- Child Study Center, 218 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802
- 814.865.0114
Emma Jane Rose
The Pennsylvania State University, Psychology, Faculty Member
New insights into mechanisms linking obesity to poor health outcomes suggest a role for cellular aging pathways, casting obesity as a disease of accelerated biological aging. Although obesity has been linked to accelerated epigenetic... more
New insights into mechanisms linking obesity to poor health outcomes suggest a role for cellular aging pathways, casting obesity as a disease of accelerated biological aging. Although obesity has been linked to accelerated epigenetic aging in middle-aged adults, the impact during childhood remains unclear. We tested the association between body mass index (BMI) and accelerated epigenetic aging in a cohort of high-risk children. Participants were children (N = 273, aged 8 to 14 years, 82% investigated for maltreatment) recruited to the Child Health Study, an ongoing prospective study of youth investigated for maltreatment and a comparison youth. BMI was measured as a continuous variable. Accelerated epigenetic aging of blood leukocytes was defined as the age-adjusted residuals of several established epigenetic aging clocks (Horvath, Hannum, GrimAge, PhenoAge) along with a newer algorithm, the DunedinPoAm, developed to quantify the pace-of-aging. Hypotheses were tested with generalize...
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The emergence of impulse control, a function mediated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is critical for avoiding risky behaviors during adolescence. The PFC is undergoing development during this peri...
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The advent of genome wide association studies have resulted in the identification of a number of novel genetic loci for schizophrenia and related disorders. Understanding the functional impact of these variants on brain structure and... more
The advent of genome wide association studies have resulted in the identification of a number of novel genetic loci for schizophrenia and related disorders. Understanding the functional impact of these variants on brain structure and function is crucial to understand their role in disease pathology. We presents data based on our genetic and neuropsychological assessment of almost 700 patients and healthy participants for a number of these variants and replication of our findings in independent samples of almost 1500 cases and controls. Specifically, we will use this data to suggest that the risk associated with some genetics variants (e.g. NOS1) is being mediated by an influence on variation in intelligence and other cognitive phenotypes, while other risk variants (e.g. ZNF804A) delineate illness subtypes in which cognitive deficits are a less prominent feature.
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Research Interests: Psychology and Medicine
1. Schizophr Res. 2011 Feb;125(2-3):304-6. Epub 2010 Nov 26. A neuropsychological investigation of the genome wide associated schizophrenia risk variant NRGN rs12807809. Donohoe G, Walters J, Morris DW, Da Costa A, Rose E, Hargreaves A,... more
1. Schizophr Res. 2011 Feb;125(2-3):304-6. Epub 2010 Nov 26. A neuropsychological investigation of the genome wide associated schizophrenia risk variant NRGN rs12807809. Donohoe G, Walters J, Morris DW, Da Costa A, Rose E, Hargreaves A, Maher K, Hayes E, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Möller HJ, Muglia P, Moskvina V, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Gill M, Corvin A, Rujescu D. PMID: 21112188 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Letter; Research Support, Non-US Gov't. MeSH Terms. ...
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Genetics, Psychology, Neuropsychology, Psychiatry, and 15 morePsychometrics, Medicine, Heart Failure, Humans, Internal Medicine, Fibrosis, Genotype, Homeostasis, Genetic variation, Myocyte, Psychotic Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, alleles, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
Research Interests: Genetics, Psychology, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology, Schizophrenia, and 15 moreCognition, Behavioral Medicine, Medicine, Molecular Psychiatry, Biological Sciences, Social behavior, Humans, Genetic Association Studies, Questionnaires, Genotype, Social Behavior, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Gene frequency, and Medical and Health Sciences
Research Interests: Genetics, Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, Schizophrenia, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and 15 moreBiology, Medicine, FMRI, Brain, Humans, Neuropsychiatry, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Female, Male, Clinical Sciences, Genotype, Adult, Parahippocampal Gyrus, alleles, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Research Interests: Neuroscience, Psychology, Computer Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Working Memory, and 14 moreMedicine, Prefrontal Cortex, Brain, Humans, Female, Neuroimage, Male, Young Adult, Visual Short Term Working Memory, Adult, Short Term Memory, Nos, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10503253 within the CUB and Sushi multiple domains-1 (CSMD1) gene on 8p23.2 has been identified as genome-wide significant for schizophrenia (SZ). This gene is of unknown function but has been... more
The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10503253 within the CUB and Sushi multiple domains-1 (CSMD1) gene on 8p23.2 has been identified as genome-wide significant for schizophrenia (SZ). This gene is of unknown function but has been implicated in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders that impact upon cognition, leading us to hypothesize that an effect on brain structure and function underlying cognitive processes may be part of the mechanism by which CMSD1 increases illness risk. To test this hypothesis, we investigated this CSMD1 variant in vivo in healthy participants in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study comprised of both fMRI of spatial working memory (N = 50) and a voxel-based morphometry investigation of grey and white matter (WM) volume (N = 150). Analyses of these data indicated that the risk "A" allele was associated with comparatively reduced cortical activations in BA18, that is, middle occipital gyrus and cuneus; posterior brain regions that support maintenance processes during performance of a spatial working memory task. Conversely, there was an absence of significant structural differences in brain volume (i.e., grey or WM). In accordance with previous evidence, these data suggest that CSMD1 may mediate brain function related to cognitive processes (i.e., executive function); with the relatively deleterious effects of the identified "A" risk allele on brain activity possibly constituting part of the mechanism by which CSMD1 increases schizophrenia risk.
Research Interests: Genetics, Neuroscience, Psychology, Cognition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and 15 moreMembrane Proteins, Medicine, Brain Mapping, Humans, Female, Male, Risk factors, Clinical Sciences, Adult, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Neurosciences, Cognition disorders, Case Control Studies, and Neuropsychological Tests
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Face, Facial expression, and 15 moreMedicine, Prefrontal Cortex, Emotions, Brain Mapping, Humans, Cerebellum, Schizoaffective Disorder, Female, Male, Adult, Psychotic Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, photic stimulation, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Research Interests: Genetics, Psychology, Neuroimaging, Cognition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and 15 moreElectroencephalography, Medicine, Imaging genetics, Neurocognitive, Brain, Humans, Effect size, Key words, Meta Analysis, Functional Neuroimaging, Cognition disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Endophenotype, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Research Interests: Neuroscience, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Neuroimaging, Schizophrenia, and 15 morePolymorphism, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Research Support, Endophenotypes, Brain, Humans, Journal Article, Nature Neuroscience, Heritability, Meta Analysis, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genetic Architecture, Neurosciences, Proof of Concept, and brain size
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BackgroundEarlier substance use (SU) initiation is associated with greater risk for the development of SU disorders (SUDs), while delays in SU initiation are associated with a diminished risk for SUDs. Thus, identifying brain and... more
BackgroundEarlier substance use (SU) initiation is associated with greater risk for the development of SU disorders (SUDs), while delays in SU initiation are associated with a diminished risk for SUDs. Thus, identifying brain and behavioral factors that are markers of enhanced risk for earlier SU has major public health import. Heightened reward-sensitivity and risk-taking are two factors that confer risk for earlier SU.Materials and methodsWe characterized neural and behavioral factors associated with reward-sensitivity and risk-taking in substance-naïve adolescents (N= 70; 11.1–14.0 years), examining whether these factors differed as a function of subsequent SU initiation at 18- and 36-months follow-up. Adolescents completed a reward-related decision-making task while undergoing functional MRI. Measures of reward sensitivity (Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Approach System; BIS-BAS), impulsive decision-making (delay discounting task), and SUD risk [Drug Use Screening Inven...
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Children show substantial variation in the rate of physical, cognitive, and social maturation as they traverse adolescence and enter adulthood. Differences in developmental paths are thought to underlie individual differences in later... more
Children show substantial variation in the rate of physical, cognitive, and social maturation as they traverse adolescence and enter adulthood. Differences in developmental paths are thought to underlie individual differences in later life outcomes, however, there remains a lack of consensus on the normative trajectory of cognitive maturation in adolescence. To address this problem, we derive a Cognitive Maturity Index (CMI), to estimate the difference between chronological and cognitive age predicted with latent factor estimates of inhibitory control, risky decision-making and emotional processing measured with standard neuropsychological instruments. One hundred and forty-one children from the Adolescent Development Study (ADS) were followed longitudinally across three time points from ages 11–14, 13–16, and 14–18. Age prediction with latent factor estimates of cognitive skills approximated age within ±10 months (r = 0.71). Males in advanced puberty displayed lower cognitive matur...
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BACKGROUND Knowledge about the impacts of child abuse and neglect (CAN) experiences on late adolescent psychopathology has been limited by a failure to consider the frequent co-occurrence of CAN types and potential unique impacts of... more
BACKGROUND Knowledge about the impacts of child abuse and neglect (CAN) experiences on late adolescent psychopathology has been limited by a failure to consider the frequent co-occurrence of CAN types and potential unique impacts of specific combinations. OBJECTIVE Using person-centered analyses, we aimed to identify unobserved groups of youth with similar patterns of lifetime CAN experiences before age 16 and differences in psychopathology symptom counts between groups two years later. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 919 adolescent-caregiver dyads (56% female; 56% Black, 7% Latina/o, 13% mixed/other). METHODS Prospective, multi-informant data, including child protective services records and caregiver and youth reports were collected, and youth completed a diagnostic interview at age 18. RESULTS Latent Class Analyses classified adolescents into four distinct groups based on patterns of physical neglect, supervisory neglect, and physical, sexual, and psychological abuse: "Low-Risk" (37%), "Neglect" (19%), "Abuse" (11%), and "Multi-type CAN" (33%). The Multi-type CAN class had significantly more major depressive, generalized anxiety, and nicotine use symptoms than the Low-Risk class, and more post-traumatic stress, antisocial personality, and illicit substance use symptoms, than Low-Risk and Neglect classes. The Abuse class had significantly more generalized anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms than the Low-Risk class, and more major depressive, antisocial personality, and illicit substance use symptoms, than Low-Risk and Neglect classes. The Neglect class did not have elevated psychopathology symptoms. CONCLUSION Findings highlight important differences in the associations between lifetime CAN experience patterns and psychopathology. Researchers should explore mechanisms underlying psychopathology that are impacted by different CAN experience patterns.
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The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10503253, located within the CUB and Sushi multiple domains-1 (CSMD1) gene on 8p23.2, was recently identified as genome-wide significant for schizophrenia (SZ), but is of unknown function. We... more
The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10503253, located within the CUB and Sushi multiple domains-1 (CSMD1) gene on 8p23.2, was recently identified as genome-wide significant for schizophrenia (SZ), but is of unknown function. We investigated the neurocognitive effects of this CSMD1 variant in vivo in patients and healthy participants using behavioral and imaging measures of brain structure and function. We compared carriers and non-carriers of the risk 'A' allele on measures of neuropsychological performance typically impaired in SZ (general cognitive ability, episodic and working memory and attentional control) in independent samples of Irish patients (n = 387) and controls (n = 171) and German patients (205) and controls (n = 533). Across these groups, the risk 'A' allele at CSMD1 was associated with deleterious effects across a number of neurocognitive phenotypes. Specifically, the risk allele was associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological measures of general cognitive ability and memory function but not attentional control. These effects, while significant, were subtle, and varied between samples. Consistent with previous evidence suggesting that CSMD1 may be involved in brain mechanisms related to memory and learning, these data appear to reflect the deleterious effects of the identified 'A' risk allele on neurocognitive function, possibly as part of the mechanism by which CSMD1 is associated with SZ risk.
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ABSTRACTIdentifying brain and behavioral precursors to substance use (SU) may guide interventions that delay initiation in youth at risk for SU disorders (SUD). Heightened reward-sensitivity and risk-taking may confer risk for SUD. In a... more
ABSTRACTIdentifying brain and behavioral precursors to substance use (SU) may guide interventions that delay initiation in youth at risk for SU disorders (SUD). Heightened reward-sensitivity and risk-taking may confer risk for SUD. In a longitudinal, prospective study, we characterized behavioral and neural profiles associated with reward-sensitivity and risk-taking in substance-naïve adolescents, examining whether they differed as a function of SU initiation at 18- and 36-months follow-up.Adolescents (N=70; 11.1-14.0 years) completed a reward-related decision-making task (Wheel of Fortune (WOF)) while undergoing functional MRI. Measures of reward sensitivity (Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Approach System; BIS-BAS), impulsive decision-making (delay discounting task), and SUD risk (Drug Use Screening Inventory, Revised (DUSI-R)) were collected at baseline. Baseline metrics were compared for youth who did (SI; n=27) and did not (SN; n=43) initiate SU at follow-up.While group...
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Brain development is exquisitely sensitive to psychosocial experiences, with implications for neurodevelopmental trajectories toward or away from positive outcomes. The premise of the current investigation was that the level of... more
Brain development is exquisitely sensitive to psychosocial experiences, with implications for neurodevelopmental trajectories toward or away from positive outcomes. The premise of the current investigation was that the level of responsibility in adolescence and expectations within the home may influence brain structure and higher-order cognitive functions. We focused on cortical thickness as an indicator of neurodevelopment and examined behavioral performance on an executive function (EF) task outside of the scanner in the context of level of responsibility. We further investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) and family stress moderated the relationship between responsibility and brain structure or EF, given expectations that the social context in which adolescents have responsibilities would influence whether the impacts on neurodevelopment were beneficial or detrimental. Findings revealed that greater levels of responsibility were related to thinner left precuneus and right...
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BackgroundNew insights into mechanisms linking obesity to poor health outcomes suggest a role for cellular aging pathways, casting obesity as a disease of accelerated biological aging. Although obesity has been linked to accelerated... more
BackgroundNew insights into mechanisms linking obesity to poor health outcomes suggest a role for cellular aging pathways, casting obesity as a disease of accelerated biological aging. Although obesity has been linked to accelerated epigenetic aging in middle-aged adults, the impact during childhood remains unclear. We tested the association between body mass index (BMI) and accelerated epigenetic aging in a cohort of high-risk children. Participants were children (N=273, aged 8 to 14 years, 82% investigated for maltreatment) recruited to the Child Health Study, an ongoing prospective study of youth investigated for maltreatment and a comparison youth. BMI was measured as a continuous variable. Accelerated epigenetic aging of blood leukocytes was defined as the age-adjusted residuals of several established epigenetic aging clocks (Horvath, Hannum, GrimAge, PhenoAge) along with a newer algorithm, the DunedinPoAm, developed to quantify the pace-of-aging. Hypotheses were tested with ge...
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Research Interests: Depression, Cognition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional MRI, FMRI, and 15 moreExecutive Function, Brain Mapping, Brain, Humans, Antidepressant, Female, Functional Imaging, Cognitive Performance, Major Depression, Adult, Functional Neuroimaging, Citalopram, Brain Function, Escitalopram, and Antidepressive agents
Research Interests: Computer Science, Depression, Anterior Cingulate, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Attention, and 15 moreFunctional MRI, FMRI, Executive Function, Affect, Humans, Cerebral Cortex, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Female, Functional Imaging, Cognitive impairment, Adult, Limbic System, Anterior cingulate cortex, Magnetic resonance image, and Cognitive dysfunction
Research Interests: Neuroscience, Depression, Cognition, Anterior Cingulate, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and 15 moreCognitive Neuroscience, Medicine, FMRI, Brain, Humans, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Clinical Sciences, High Resolution, Major Depression, Cognitive impairment, Brain Function, Cognition disorders, Biochemistry and cell biology, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, and Neuropsychological Tests
Dopaminergic activity plays a role in mediating the rewarding aspects of abused drugs, including nicotine. Nicotine modulates the reinforcing properties of other motivational stimuli, yet the mechanisms of this interaction are poorly... more
Dopaminergic activity plays a role in mediating the rewarding aspects of abused drugs, including nicotine. Nicotine modulates the reinforcing properties of other motivational stimuli, yet the mechanisms of this interaction are poorly understood. This study aimed to ascertain the impact of nicotine exposure on neuronal activity associated with reinforcing outcomes in dependent smokers. Smokers (n = 28) and control subjects (n = 28) underwent functional imaging during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Using a randomized, counterbalanced design, smokers completed scanning after placement of a nicotine or placebo patch; nonsmokers were scanned twice without nicotine manipulation. In regions along dopaminergic pathway trajectories, we considered event-related activity for valence (reward/gain vs. punishment/loss), magnitude (small, medium, large), and outcome (successful vs. unsuccessful). Both nicotine and placebo patch conditions were associated with reduced activity in regions supporting anticipatory valence, including ventral striatum. In contrast, relative to controls, acute nicotine increased activity in dorsal striatum for anticipated magnitude. Across conditions, anticipatory valence-related activity in the striatum was negatively associated with plasma nicotine concentration, whereas the number of cigarettes daily correlated negatively with loss anticipation activity in the medial prefrontal cortex only during abstinence. These data suggest a partial dissociation in the state- and trait-specific effects of smoking and nicotine exposure on magnitude- and valence-dependent anticipatory activity within discrete reward processing brain regions. Such variability may help explain, in part, nicotine's impact on the reinforcing properties of nondrug stimuli and speak to the continued motivation to smoke and cessation difficulty.
Research Interests: Neuroscience, Psychology, Drugs And Addiction, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medicine, and 15 moreFMRI, Motivation, Biological Sciences, Biological Psychiatry, Brain Mapping, Humans, Nicotine, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Adult, dopaminergic, Corpus striatum, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Research Interests: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Attention, Functional MRI, Neuropsychopharmacology, Medicine, and 15 moreIntention, FMRI, Information Processing, Brain, Humans, Female, Functional Imaging, Male, Mental processes, Cognitive Process, Adult, Balance control, Monte Carlo Method, Case Control Studies, and Medical and Health Sciences
tients with schizophrenia, and greater grey matter volume in the left anterior cingulate cortex in 37 Italian controls. In terms of providing evidence that the CNNM2 variant would contribute to social cognition and its neural... more
tients with schizophrenia, and greater grey matter volume in the left anterior cingulate cortex in 37 Italian controls. In terms of providing evidence that the CNNM2 variant would contribute to social cognition and its neural underpinnings, it is a very interesting study. However, the study has a very important limitation. The reported risk allele was incorrect: the risk allele at rs7914558 is not minor ‘A’ but major ‘G’. Therefore, interpretation of these associations was opposite. At almost the same time, we reported that the rs7914558 variant was associated with grey matter volume in the orbital region of the bilateral inferior frontal gyri in 173 Japanese patients with schizophrenia and 449 healthy individuals. Those with the risk G/G genotype of rs7914558 had reduced grey matter volume in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri compared with carriers of the non-risk A allele. Interestingly, the orbital region of the inferior frontal gyrus also plays an important role in social func...
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The relative impact of chronic vs acute cocaine on dependence-related variability in reward processing in cocaine-dependent individuals (CD) is not well understood, despite the relevance of such effects to long-term outcomes. To... more
The relative impact of chronic vs acute cocaine on dependence-related variability in reward processing in cocaine-dependent individuals (CD) is not well understood, despite the relevance of such effects to long-term outcomes. To dissociate these effects, CD (N=15) and healthy controls (HC; N=15) underwent MRI twice while performing a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Both scans were identical across subjects/groups except that, in a single-blind, counter-balanced design, CD received intravenous cocaine (30 mg/70 kg) prior to one session (CD+cocaine) and saline in another (CD+saline). Imaging analyses focused on activity related to anticipatory valence (gain/loss), anticipatory magnitude (small/medium/large), and reinforcing outcomes (successful/unsuccessful). Drug condition (cocaine vs saline) and group (HC vs CD+cocaine or CD+saline) did not influence valence-related activity. However, compared to HC, magnitude-related activity for gains was reduced in CD in the left cingulate g...
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Neurocognitive and emotional regulatory deficits in substance users are often attributed to misuse; however most studies do not include a substance-naïve baseline to justify that conclusion. The etiological literature suggests that... more
Neurocognitive and emotional regulatory deficits in substance users are often attributed to misuse; however most studies do not include a substance-naïve baseline to justify that conclusion. The etiological literature suggests that pre-existing deficits may contribute to the onset and escalation of use that are then exacerbated by subsequent use. To address this, there is burgeoning interest in conducting prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies to isolate neurodevelopmental precursors and consequences of adolescent substance misuse, as reflected in recent initiatives such as the NIH-led Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment (NCANDA). To distinguish neurodevelopmental precursors from the consequences of adolescent substance use specifically, prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies with substance-naïve pre-adolescents are needed. The exemplar described in this article-i.e., the ongoing Adolescent D...
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Schizophrenia, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Face, and 15 moreFacial expression, Prefrontal Cortex, Emotions, Brain Mapping, Humans, Cerebellum, Female, Male, Adult, Psychotic Disorders, Elsevier, Neuropsychological Tests, photic stimulation, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
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tients with schizophrenia, and greater grey matter volume in the left anterior cingulate cortex in 37 Italian controls. In terms of providing evidence that the CNNM2 variant would contribute to social cognition and its neural... more
tients with schizophrenia, and greater grey matter volume in the left anterior cingulate cortex in 37 Italian controls. In terms of providing evidence that the CNNM2 variant would contribute to social cognition and its neural underpinnings, it is a very interesting study. However, the study has a very important limitation. The reported risk allele was incorrect: the risk allele at rs7914558 is not minor ‘A’ but major ‘G’. Therefore, interpretation of these associations was opposite. At almost the same time, we reported that the rs7914558 variant was associated with grey matter volume in the orbital region of the bilateral inferior frontal gyri in 173 Japanese patients with schizophrenia and 449 healthy individuals. Those with the risk G/G genotype of rs7914558 had reduced grey matter volume in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri compared with carriers of the non-risk A allele. Interestingly, the orbital region of the inferior frontal gyrus also plays an important role in social func...
Research Interests:
The relative impact of chronic vs acute cocaine on dependence-related variability in reward processing in cocaine-dependent individuals (CD) is not well understood, despite the relevance of such effects to long-term outcomes. To... more
The relative impact of chronic vs acute cocaine on dependence-related variability in reward processing in cocaine-dependent individuals (CD) is not well understood, despite the relevance of such effects to long-term outcomes. To dissociate these effects, CD (N=15) and healthy controls (HC; N=15) underwent MRI twice while performing a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Both scans were identical across subjects/groups except that, in a single-blind, counter-balanced design, CD received intravenous cocaine (30 mg/70 kg) prior to one session (CD+cocaine) and saline in another (CD+saline). Imaging analyses focused on activity related to anticipatory valence (gain/loss), anticipatory magnitude (small/medium/large), and reinforcing outcomes (successful/unsuccessful). Drug condition (cocaine vs saline) and group (HC vs CD+cocaine or CD+saline) did not influence valence-related activity. However, compared to HC, magnitude-related activity for gains was reduced in CD in the left cingulate g...