Mandatory insurance requirements and/or mitigation fees (royalties) for mining companies may help reduce environmental risk exposure for the federal government. Mining is examined since the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic... more
Mandatory insurance requirements and/or mitigation fees (royalties) for mining companies may help reduce environmental risk exposure for the federal government. Mining is examined since the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic Release Inventory reveals that this sector produces more hazardous waste than any other industrial sector. Although uncommon, environmental expense can exceed hundreds of millions of dollars per development. Of particular concern is the potential for mines to become unfunded Superfund sites. Monte Carlo simulation of risk exposure is used to establish a plausible range of unfunded federal liabilities associated with cyanide-leach gold mining. A model is developed to assess these costs and their impact on both the federal budget and corporate profitability (i.e., industry sustainability), particularly if such costs are borne by offending firms.
A ray pattern is a matrix each of whose entries is either 0 or a ray in the complex plane originating from 0 (but not including 0). A ray pattern is a natural generalization of the concept of a sign pattern, whose entries are from the set... more
A ray pattern is a matrix each of whose entries is either 0 or a ray in the complex plane originating from 0 (but not including 0). A ray pattern is a natural generalization of the concept of a sign pattern, whose entries are from the set {+,−,0}. Powers of sign patterns and ray patterns, especially patterns whose powers are
