonarme yapıların önemli bir... more
1. Giriş Yaşadığımız son depremlerde oluşan ekonomik zarar ve can kayıpları, yapılarımızın mevcut durum-larının değerlendirilerek gerekli önlemlerin alınması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır [1, 2]. Mevcut betonarme yapıların önemli bir bölümü 1975-1998 yılları ara-sında yürürlükte ...
ABSTRACT Over the past several decades, Turkey has been hit by devastating earthquakes and remarkable number of reinforced concrete buildings has been damaged in the high seismicity regions of our country. The aim of this study is to... more
ABSTRACT Over the past several decades, Turkey has been hit by devastating earthquakes and remarkable number of reinforced concrete buildings has been damaged in the high seismicity regions of our country. The aim of this study is to evaluate the seismic performance of the mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings that are major part of building stock of our earthquake-prone country, according to recent Turkish Earthquake Code. 4- and 7-story buildings were selected to represent mid-rise building stock. After determining the structural parameters, each building was subjected to pushover analysis and the capacity curves were obtained. Earthquake performance of each building was determined in the light of their capacity curves according to the recent Turkish Earthquake Code.
This study aims to compare displacement demands of mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings for the scaled ground motion records compatible with design spectrum of the draft Turkish Building Earthquake Code for the ZC soil type using the 2D... more
This study aims to compare displacement demands of mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings for the scaled ground motion records compatible with design spectrum of the draft Turkish Building Earthquake Code for the ZC soil type using the 2D building models. The estimates of 2D models are also compared to the estimates obtained by the 3D models to evaluate the performance of 2D models. Two structures selected as 10 and 15 stories were considered to represent the mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings in the scope of the study. The 2D models were derived from the inner axes of 3D models in two principal directions. 11 records from past earthquakes were selected and scaled to be compatible with spectrum in the draft Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2016. A total of 88 dynamic analyses were performed with 11 different records taking into account the two principal directions of 10and 15-story buildings for the 2D and 3D models. The outcomes show that the average interstory drift ratio does...
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In this study, the effects of confined concrete models on behavior of reinforced concrete structures are investigated at member and system levels. The widely-accepted concrete models such as Modified Kent-Park, Mander, and... more
In this study, the effects of confined concrete models on behavior of reinforced concrete structures are investigated at member and system levels. The widely-accepted concrete models such as Modified Kent-Park, Mander, and Saatcioglu-Razvi are considered. A four- storey structure was designed and detailed according to 1975 Turkish Earthquake Code to reflect a typical example of building stock in Turkey. The building was considered to be in Earthquake Zone 1 and on Z3 Soil Type. Nonlinear behavior of the building frame was modeled by considering the inelastic section behaviour of each beam and column elements for different concrete class and transverse reinforcement spacing. The models were subjected to pushover analysis. The differences of confined concrete models were investigated for both reinforced concrete member and system levels. At the end of analyses, it was observed that although there were some differences at the section level, the effects of confined concrete models were negligible at the system level.
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This study compares displacement estimates of mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings subjected to recorded motions in past earthquakes obtained from nonlinear time history estimates of 2D and “Equivalent” Single-Degree-Of-Freedom... more
This study compares displacement estimates of mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings subjected to recorded motions in past earthquakes obtained from nonlinear time history estimates of 2D and “Equivalent” Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (ESDOF) models. Two structures selected as 10 and 15 stories were considered to represent mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings in the scope of the study. The building models are modelled as two dimensional frame elements. The selected ground motion records are scaled to be compatible with spectrum in the draft Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2016. In total, 44 nonlinear dynamic time history analyses of 2D models and 44 nonlinear time history analyses for the ESDOF systems were carried out to obtain inelastic displacement demand values. The study shows that although the displacement demand estimates have a wide scatter, the mean estimates of the considered buildings range in a very narrow band. The mean roof displacement demand ratios changes between...
Seismic performance and loss assessment studies for stock of buildings are generally based on representative models due to extremely large number of vulnerable buildings. The main problem is the proper reflection of the building stock... more
Seismic performance and loss assessment studies for stock of buildings are generally based on representative models due to extremely large number of vulnerable buildings. The main problem is the proper reflection of the building stock characteristics well enough by limited number of representative models. This study aims to provide statistical information of structural parameters of Turkish building stock for proper modeling using a detailed inventory study including 475 low and mid-rise RC building with 40351 columns and 3128 beams for member properties. Thirty-five different parameters of existing low and mid-rise Turkish RC building stock are investigated. An example application is given to express use of given statistical information. The outcomes of the current study and previous studies are compared. The comparison shows that the previous studies have guidance for limited number of parameters while the current study provides considerably wide variety of structural and member p...
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This study aims to investigate seismic behavior of LRB and FPS type base isolated models considering torsional irregularity due to distance between stiffness center of isolators and mass center of superstructure for low- and mid-rise... more
This study aims to investigate seismic behavior of LRB and FPS type base isolated models considering torsional irregularity due to distance between stiffness center of isolators and mass center of superstructure for low- and mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with no shear walls. Nonlinear behavior of structural members was also considered to be able to observe probable yielding of structural members in superstructure due to the torsional irregularity. 528 different nonlinear time history analyses of 3-dimensional 3, 5, 7 and 9-story models subjected to 11 pairs of earthquake records were performed. The results indicate that FPS type isolators tend higher displacement demands while LRB type isolators are more sensitive to torsional effects. Torsional irregularity coefficient values of LRB models with 20% eccentricity are 47% higher than symmetrical models in terms of averages. Since significant part of the demands is absorbed by the isolator system, the remaining seis...
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This paper aims to study optimum design of continuous foundation systems that are commonly used for mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The differential evolution algorithm (DE) was used for optimum design of reinforced concrete... more
This paper aims to study optimum design of continuous foundation systems that are commonly used for mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The differential evolution algorithm (DE) was used for optimum design of reinforced concrete continuous foundation systems compatible with Turkish Standards 500 and 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code and providing certain constraints of these standards. In the optimization problem, the cross-sectional dimensions, spacing of transverse reinforcement, the diameters and numbers of reinforcement were defined as discrete variables and a total of 26 different decision variables were taken into consideration. Two different examples were created by changing the axial load and moment values transmitted from the structure. The material costs were investigated by choosing the T-beam and rectangular cross section for two examples. Besides, the sensitivity of the problem has been investigated with 2880 analyses for different parameters of the algorithm. The outcomes suggest that the optimum design of the continuous foundation systems can be achieved using T-beam sections. The study also shows that the differential evolution algorithm (DE), which is preferred in solving many engineering problems, can be used effectively in the optimum design of the continuous foundation systems.
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This study aims to compare pushover and nonlinear time history analyses for existing low- and mid-rise RC buildings to better understand the applicability limits, advantages and disadvantages of nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. The... more
This study aims to compare pushover and nonlinear time history analyses for existing low- and mid-rise RC buildings to better understand the applicability limits, advantages and disadvantages of nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. The 4- and 7-story buildings designed according to the pre-modern and modern Turkish Earthquake Codes represent the existing low- and mid-rise RC buildings based on inventory results of more than 475 real residential buildings located in Turkey. Eight different ground motion records were used during nonlinear time history analyses selected from destructive earthquakes over past several decades. The outcomes show that the displacement demands obtained from time history analyses differ over a wide range of values, emphasizing the importance of ground motion record selection. The pushover analysis may cause underestimation of the maximum interstory drift ratio for the mid-rise buildings. Besides, it definitely misses the beam damages at the first story. In conclusion, the pushover analysis seems to reflect the nonlinear time history analysis confidently at moderate level earthquakes. However, the results start to deviate as the ground motions get stronger. It is hard to specify a single value for the safe use of pushover analysis considering all parameters in the study. The outcomes of the current study indicate that the pushover analysis provides reasonably well estimates up to 1 and 0.75% roof drift ratios which approximately correspond to 1.5 and 1% interstory drift ratios for low- and mid-rise buildings, respectively. Beyond these limits, the pushover analysis may give misleading demand estimates.
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Öz: Mevcut fonksiyonlar ve deprem sonrası muhtemel kullanımlar gözönüne alındığında kamu binaları (telekomünikasyon, hastane, okul, vb.), olası bir deprem felaketi sonrası ayakta kalması gereken yapılardır. Ülkemizde yaşanan son... more
Öz: Mevcut fonksiyonlar ve deprem sonrası muhtemel kullanımlar gözönüne alındığında kamu binaları (telekomünikasyon, hastane, okul, vb.), olası bir deprem felaketi sonrası ayakta kalması gereken yapılardır. Ülkemizde yaşanan son depremler, birçok kamu hizmet binamızın ...
Seismic Resistance of Precast Structures: Roof Girder Turnover 1998 Adana and 1999 Marmara and Düzce Earthquakes in the last decade in Turkey, caused serious damages to precast concrete buildings. Single pinned connections are then... more
Seismic Resistance of Precast Structures: Roof Girder Turnover 1998 Adana and 1999 Marmara and Düzce Earthquakes in the last decade in Turkey, caused serious damages to precast concrete buildings. Single pinned connections are then critisized and this conncetion type is changed to double-pinned type. In this study, 15 precast concrete structures are designed according to 1998 Turkish Earthquake Code. After that, nonlineer time history analysis of these buildings are carried out to study forces coming to roof girder and behavior of roof girder. Then, adequacy of design procedure of double-pinned connections are investegated and some suggestions are made concerning