Dr. Greg Krawczyk is an extension tree fruit entomologist in the Department of Entomology at The Pennsylvania State University. His laboratory is located at the Fruit Research and Extension Center in Biglerville, PA. His research and extension programs are dedicated towards assisting the fruit industry in practical adoption and integration of the newest biological and technological advances in insect pest management into activities supporting the sustainability and profitability of fruit production. The specific activities within his applied research program are focused on aspects of integrated pest management and arthropod monitoring with a special emphasis on insecticide resistance management and conservation of beneficial insects and pollinators important to the fruit ecosystem. He authored and co-authored multiple outreach and research publications related to pest management in the sustainable fruit production. He frequently presents the results of his research activities at national and international conferences and received multiple awards for his scientific contributions. Since the 2010 season, Dr. Krawczyk lab activities are targeting the development of effective management methods to combat an invasive insect pest, brown marmoarted stink bug. Working in cooperation with other fruit and vegetable entomologists, he participated in the development of practical insecticide based BMSB management methods as well as alternative tools such as threshold-based treatments, “attract and kill” tactic and intensive pest monitoring to reduce and eliminate the need for excessive use of insecticides to manage this pest. The results of his research are being immediately delivered directly to farmers through the web-based updates and extension and research publications.
Lycorma delicatula è una cicalina esotica originaria della Cina e del Vietnam e introdotta negli ... more Lycorma delicatula è una cicalina esotica originaria della Cina e del Vietnam e introdotta negli Stati Uniti nel 2014, dove è stata segnalata per la sua pericolosità su vite. Nelle situazioni più gravi, con popolazioni che possono arrivare a centinaia di individui per pianta, si può giungere alla morte del vigneto in 3-4 ann
Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012-2013 to 24 evaluate the use of ... more Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012-2013 to 24 evaluate the use of lure combinations of sex pheromones (PH), host plant volatiles 25 (HPV), and food baits in traps to capture the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta 26 (Busck) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) in pome and stone fruit orchards 27 treated with sex pheromones. The combination of the sex pheromone of both species 28 (PH combo lure) significantly increased G. molesta and marginally decreased C. 29 pomonella captures as compared with captures of each species with either of their sex 30 pheromones alone. The addition of a HPV combination lure ((E,Z)-2,4-ethyl 31 decadienoate plus (E)-β-ocimene) or acetic acid used alone or together did not 32 significantly increase the catch of either species in traps with the PH combo lure. The 33 Ajar trap baited with terpinyl acetate and brown sugar (TAS bait) caught significantly 34 more G. molesta than the delta trap baited with PH combo plus acetic acid in 35 California during 2012. The addition of a PH combo lure to an Ajar trap significantly 36 increased catches of G. molesta compared to the use of the TAS bait or PH combo lure 37 alone in 2013. Female G. molesta were caught in TAS-baited Ajar traps at similar 38 levels with or without the use of additional lures. Ajar traps baited with the TAS bait 39 alone or with (E)-β-ocimene and/or PH combo lures caught significantly fewer C. 40 pomonella than delta traps with sex pheromone alone. Ajar traps with 6.4-mm 41 screened flaps caught similar numbers of total and female G. molesta as similarly 42 baited open Ajar traps, and with a significant reduction in the catch of nontargets. 43 Broader testing of HPV and PH combo lures for G. molesta in either delta or screened 44 or open Ajar traps is warranted.
Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distrib... more Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distribution is critical for its management. Halyomorpha halys adult and nymphal captures on clear sticky traps and in black pyramid traps were compared in 18 states across the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Pacific Northwest and Western regions of the United States. Traps were baited with commercial lures containing the H. halys pheromone and synergist, and deployed at field sites bordering agricultural or urban locations with H. halys host plants. Nymphal and adult captures in pyramid traps were greater than those on sticky traps, but captures were positively correlated between the two trap types within each region and during the early-, mid- and late season across all sites. Sites were further classified as having a low, moderate or high relative H. halys density and again showed positive correlations between captures for the two trap types for nymphs and adults. Among regions, the gr...
Apple orchard management practices may affect development and phenology of arthropod pests, such ... more Apple orchard management practices may affect development and phenology of arthropod pests, such as the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), which is a serious internal fruit-feeding pest of apples worldwide. Estimating population dynamics and accurately predicting the timing of CM development and phenology events (for instance, adult flight, and egg-hatch) allows growers to understand and control local populations of CM. Studies were conducted to compare the CM flight phenology in commercial and abandoned apple orchard ecosystems using a logistic function model based on degree-days accumulation. The flight models for these orchards were derived from the cumulative percent moth capture using two types of commercially available CM lure baited traps. Models from both types of orchards were also compared to another model known as PETE (prediction extension timing estimator) that was developed in 1970s to predict life cycle events for many fruit pests including CM across different fruit growing regions of the United States. We found that the flight phenology of CM was significantly different in commercial and abandoned orchards. CM male flight patterns for first and second generations as predicted by the constrained and unconstrained PCM (Pennsylvania Codling Moth) models in commercial and abandoned orchards were different than the flight patterns predicted by the currently used CM model (i.e., PETE model). In commercial orchards, during the first and second generations, the PCM unconstrained model predicted delays in moth emergence compared to current model. In addition, the flight patterns of females were different between commercial and abandoned orchards. Such differences in CM flight phenology between commercial and abandoned orchard ecosystems suggest potential impact of orchard environment and crop management practices on CM biology.
A large plot study was designed to evaluate three factors—different insecticides (Assail® (acetam... more A large plot study was designed to evaluate three factors—different insecticides (Assail® (acetamiprid), Imidan® (phosmet), and Rimon® (novaluron)); two methods of applications—alternate row middle (ARM) and complete (both row middles) sprays; and two water volumes (50 and 100 gallons per acre (gpa)) for their efficacy to control both the oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta, and the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella. Three complete applications were made at ≈14-day intervals versus six ARM applications at ≈7-day intervals for each treatment during the period of mid-July until early September. Rimon (ARM/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment, followed by Imidan (ARM/100 gpa) and Assail (complete/50 gpa). There was no comparable complete/100 gpa treatment for Rimon. There was no difference in the percentage of apples with injury for method of application (ARM vs complete) when averaged across treatments, but there was a statistical difference for water volume (50 vs 100...
We developed new integrated pest management programs for eastern U.S. peaches with minimal use of... more We developed new integrated pest management programs for eastern U.S. peaches with minimal use of organophosphates. From 2002Ð2005, we assessed the ecological impacts of these reduced-risk programs versus grower standard conventional programs that still relied primarily on the use of organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides. Using a split-plot design replicated at four commercial Pennsylvania peach orchards, we quantiÞed pesticide rates, environmental impact, and arthropod community response. We used Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) analysis based on the growersÕ pesticide records from each orchard to calculate seasonal cumulative EIQ Þeld ratings for all years. Ecological effects of the reduced-risk and conventional program were also measured as the abundance and diversity of nontarget arthropod predators, parasitoids, and selected pest taxa. Pesticide inputs and EIQ values were substantially lower in reduced-risk programs compared with conventional spray programs. Arthropod arrays differed signiÞcantly between pest management programs: most beneÞcial predator and parasitoid taxa were positively associated with the reduced-risk program and negatively associated with the standard grower program. Regardless of the pest management program, we observed signiÞcant differences in species arrays in the peach tree canopy compared with the ground cover of the orchards, but the arthropod community did not differ among the Þeld sites or based on distance from the edge of the orchard. We conclude that reduced-risk programs not only provide control comparable with that of conventional programs, but they also reduce negative environmental effects while conserving key arthropod biological control agents within eastern U.S. peach orchards.
Aphid natural enemies (NE): Ladybeetles, lacewings, syrphids, mullein bugs, etc. Codling moth (CM... more Aphid natural enemies (NE): Ladybeetles, lacewings, syrphids, mullein bugs, etc. Codling moth (CM): Cydia pomonella (L.) European red mite (ERM): Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Leafrollers (LR): mixture of obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker); and tufted apple bud moth (TABM), Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) Mite predator (SP): Stethorus punctum (LeConte) Phytoseiid mite predators (PMP): Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) Oriental fruit moth (OFM): Grapholita molesta (Busck) Spirea aphid (SA): Aphis spiraecola Patch Woolly apple aphid (WAA): Erisoma lanigerum (Hausmann) A replicated large-plot study was designed for the control of internal feeding lepidopteran pests and leafrollers of apples with both experimental and registered insecticides that possess reduced-risk status or will likely achieve reduced-risk status. All treatments were applied to replicated 12-15-tree plots in a RCB d...
Over 300 species of stink bugs (about 10% of which are predatory) are found in the US and we have... more Over 300 species of stink bugs (about 10% of which are predatory) are found in the US and we have lived with low levels of damage in mid-Atlantic tree fruits from the native brown, dusky and green stink bugs for decades now, especially in peaches where they are one of a group of "catfacing" pests. The introduction of and subsequent increases in populations of the introduced Asian species known as the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), however, has greatly increased the potential for fruit growers to suffer serious economic fruit injury. In 2009-10, severe injury to peach, apple, and Asian pear due to large BMSB populations was found in Maryland, West Virginia and parts of Pennsylvania. This forced some fruit and vegetable growers to increase insecticide sprays at least 3-fold and to apply multiple mid-to late-season applications of pyrethroids, Lannate®, Thionex®, and OPs like Vydate® which were not always effective in preventing fruit injury. If these products are necessary for commercial control, IPM programs developed over the last 40+ years will potentially be wiped out in a season or two. The loss of key biological control agents have been estimated to save fruit growers several million dollars in pesticide costs and injury reductions each year (*B-Brown SB, Euschitus servus; D-Dusky SB, Euschitus tristigmus; Green SB-Acrosternum hilare
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species th... more Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species that was accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. First discovered in Allentown, PA, in 1996, H. halys has now been reported from at least 40 states in the United States. Additional invasions have been detected in Canada, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Lichtenstein, suggesting this invasive species could emerge as a cosmopolitan pest species. In its native range, H. halys is classified as an outbreak pest; however, in North America, H. halys has become a major agricultural pest across a wide range of commodities. H. halys is a generalist herbivore, capable of consuming Ͼ100 different species of host plants, often resulting in substantial economic damage; its feeding damage resulted in US$37 million of losses in apple in 2010, but this stink bug species also attacks other fruit, vegetable, field crop, and ornamental plant species. H. halys has disrupted integrated pest management programs for multiple cropping systems. Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks. H. halys is also challenging because it affects homeowners as a nuisance pest; the bug tends to overwinter in homes and outbuildings. Although more research is required to better understand the ecology and biology of H. halys, we present its life history, host plant damage, and the management options available for this invasive pest species.
BACKGROUND: Introduction of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the USA has disrupted many established in... more BACKGROUND: Introduction of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the USA has disrupted many established integrated pest management programs for specialty crops, especially apple. While current management heavily relies on insecticides, one potential alternative tactic is attract-and-kill (AK), whereby large numbers of H. halys are attracted to and retained in a circumscribed area using attractive semiochemicals and removed from the foraging population with an insecticide. The goal of this study was to evaluate if AK implementation in commercial apple orchards can result in levels of H. halys damage that are equal to or less than those from grower standard management programs. RESULTS: Over 2 years at farms in five Mid-Atlantic USA states, we found that the use of AK resulted in 2-7 times less damage compared with grower standard plots, depending on year and period. At selected trees on which AK was implemented, over 10,000 H. halys individuals were killed in two growing seasons, and the use of AK reduced the crop area treated with insecticide against H. halys by 97%. Using AK had no impact on the natural enemy or secondary pest community over the same period. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the use of AK was effective at managing low to moderate H. halys populations in apple orchards, but must be optimized to increase economic feasibility for grower adoption.
The use of the synthetic pyrethroids and the carbamate–methomyl to control the Brown Marmorated S... more The use of the synthetic pyrethroids and the carbamate–methomyl to control the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, in Pennsylvania apple and peach orchards could set back our IPM programs 40+ years. These sprays, especially the synthetic pyrethroid, will likely wipe out any biological control programs that have been in place and routinely followed by growers and could reverse the potential benefits of FQPA on IPM that we outlined in a position paper recently (See attached).
Lycorma delicatula è una cicalina esotica originaria della Cina e del Vietnam e introdotta negli ... more Lycorma delicatula è una cicalina esotica originaria della Cina e del Vietnam e introdotta negli Stati Uniti nel 2014, dove è stata segnalata per la sua pericolosità su vite. Nelle situazioni più gravi, con popolazioni che possono arrivare a centinaia di individui per pianta, si può giungere alla morte del vigneto in 3-4 ann
Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012-2013 to 24 evaluate the use of ... more Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012-2013 to 24 evaluate the use of lure combinations of sex pheromones (PH), host plant volatiles 25 (HPV), and food baits in traps to capture the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta 26 (Busck) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) in pome and stone fruit orchards 27 treated with sex pheromones. The combination of the sex pheromone of both species 28 (PH combo lure) significantly increased G. molesta and marginally decreased C. 29 pomonella captures as compared with captures of each species with either of their sex 30 pheromones alone. The addition of a HPV combination lure ((E,Z)-2,4-ethyl 31 decadienoate plus (E)-β-ocimene) or acetic acid used alone or together did not 32 significantly increase the catch of either species in traps with the PH combo lure. The 33 Ajar trap baited with terpinyl acetate and brown sugar (TAS bait) caught significantly 34 more G. molesta than the delta trap baited with PH combo plus acetic acid in 35 California during 2012. The addition of a PH combo lure to an Ajar trap significantly 36 increased catches of G. molesta compared to the use of the TAS bait or PH combo lure 37 alone in 2013. Female G. molesta were caught in TAS-baited Ajar traps at similar 38 levels with or without the use of additional lures. Ajar traps baited with the TAS bait 39 alone or with (E)-β-ocimene and/or PH combo lures caught significantly fewer C. 40 pomonella than delta traps with sex pheromone alone. Ajar traps with 6.4-mm 41 screened flaps caught similar numbers of total and female G. molesta as similarly 42 baited open Ajar traps, and with a significant reduction in the catch of nontargets. 43 Broader testing of HPV and PH combo lures for G. molesta in either delta or screened 44 or open Ajar traps is warranted.
Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distrib... more Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distribution is critical for its management. Halyomorpha halys adult and nymphal captures on clear sticky traps and in black pyramid traps were compared in 18 states across the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Pacific Northwest and Western regions of the United States. Traps were baited with commercial lures containing the H. halys pheromone and synergist, and deployed at field sites bordering agricultural or urban locations with H. halys host plants. Nymphal and adult captures in pyramid traps were greater than those on sticky traps, but captures were positively correlated between the two trap types within each region and during the early-, mid- and late season across all sites. Sites were further classified as having a low, moderate or high relative H. halys density and again showed positive correlations between captures for the two trap types for nymphs and adults. Among regions, the gr...
Apple orchard management practices may affect development and phenology of arthropod pests, such ... more Apple orchard management practices may affect development and phenology of arthropod pests, such as the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), which is a serious internal fruit-feeding pest of apples worldwide. Estimating population dynamics and accurately predicting the timing of CM development and phenology events (for instance, adult flight, and egg-hatch) allows growers to understand and control local populations of CM. Studies were conducted to compare the CM flight phenology in commercial and abandoned apple orchard ecosystems using a logistic function model based on degree-days accumulation. The flight models for these orchards were derived from the cumulative percent moth capture using two types of commercially available CM lure baited traps. Models from both types of orchards were also compared to another model known as PETE (prediction extension timing estimator) that was developed in 1970s to predict life cycle events for many fruit pests including CM across different fruit growing regions of the United States. We found that the flight phenology of CM was significantly different in commercial and abandoned orchards. CM male flight patterns for first and second generations as predicted by the constrained and unconstrained PCM (Pennsylvania Codling Moth) models in commercial and abandoned orchards were different than the flight patterns predicted by the currently used CM model (i.e., PETE model). In commercial orchards, during the first and second generations, the PCM unconstrained model predicted delays in moth emergence compared to current model. In addition, the flight patterns of females were different between commercial and abandoned orchards. Such differences in CM flight phenology between commercial and abandoned orchard ecosystems suggest potential impact of orchard environment and crop management practices on CM biology.
A large plot study was designed to evaluate three factors—different insecticides (Assail® (acetam... more A large plot study was designed to evaluate three factors—different insecticides (Assail® (acetamiprid), Imidan® (phosmet), and Rimon® (novaluron)); two methods of applications—alternate row middle (ARM) and complete (both row middles) sprays; and two water volumes (50 and 100 gallons per acre (gpa)) for their efficacy to control both the oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta, and the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella. Three complete applications were made at ≈14-day intervals versus six ARM applications at ≈7-day intervals for each treatment during the period of mid-July until early September. Rimon (ARM/100 gpa) was the most effective treatment, followed by Imidan (ARM/100 gpa) and Assail (complete/50 gpa). There was no comparable complete/100 gpa treatment for Rimon. There was no difference in the percentage of apples with injury for method of application (ARM vs complete) when averaged across treatments, but there was a statistical difference for water volume (50 vs 100...
We developed new integrated pest management programs for eastern U.S. peaches with minimal use of... more We developed new integrated pest management programs for eastern U.S. peaches with minimal use of organophosphates. From 2002Ð2005, we assessed the ecological impacts of these reduced-risk programs versus grower standard conventional programs that still relied primarily on the use of organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides. Using a split-plot design replicated at four commercial Pennsylvania peach orchards, we quantiÞed pesticide rates, environmental impact, and arthropod community response. We used Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) analysis based on the growersÕ pesticide records from each orchard to calculate seasonal cumulative EIQ Þeld ratings for all years. Ecological effects of the reduced-risk and conventional program were also measured as the abundance and diversity of nontarget arthropod predators, parasitoids, and selected pest taxa. Pesticide inputs and EIQ values were substantially lower in reduced-risk programs compared with conventional spray programs. Arthropod arrays differed signiÞcantly between pest management programs: most beneÞcial predator and parasitoid taxa were positively associated with the reduced-risk program and negatively associated with the standard grower program. Regardless of the pest management program, we observed signiÞcant differences in species arrays in the peach tree canopy compared with the ground cover of the orchards, but the arthropod community did not differ among the Þeld sites or based on distance from the edge of the orchard. We conclude that reduced-risk programs not only provide control comparable with that of conventional programs, but they also reduce negative environmental effects while conserving key arthropod biological control agents within eastern U.S. peach orchards.
Aphid natural enemies (NE): Ladybeetles, lacewings, syrphids, mullein bugs, etc. Codling moth (CM... more Aphid natural enemies (NE): Ladybeetles, lacewings, syrphids, mullein bugs, etc. Codling moth (CM): Cydia pomonella (L.) European red mite (ERM): Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Leafrollers (LR): mixture of obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker); and tufted apple bud moth (TABM), Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) Mite predator (SP): Stethorus punctum (LeConte) Phytoseiid mite predators (PMP): Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten) Oriental fruit moth (OFM): Grapholita molesta (Busck) Spirea aphid (SA): Aphis spiraecola Patch Woolly apple aphid (WAA): Erisoma lanigerum (Hausmann) A replicated large-plot study was designed for the control of internal feeding lepidopteran pests and leafrollers of apples with both experimental and registered insecticides that possess reduced-risk status or will likely achieve reduced-risk status. All treatments were applied to replicated 12-15-tree plots in a RCB d...
Over 300 species of stink bugs (about 10% of which are predatory) are found in the US and we have... more Over 300 species of stink bugs (about 10% of which are predatory) are found in the US and we have lived with low levels of damage in mid-Atlantic tree fruits from the native brown, dusky and green stink bugs for decades now, especially in peaches where they are one of a group of "catfacing" pests. The introduction of and subsequent increases in populations of the introduced Asian species known as the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), however, has greatly increased the potential for fruit growers to suffer serious economic fruit injury. In 2009-10, severe injury to peach, apple, and Asian pear due to large BMSB populations was found in Maryland, West Virginia and parts of Pennsylvania. This forced some fruit and vegetable growers to increase insecticide sprays at least 3-fold and to apply multiple mid-to late-season applications of pyrethroids, Lannate®, Thionex®, and OPs like Vydate® which were not always effective in preventing fruit injury. If these products are necessary for commercial control, IPM programs developed over the last 40+ years will potentially be wiped out in a season or two. The loss of key biological control agents have been estimated to save fruit growers several million dollars in pesticide costs and injury reductions each year (*B-Brown SB, Euschitus servus; D-Dusky SB, Euschitus tristigmus; Green SB-Acrosternum hilare
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species th... more Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species that was accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. First discovered in Allentown, PA, in 1996, H. halys has now been reported from at least 40 states in the United States. Additional invasions have been detected in Canada, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Lichtenstein, suggesting this invasive species could emerge as a cosmopolitan pest species. In its native range, H. halys is classified as an outbreak pest; however, in North America, H. halys has become a major agricultural pest across a wide range of commodities. H. halys is a generalist herbivore, capable of consuming Ͼ100 different species of host plants, often resulting in substantial economic damage; its feeding damage resulted in US$37 million of losses in apple in 2010, but this stink bug species also attacks other fruit, vegetable, field crop, and ornamental plant species. H. halys has disrupted integrated pest management programs for multiple cropping systems. Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks. H. halys is also challenging because it affects homeowners as a nuisance pest; the bug tends to overwinter in homes and outbuildings. Although more research is required to better understand the ecology and biology of H. halys, we present its life history, host plant damage, and the management options available for this invasive pest species.
BACKGROUND: Introduction of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the USA has disrupted many established in... more BACKGROUND: Introduction of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the USA has disrupted many established integrated pest management programs for specialty crops, especially apple. While current management heavily relies on insecticides, one potential alternative tactic is attract-and-kill (AK), whereby large numbers of H. halys are attracted to and retained in a circumscribed area using attractive semiochemicals and removed from the foraging population with an insecticide. The goal of this study was to evaluate if AK implementation in commercial apple orchards can result in levels of H. halys damage that are equal to or less than those from grower standard management programs. RESULTS: Over 2 years at farms in five Mid-Atlantic USA states, we found that the use of AK resulted in 2-7 times less damage compared with grower standard plots, depending on year and period. At selected trees on which AK was implemented, over 10,000 H. halys individuals were killed in two growing seasons, and the use of AK reduced the crop area treated with insecticide against H. halys by 97%. Using AK had no impact on the natural enemy or secondary pest community over the same period. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the use of AK was effective at managing low to moderate H. halys populations in apple orchards, but must be optimized to increase economic feasibility for grower adoption.
The use of the synthetic pyrethroids and the carbamate–methomyl to control the Brown Marmorated S... more The use of the synthetic pyrethroids and the carbamate–methomyl to control the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, in Pennsylvania apple and peach orchards could set back our IPM programs 40+ years. These sprays, especially the synthetic pyrethroid, will likely wipe out any biological control programs that have been in place and routinely followed by growers and could reverse the potential benefits of FQPA on IPM that we outlined in a position paper recently (See attached).
Uploads
Papers by G. Krawczyk