Shear Wall

The theory-based closure relations for the wall and interfacial shear stresses obtained previously for laminar stratified flow, are extended to be applicable also to turbulent flows in either or both of the phases. The closure relations are formulated in terms of the single-phase-based expressions, which are augmented by two-phase interaction factors, due to the flow of the two phases in the same channel. These closure relations, which are valid for smooth stratified flow in horizontal or inclined pipes, were used as a platform for introducing necessary empirical corrections required in the stratified wavy flow regime. Based on experimental data available from the literature, new empirical correlations for the wave effect on the interface curvature, on the interfacial shear and on the liquid wall shear were obtained. The predictions of the two-fluid model for the pressure gradient and holdup are tested against extensive data bank and some analytical solutions for stratified flows. T...

The in-plane behavior of screen grid insulated concrete form (SGICF) walls was evaluated using full scale shake table experiments. The wall specimens utilized dry fit insulated form blocks made from recycled expanded polystyrene granules that were bonded together with cement. When stacked, the cavities in the blocks formed a grid of cores that are evenly spaced vertically and horizontally. Each wall was built on top of a foundation block that was designed such that failure would occur within the walls themselves. The walls consisted of four circular vertical cores and five circular horizontal cores reinforced with a single rebar placed nominally in the center of each core. Fiber-reinforced concrete was used in one of the walls to evaluate the effect on failure modes, drift capacity and shear strength. The results showed that the use of fiber-reinforced concrete in the cores had not significantly improved the drift capacity and had exhibited lower strengths than the wall with conventional concrete. These outcomes were mainly attributed to voids in the cores that had resulted despite similarities in workability of the concrete mixes and in techniques used to place the concrete in the walls.

Finite Element modeling now a days is an essential approach in analyzing and simulating civil engineering problem numerically. In this presentation an attempt is made to apply the finite element modeling in analyzing and exploring the behavior of shear wall with opening under seismic load actions. In modern tall buildings, shear walls are commonly used as a vertical structural element for resisting the lateral loads Shear walls are generally located at the sides of buildings or arranged in the form of core that houses stairs and lifts.
Due to functional requirements such as doors, windows, and other openings, a shear wall in a building contains many openings. The size and location of openings may vary from architectural and functional point of view. In most of the apartment building, size and location of openings in shear wall are made without considering its effect on structural behavior of the building.
Therefore this study is carried out on 20 story frame wall buildings using linear static analysis with help of finite element software, ETABS under lateral loads in equivalent static analysis 10 models of the buildings with changes in opening and its position in shear wall are analyzed.
The models are studied with increase in opening of 16 % 30% and 36% with shifting of opening form bottom center and top. The study indicates that drift displacement and the column forces have a significant affects with position of opening in shear wall.

Keywords- Perforation, Shear wall etc.

DBELA is a Displacement-Based Earthquake Loss Assessment methodology for urban areas which relates the displacement capacity of the building stock to the displacement demand from earthquake scenarios. The building stock is modeled as a random population of building classes with varying geometrical and material properties. The period of vibration of each building in the random population is calculated using a simplified equation based on the height of the building and building type, while the displacement capacity at different limit states is predicted using simple equations which are a function of the randomly simulated geometrical and material properties. The displacement capacity of each building is then compared to the displacement demand obtained from an over-damped displacement spectrum, using its period of vibration; the proportion of buildings where damage exceeds each specified threshold value can thus be estimated. DBELA has been applied using the Turkish building stock following the collection of a large database of structural characteristics of buildings from the northern Marmara region. The probabilistic distributions for each of the structural characteristics (e.g., story height, steel properties, etc.) have been defined using the aforementioned database. The methodology has then been applied to predict preliminary damage distributions and social losses for the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality for a Mw 7.5 scenario earthquake.

Multi-storeyed buildings with open (soft) ground floor are inherently vulnerable to collapse due to earthquake load, even then their construction is still widespread in the developing nations. An investigation has been performed to study the behaviour of the columns at ground level of multi-storeyed buildings with soft ground floor as satellite bus stop and floating columns in the upper stories subjected to earthquake loading. The structural action of masonry infill panels of upper floors has also been taken into account by modelling them as diagonal struts. Shear wall is one of the most commonly used lateral load resisting in high rise building. In this study building is modelled with different shapes of shear wall with top and bottom soft storey. Static and dynamic analysis is carried out by using ETABS 2013. The comparison of these models for different parameters like Storey shear and storey displacement is carried out.

The seismic behavior of sheathed cold-formed steel (SCFS) structures is characterized by the lateral response of shear walls. Basically, if cold-formed steel (CFS) structures are designed according to the “sheathing-design” methodology, then the seismic behavior of shear walls is strongly influenced by the sheathing-to-frame connections response, characterized by a remarkable nonlinear response and a strong pinching of hysteresis loops. In this paper the results of an extensive parametric non linear dynamic analysis, carried out on one story buildings by means of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), using an ad hoc model of the hysteresis response of SCFS shear walls, are presented. An extended number of wall configurations has been considered investigating several parameters such as sheathing panel typology, wall geometry, external screw spacing, seismic weight and soil type. Based on IDA results, three behavior factors have been defined, which take into account overstrength, ductility and both overstrength and ductility, respectively. Finally, a design nomograph for the seismic design of single-storey SCFS frame structures developed on the basis of non-linear dynamic analysis results is presented. This last aims to complete a proposal of a design methodology, already presented by the author in the last years.► The seismic behavior of sheathed CFS shear walls is under investigation. ► Parametric non linear dynamic analysis results of SCFS structures are presented. ► Three behavior factors for sheathed CFS structures have been defined. ► A nomograph for the seismic design of SCFS frame structures is presented. ► The procedure applicability is demonstrated through the design of a typical house.

This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically, the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen on the 9 th , 10 th and 11 th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement increase was seen in the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd storey due to effect lateral shear forces.

The structure is vulnerable to ground movement during an earthquake and damages the structure. It is important to know the nature of the movement of the ground in order to prevent damage to the structure due to the movement of the ground. The main purpose of Shear wall is to counter the lateral forces acting on the structure and it act as a vertical cantilever beam. The time history method is used for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The nonlinear time history analysis is conducted on four different model using CSI ETABS19, several values of all four models were found out from Structure. IS:1893-2016 guidelines are used for the time history analysis of four model of G+15 storey. Hence, total four models are used to analyse the dynamic response of the building. The result of, story displacement, story drift, storey shear, storey overturning moment and base shear are calculated and compared for all four models.

Shear walls are introduced in modern tall buildings to make the structural system more efficient in resisting the horizontal loads that arises from wind and earthquake. The introduction of shear wall represents structurally efficient solution to stiffen a building structural system. The main function of shear wall is to increase the rigidity of lateral load resistance. It is a structural element which provides stability to structure from lateral loads like wind load and seismic loads. Shear walls are placed parallel to the plane of the wall, thus providing adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements. The stiffness and strength of wall may decreased by the reduction in the concrete area and the discontinuity of the reinforcement due to opening. To know the responses of providing openings and the behaviour of shear wall without openings is the aim of the given study. Hence, it is necessary to demonstrate work on the analysis, design and post effects of shear walls when seismic forces are applied. In this study the study of worked and anysis is carried out based on the different research of different researchers. This includes the study of different earthquake methods analysis in the shear wall structure. The openings of shear wall and without opening of shear wall are carried out in it. The study is also based on the different software and orientation of opening given by different researchers. hence it is important to study on opening of shear wall is the high rise building so that the building is with stand under lateral forces as well comfort of the occupant. I. INTRODUCTION Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, etc. causes structures to shake and vibrate and moreover to displace from their original position. These forces need to be well resisted so as to provide comfort to the occupants residing in it. Shear wall is a structural member which is employed to resist the lateral force. Shear walls are placed parallel to the plane of the wall, thus providing adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements. The behaviour of structure during earthquake and wind excitations is governed by the shape of openings and planed position of the shear wall. Speaking theoretically, centre of each half of the building, is the best position for the shear walls. In day-today practice, walls are placed at the ends, since it utilizes the lot of space in structure frame work. With respect to these, walls around lift shafts and stairwells are used. there are different types of shear wall are used in the multi story building such as Reinforced concrete, Concrete block, Mid-ply, Plywood & Steel shear wall etc. in it. The reinforced concrete shear wall is important structural elements placed in multi-storey buildings which are situated in seismic zones because they have a high resistance to lateral earthquake loads. Shear walls building structure will be perforated with rows of openings that are required for windows in external walls or doors or corridors in internal walls. Simplified methods for stiffness of shear walls with openings are recommended in several designs. It is necessary to know the effects of openings sizes and configurations in shear wall on stiffness as well as on seismic responses and behaviour of structural system so that a suitable configuration of openings in shear walls can be made. Reinforced concrete multi-storey buildings are adequate for resisting both the vertical and horizontal load. In the seismic design of buildings, reinforced concrete structural walls or shear walls, act as major earthquake resisting members. Structural walls provide an efficient bracing system and offer great potential for lateral load resistance. The properties of these seismic shear walls dominate the response of the buildings, and therefore, it is important to evaluate the seismic response of the walls appropriately. Shear walls are commonly used in reinforced concrete construction to resist the shear force induced by earthquake. The size and location of opening may play a significant role in the response of shear walls. Though it is a well known fact that size of openings affects the structural response of shear walls significantly, there is no clear consensus on the behaviour of shear walls under different opening locations. Shear walls situated in advantageous positions in the building, they can form an efficient lateral force resisting system. As shown in the Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b), shear walls with and without openings are placed around the periphery of plan of structure.

Shear walls generally used in high earth quake prone areas, as they are highly efficient in taking the loads. Not only the earthquake loads but also wind loads which are quite high in some zones can be taken by these shear walls efficiently and effectively. To determine the solution for shear wall location in multi-storey building based on its both elastic and elasto-plastic behaviors. The earthquake load is to be calculated and applied to a multi-storied building of plan 26mx26m and 10 no. of (G+9) floors with 40 meters height. For this model, results are calculated and analysed for the effective location of shear wall. The design above is verified for this same structure using extended three dimensional analysis of buildings (ETABS) software. The results are compared.

Abstract: This study investigates the seismic performance of shear wall building on sloping ground. The main objective is to understand the behaviour of the building on sloping ground for various positions of shear walls and to study the effectiveness of shear wall on sloping ground. The performance of building has been studied with the help of four mathematical models. Model one is of frame type structural system and other three models are of dual type (shear wall- frame interaction) structural system with three different positions of shear walls. Response spectrum analysis is carried out by using finite element software SAP 2000. The performance of building with respect to displacement, story drift and maximum forces in columns has been presented in this paper.
Keywords: Sloping ground, Shear wall, Position, Performance, Earthquake analysis, Effectiveness.
Title: Seismic Analysis of Building with Shear Wall on Sloping Ground
Author: Prasad Ramesh Vaidya
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research
ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)
Research Publish Journals

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/November 2009/538 ... Modeling of Asymmetric Shear Wall-Frame Building Structures ... Tolga Akis*1, Turgut Tokdemir2 and Cetin Yilmaz3 ... 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Atilim University, ...

Shear wall is one of the most commonly used lateral load resisting in high rise building. Shear wall has high in plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal load and support gravity load. The objective of the present study is to study the behavior of building frame in the lateral load analysis of shear wall-frame structures; a fundamental goal is to model the shear wall assemblies using a realistic and feasible method.

The objective of the paper is to numerically compare the seismic behavior of multi storey building of moment resistant framed structure and with as well as without shear wall. Two models of G+10 storey building with plan dimension of 19.0 m × 19.5 m having a Lift room of size 3.0 m × 3.5 m at middle portion of the building was chosen for analysis purpose. One model was taken as normal framed structure with regular columns and beams. Another one was taken as framed structure with shear walls on three sides of the lift room. Each analysis and design was done for gravity load and seismic loads using STAAD Pro. software. The displacement, peak storey shear, time period, torsion and the value of response spectrum of the models were calculated and it was found that the model with shear wall decreased the displacement, time period and torsion. Similarly, the values of peak storey shear and response spectrum increased considerably.

The earthquakes occurring in different parts of the world including Nepal and India have caused damage to structures, properties and loss of human lives.The recent high-intensity earthquake of magnitude in Gorkha, Nepal 7.8 on April 25,2015 has caused damage to public buildings and loss of human lives.Thus, the necessary steps are to be taken to minimize the loss of life and property for planning and designing earthquake resistant structures following the seismic codal provisions as the earthquake cannot be prevented.Practical knowledge is an important and essential skill required by every engineer. For obtaining this skill, a multistorey building is analysed and designed, located in Zone III with B+G+13 storeys with a 3-meter height for each storey having a car parking facility provided at basement. The building has a shear wall around the lift pit. The structure is modelled and analyzed using STAAD.Pro V8i.Design of beam, column, slab, shear wall, and raft foundation by SAFE are done. The saving of time is must important factor for structural engineer as there is the tough competition in today's rapidly urbanized market and to cope with the scarcity of land, an attempt is made here for the "ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SEISMIC RESISTANT MULTISTOREY BUILDING WITH SHEAR WALLS AND RAFT FOUNDATION" using STAAD.Pro.

This report presents information on cyclic behavior and seismic design of composite shear walls made of steel plate and reinforced concrete encasement walls connected to each other to act as a composite element.  The cast-in-place composite shear walls have been used in a few structures in the United States and Japan. A hospital structure, where the composite shear walls are used is discussed and presented. Recently, the traditional and an innovative version of composite shear wall were studied and tested at the University of California at Berkeley by the author.  The test results are summarized in this report. Using the available information, design guidelines for seismic design of composite shear walls made of steel plates connected to reinforced concrete walls were developed and are presented in this report.  Finally, two configurations of composite shear walls that are believed to be efficient, economical and easy to fabricate are suggested at the end of the report.

Finite Element Modeling now a day is an essential approach in analysis and simulating civil engineering problem numerically.  In this thesis ANALYTICAL STUDY ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING USING SHEAR WALL WITH AND WITHOUT OPENINGS UNDER LATERAL LOADS to  apply  the finite  element modeling  in  analyzing  and  exploring  the behavior of  shear wall  with & without  opening  under seismic load actions and wind load actions.

In  modern  tall buildings,  shear walls are  commonly used  as a  vertical structural element for resisting  the  lateral loads that may  be  induced  by  the  effect of  wind  and earthquakes. Shear walls are generally located at the sides of buildings or arranged in the form of core that houses stairs and lifts.  Due to functional requirements such as doors, windows, and other openings, a shear wall in a building contains many openings. The size and location of openings may vary from architectural and functional point of view. In most of the apartment building, size and location of openings in shear wall are made without considering its effect on structural behavior of the building.

This study  is carried  out on  G+20  story  frame-shear wall  buildings, using  linear elastic analysis with  the  help  of  finite  element software,  ETABS under earthquake  loads in  equivalent static  analysis. The results reveal that stiffness  as well  as seismic  responses of structures is  affected  by  the  size  of  the  openings as well  as their locations in shear wall. It is also explored that top lateral drift of the system can also be reduced thickening the element in the model around the opening of

In the present study the regular Block type layout of plan is taken into consideration with two types of slab system i.e. Flat slab and post tensioned slab are compared with each other. Considering zone 2 and zone 3 of seismicity according to Indian codes. Various types of Buildings with G+9, G+11, G+14, G+19 and G+24 storeys are considered with difference in geometrical properties and material properties. From past published journals and papers optimization is done in choosing different variety of placement of shear walls, their corresponding height and thickness were given due consideration with accordance to Indian codes. The method used for analysing the model is Linear Time history analysis considering Locc-North seismic condition using software namely ETABS 2015. And conclusion are drawn from various factors with respect to each structural member behaviour during the action of forces on them and differences have been highlighted.

As the world move towards the implementation of Performance Based Engineering philosophies in seismic design of Civil Engineering structures, new seismic design provisions require Structural Engineers to perform both linear and nonlinear analyses for the design of structures. While Linear Equivalent Static Analysis is performed for regular buildings up to 90m height in zone I and II, Dynamic Analysis should be performed for regular and irregular buildings in zone IV and V. Dynamic Analysis can take the form of a full nonlinear dynamic Time History Analysis or of a linear Response Spectrum Analysis. In present work, two multi storey buildings, one of six and other of eleven storey have been modeled using software package SAP 2000 12 for earthquake zone V in India. Six different types of shear walls with its variation in shape are considered for studying their effectiveness in resisting lateral forces. The paper also deals with the effect of the variation of the building height on the structural response of the shear wall.

A simplified nonlinear displacement-based approach is presented herein for earthquake loss estimation of structures. The methodology compares the displacement capacity of the structural systems with the displacement demand at the characteristic vibration periods of the systems taking into account their energy dissipation and the inherent variability in the seismic demand besides the variability in the geometric and material properties of

Generally Masonry infills are considered as non-structural elements and their stiffness contributions are generally ignored in practice. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can occur if first and second story used as service story. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads. To study the effect of masonry infill with different soft storey level, 7 models of Reinforced Concrete framed building were analyzed with two types of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of bare frame and other building models have been compared, it is observed that model with swastika and L shape shear wall are showing efficient performance and hence reducing the effect of soft storey in model 3, model 4 and model 5.

In the present situation of metropolitan urban areas tall structures are assuming an imperative part as there is lack of area. Step by step trek in the area rates are confronting interest for the tall structures. So as to complete activities of tall structures part of basic investigation should be finished. As the tallness of the structure builds, the lateral strengths like quake and wind powers overwhelm. The primary point of the present Paper is to excuse the position for the shear wall for a G+9 Residential building by considering the heap case such quake, twist by Response spectrum method for different type of buildings, for example, Symmetric building, Plan irregular building and with RC surrounded structures by finding the shear walls at distinctive positions, for example, Shear wall at the internal center of the model, Shear wall at the fringe side edges and Shear wall at the corner edges for all the structures by considering the parameters like Maximum Story Displacements and Maximum story Drifts investigating both by the static and element examination systems by the procurement of programming bundle ETABS-2013.

Pounding between adjacent structures is commonly observed phenomenon during major earthquakes which may cause both architectural and structural damages. To satisfy the functional requirements, the adjacent buildings are constructed with equal and unequal heights, which may cause great damage to structures during earthquakes. During earthquake, the buildings vibrate out of phase and at rest separation is deficient to accommodate their relative motions. Such buildings are usually separated by expansion joint which is insufficient to provide the lateral movements of the buildings during earthquakes. It can be prevented by providing safe separation distances, sometimes getting of required safe separations is not possible in metropolitan areas due to high land value and limited availability of land space. If building separations is found to be deficient to prevent pounding, then there should be some secure and cost effective methods to prevent structural pounding between adjacent buildings. There are many buildings which are constructed very nearly to one another in Metropolitan cities, because everyone wants to construct up to their property line due to high cost of land. This study compare the seismic pounding of framed RC as well as soft story RC buildings, and evaluates the prevention techniques of pounding between adjacent buildings during earthquakes. Constructing new RC walls, cross bracing system and combined RC wall & bracing, with proper placement are proposed as possible prevention techniques for pounding between adjacent buildings. ETABS software is used for modeling and analysis of buildings. After analysis results shows that seismic pounding is more severe in the case of adjacent soft-storey building compared to framed buildings, that is displacement of soft-storey buildings are larger than framed buildings, and also displacement of buildings with different floor level is less than that of buildings with same floor level. The mitigation methods such as use of shear wall, bracings and combination of shear wall & bracings are proved to be effective in all cases.