Chess Openings

Shear walls are introduced in modern tall buildings to make the structural system more efficient in resisting the horizontal loads that arises from wind and earthquake. The introduction of shear wall represents structurally efficient solution to stiffen a building structural system. The main function of shear wall is to increase the rigidity of lateral load resistance. It is a structural element which provides stability to structure from lateral loads like wind load and seismic loads. Shear walls are placed parallel to the plane of the wall, thus providing adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements. The stiffness and strength of wall may decreased by the reduction in the concrete area and the discontinuity of the reinforcement due to opening. To know the responses of providing openings and the behaviour of shear wall without openings is the aim of the given study. Hence, it is necessary to demonstrate work on the analysis, design and post effects of shear walls when seismic forces are applied. In this study the study of worked and anysis is carried out based on the different research of different researchers. This includes the study of different earthquake methods analysis in the shear wall structure. The openings of shear wall and without opening of shear wall are carried out in it. The study is also based on the different software and orientation of opening given by different researchers. hence it is important to study on opening of shear wall is the high rise building so that the building is with stand under lateral forces as well comfort of the occupant. I. INTRODUCTION Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, etc. causes structures to shake and vibrate and moreover to displace from their original position. These forces need to be well resisted so as to provide comfort to the occupants residing in it. Shear wall is a structural member which is employed to resist the lateral force. Shear walls are placed parallel to the plane of the wall, thus providing adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements. The behaviour of structure during earthquake and wind excitations is governed by the shape of openings and planed position of the shear wall. Speaking theoretically, centre of each half of the building, is the best position for the shear walls. In day-today practice, walls are placed at the ends, since it utilizes the lot of space in structure frame work. With respect to these, walls around lift shafts and stairwells are used. there are different types of shear wall are used in the multi story building such as Reinforced concrete, Concrete block, Mid-ply, Plywood & Steel shear wall etc. in it. The reinforced concrete shear wall is important structural elements placed in multi-storey buildings which are situated in seismic zones because they have a high resistance to lateral earthquake loads. Shear walls building structure will be perforated with rows of openings that are required for windows in external walls or doors or corridors in internal walls. Simplified methods for stiffness of shear walls with openings are recommended in several designs. It is necessary to know the effects of openings sizes and configurations in shear wall on stiffness as well as on seismic responses and behaviour of structural system so that a suitable configuration of openings in shear walls can be made. Reinforced concrete multi-storey buildings are adequate for resisting both the vertical and horizontal load. In the seismic design of buildings, reinforced concrete structural walls or shear walls, act as major earthquake resisting members. Structural walls provide an efficient bracing system and offer great potential for lateral load resistance. The properties of these seismic shear walls dominate the response of the buildings, and therefore, it is important to evaluate the seismic response of the walls appropriately. Shear walls are commonly used in reinforced concrete construction to resist the shear force induced by earthquake. The size and location of opening may play a significant role in the response of shear walls. Though it is a well known fact that size of openings affects the structural response of shear walls significantly, there is no clear consensus on the behaviour of shear walls under different opening locations. Shear walls situated in advantageous positions in the building, they can form an efficient lateral force resisting system. As shown in the Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b), shear walls with and without openings are placed around the periphery of plan of structure.

It is demonstrated that a methodology previously described for comparing a number of different test openings with a neutral and perfect opening may also be used to make pairwise comparisons of alternate continuation lines of any chess
opening. Such comparisons show, for example, that  Accelerated Dragon variations initiated by black are not robust because they depend on white's cooperation. Rather than these specific findings, however, the real purpose of this paper is to further refine, validate, and demonstrate an objective methodology for evaluating the relative merit of chess openings, a subject of great interest to chess players at all levels of play.

The conventional method of rating chess players uses a method called "scoring" to reduce a trinomial process to a binomial making it possible to rate chess playing strength with a single scalar measure. This simplicity is achieved at a cost because the scoring process causes some information to be lost. Two dimensional measures of playing strength, though more cumbersome to use, may have greater validity because they contain more information1.

Estratto parziale del libro "La sfida Alessi-Sgroi..."
Un manoscritto di proprietà del dott. Giuseppe Guarnera,
che gentilmente mi ha concesso la possibilità di studiarlo e di pubblicarlo, documenta una sfida scacchistica, su un totale di 16 partite, tra due scacchisti della Catania di fine Ottocento: il Cav. Alessi e il sig. C. Sgroi.

This paper reports the history (1992-2002) and the Thematic index (1992-99) of the  «Il Bollettino» of the Sicilian Chess Committee.

Storia (1992-2002) e indice tematico (1992-1999)  del periodico «Il Bollettino» del Comitato Scacchistico Siciliano.

ABSTRACT A dual engine experimental design for comparing chess openings was described in a previous paper (Munshi, Comparing Chess Openings, 2014). It is used in this paper to study ten chess openings that are initiated with the queen's pawn move 1. d4. One of the openings is identified as the mainline and the other nine as variations from the mainline. Five of the variations are found to be benign innovations and the other four are deemed to be failed innovations. The findings are mostly consistent with expert opinion. The primary purpose of this paper, however, is not these specific findings but rather the further development and verification of an objective and quantitative methodology for the evaluation of chess openings in general 1 .

ABSTRACT Controlled experiments with chess engines may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative continuation lines of chess openings. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by evaluating a selection of continuations by White after the Sicilian Defense Najdorf Variation has been played by Black. The results suggest that the nine continuations tested represent a wide range of effectiveness that are mostly consistent with expert opinion. 1

This series reverts back to a nineteenth century printing technique, cinéma des échecs, to reinvent the chess book as a training tool. Based on a method that not only understands the problems facing those whom attempt to study the game but addresses these problems head on by realizing a framework that eliminates the social obstacles (i.e. friends, family, life in general;) preventing players from recognizing the joy and intellectual satisfaction the study of chess inspires.

ABSTRACT It is demonstrated that a methodology previously described for comparing a number of different test openings with a neutral and perfect opening may also be used to make pairwise comparisons of alternate continuation lines of any chess opening. Such comparisons show, for example, that Accelerated Dragon variations initiated by black are not robust because they depend on white's cooperation. Rather than these specific findings, however, the real purpose of this paper is to further refine, validate, and demonstrate an objective methodology for evaluating the relative merit of chess openings, a subject of great interest to chess players at all levels of play. 1 .