Experienced with a demonstrated history of working in the textiles industry. Skilled in Textile and Apparel industry. Strong research professional graduated. Phone: +91 422 2572177, 2572477 Address: PhD Research Scholar, Department of Fashion Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore - 641 004, Tamilnadu, INDIA
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crysta... more X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crystallographic structure of a material. XRD works by irradiating a material with incident X-rays and then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that leave the material. A primary use of XRD analysis is the identification of materials based on their diffraction pattern. As well as phase identification, XRD also yields information on how the actual structure deviates from the ideal one, owing to internal stresses and defects.
In 1990, David W. Pearce and R. Turner first coined the term circular economy. The concept is bec... more In 1990, David W. Pearce and R. Turner first coined the term circular economy. The concept is becoming increasingly popular as a new way of thinking when doing business. It is a response to the insight that the present economy, relying on a linear take-make-waste system, is unsustainable and needs to be replaced by a circular system where waste is being transformed into new products and useful resources (Scott, 2015). A central idea is that we should consume services rather than products or become users rather than end consumers; hence business models should be designed in a way that makes us pay for the access to products rather than the ownership of the product. This will increase the incentives for producers to design high-quality products that last longer instead of products with short life time in order to make consumers quickly buy new ones. Another central idea is that the producers are responsible for the disposal and recycling of the product and hence they would get better incentives for designing in a way that facilitates the disassembling and recycling of the different materials or components (Van Ostaeyen et al., 2013). Around 100,000 tonnes of used textiles were collected every year from Nordic States in the context of circular economy. Used garments from different regions are collected from the entry level to sale within the industry for coping up their charity welfare of the organization. Most exports are oriented toward the EU, Africa, and the Middle East in which 15% of total weight, reuse with low quality are sold to Asia. Most of the raw materials are taken for 10% reuse for industrial wipes, 8% for recycling, and 8% for incineration (Scott, 2015). The textile market price falls significantly due to increase in supply of used textiles in the coming years. Most of the resellers increased their production by adopting reusing concepts and also replaced the use of plastics at the cheapest price. Many researchers proved that the introduction of circular economic principles provided a superior solution toward the societal and environmental impact. The circular economic practices have led the industry toward an annual savings of around 193,000 tonnes by eliminating CO2 and 72 million cubic meters of water, which has significantly contributed for the value chain of textile and apparel production (Van Ostaeyen et al.,2013).
The main objective of this study provides a strategy for women's empowerment for rural develo... more The main objective of this study provides a strategy for women's empowerment for rural development. This book critically examines the transformation of this dialogue over the time and it is implication in the improvement of the lives of rural men and women. The theoretical arguments for the necessity of introducing gender development strategies in order to improve the specific needs of rural women who are marginalized due to the magnitude of patriarchal dominations in the development administration has been file-tested in two sample locations where gender neutral and gender specific development project have been implemented in Sri Lanka. Empowerment can enable women to participate, as equal citizens, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities. The findings outlined in this paper suggest that designed and implemented ways that meet rural women's diverse need, community participation processes can be important to facilitating social,...
The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition bec... more The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition because of their non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile manufacturers to reduce pollution in textile production. Enzymes sources, activity, specificity, reaction, mechanism and thermodynamics, function of textile processing with enzymes, major enzymatic applications in textile wet processing and promising areas of enzyme applications in textile processing are discussed. The aim is to provide the textile technologist with an understanding of enzymes and their use with textile materials. Enzymes are proteins Enzymes are generally globular proteins and like other proteins consist of long linear chains of amino acids that fold to produce a three-dimensional product. Each unique amino acid sequence produces a specific structure, which has unique properties. Individual protein chains may sometimes group together to form a protein comple...
Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications,Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, Dec 30, 2021
Nanotechnology is one of the prominent areas for research studies in developing
super functional... more Nanotechnology is one of the prominent areas for research studies in developing
super functional materials like fabrics with self-cleaning, UV-protection, antimicrobial,
antistatic, soil and stain repellent, water repellent, and fire retardant. The
chapter commences with a preface to the classification of nanofinishing on textiles,
and then on to the different techniques for application, including the nanoparticles
and nanolayers. Later it explains the production of various nanofinishing, namely Lotus effect/self-cleaning textile materials, nano photocatalysts, water repellent/
waterproof fabrics, that are designed to reduce the surface energy through nanostructures and nano surface. The UV-protective textiles by application of TiO2 and ZnO as nanoparticles, durable antimicrobial derivatives from nanosilver, and fire
retardant from various nanostructured chemicals are addressed in this chapter. It is
irony that nanofinishing in textiles has made a big revolution in the world market
for technical textiles, for its potentiality in creating high performance and specialty
clothing. The current and future innovations are focused on sustainability and highperformance materials for which nanotechnology is the solution.
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crysta... more X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crystallographic structure of a material. XRD works by irradiating a material with incident X-rays and then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that leave the material. A primary use of XRD analysis is the identification of materials based on their diffraction pattern. As well as phase identification, XRD also yields information on how the actual structure deviates from the ideal one, owing to internal stresses and defects.
In 1990, David W. Pearce and R. Turner first coined the term circular economy. The concept is bec... more In 1990, David W. Pearce and R. Turner first coined the term circular economy. The concept is becoming increasingly popular as a new way of thinking when doing business. It is a response to the insight that the present economy, relying on a linear take-make-waste system, is unsustainable and needs to be replaced by a circular system where waste is being transformed into new products and useful resources (Scott, 2015). A central idea is that we should consume services rather than products or become users rather than end consumers; hence business models should be designed in a way that makes us pay for the access to products rather than the ownership of the product. This will increase the incentives for producers to design high-quality products that last longer instead of products with short life time in order to make consumers quickly buy new ones. Another central idea is that the producers are responsible for the disposal and recycling of the product and hence they would get better incentives for designing in a way that facilitates the disassembling and recycling of the different materials or components (Van Ostaeyen et al., 2013). Around 100,000 tonnes of used textiles were collected every year from Nordic States in the context of circular economy. Used garments from different regions are collected from the entry level to sale within the industry for coping up their charity welfare of the organization. Most exports are oriented toward the EU, Africa, and the Middle East in which 15% of total weight, reuse with low quality are sold to Asia. Most of the raw materials are taken for 10% reuse for industrial wipes, 8% for recycling, and 8% for incineration (Scott, 2015). The textile market price falls significantly due to increase in supply of used textiles in the coming years. Most of the resellers increased their production by adopting reusing concepts and also replaced the use of plastics at the cheapest price. Many researchers proved that the introduction of circular economic principles provided a superior solution toward the societal and environmental impact. The circular economic practices have led the industry toward an annual savings of around 193,000 tonnes by eliminating CO2 and 72 million cubic meters of water, which has significantly contributed for the value chain of textile and apparel production (Van Ostaeyen et al.,2013).
The main objective of this study provides a strategy for women's empowerment for rural develo... more The main objective of this study provides a strategy for women's empowerment for rural development. This book critically examines the transformation of this dialogue over the time and it is implication in the improvement of the lives of rural men and women. The theoretical arguments for the necessity of introducing gender development strategies in order to improve the specific needs of rural women who are marginalized due to the magnitude of patriarchal dominations in the development administration has been file-tested in two sample locations where gender neutral and gender specific development project have been implemented in Sri Lanka. Empowerment can enable women to participate, as equal citizens, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities. The findings outlined in this paper suggest that designed and implemented ways that meet rural women's diverse need, community participation processes can be important to facilitating social,...
The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition bec... more The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition because of their non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile manufacturers to reduce pollution in textile production. Enzymes sources, activity, specificity, reaction, mechanism and thermodynamics, function of textile processing with enzymes, major enzymatic applications in textile wet processing and promising areas of enzyme applications in textile processing are discussed. The aim is to provide the textile technologist with an understanding of enzymes and their use with textile materials. Enzymes are proteins Enzymes are generally globular proteins and like other proteins consist of long linear chains of amino acids that fold to produce a three-dimensional product. Each unique amino acid sequence produces a specific structure, which has unique properties. Individual protein chains may sometimes group together to form a protein comple...
Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications,Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, Dec 30, 2021
Nanotechnology is one of the prominent areas for research studies in developing
super functional... more Nanotechnology is one of the prominent areas for research studies in developing
super functional materials like fabrics with self-cleaning, UV-protection, antimicrobial,
antistatic, soil and stain repellent, water repellent, and fire retardant. The
chapter commences with a preface to the classification of nanofinishing on textiles,
and then on to the different techniques for application, including the nanoparticles
and nanolayers. Later it explains the production of various nanofinishing, namely Lotus effect/self-cleaning textile materials, nano photocatalysts, water repellent/
waterproof fabrics, that are designed to reduce the surface energy through nanostructures and nano surface. The UV-protective textiles by application of TiO2 and ZnO as nanoparticles, durable antimicrobial derivatives from nanosilver, and fire
retardant from various nanostructured chemicals are addressed in this chapter. It is
irony that nanofinishing in textiles has made a big revolution in the world market
for technical textiles, for its potentiality in creating high performance and specialty
clothing. The current and future innovations are focused on sustainability and highperformance materials for which nanotechnology is the solution.
Total quality management is a management system for a customer focused organization that involves... more Total quality management is a management system for a customer focused organization that involves all employee in continual improvement of all aspects of the organization. TQM uses strategy, data, and effective communication to integrate the quality principles into the culture and activities of the organization.
A set of activities or techniques whose purpose is to ensure that all quality requirements are be... more A set of activities or techniques whose purpose is to ensure that all quality requirements are being met by monitoring of processes and solving performance problems through Inspecting and Testing.
Producers (manufacturers or service providers) view quality as a set of standards and specificati... more Producers (manufacturers or service providers) view quality as a set of standards and specifications that must be met (called conformance). Customers view quality as attributes that please them. While the consumer’s perception of ‘‘good’’ quality is important, the perception of poor or terrible quality is a disaster. Alienating existing customers with product weaknesses and failures has a host of other side effects, which are undesirable.
Perception is defined as the process of selection, organization and interpretation of stimuli int... more Perception is defined as the process of selection, organization and interpretation of stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. How we see the world around us. As each individual is unique in his needs, expectations and motivations therefore each person’s perception is different.
It is a document that has been prepared, approved, and published by a recognized standards organi... more It is a document that has been prepared, approved, and published by a recognized standards organization, and contains rules, requirements, or procedures for an orderly approach to a specific activity. It may include product design requirements, test methods, classifications, recommended practices, and other considerations.
High performance and high temperature resistant fibers aid enormously in allowing products to mee... more High performance and high temperature resistant fibers aid enormously in allowing products to meet these challenges. The markets and products which are facilitated by the use of these fibers go far beyond the scope and awareness of most people. This paper intends to provide a solid overview of the definitions, properties, products and end uses associated with some of the most common high performance and high temperature resistant fibers used today. It is stressed that not all high performance materials are presented.
3D Body scanning is a technology that produces a 3D model through scanning. An individual stands ... more 3D Body scanning is a technology that produces a 3D model through scanning. An individual stands in the scanners view, while it captures his body image and produces 3D images within seconds. The scanner uses a series of light sensors to produce a 3D image. Images are captured in 360 degrees within a short period of time along with body measurements and human body surface. This data is archived or further processed according to the requirement. 3D body scanning and digitized images are used in mass customization of apparels, where the consumer is measured three dimensionally, and through the digitized image seen on the computer screen, he can choose a garment with a style that goes with his choice. The technology of three dimensional body scanning is used in diversified fields. A renowned application of this scanning process is in the field of custom tailoring. People are of various sizes and shape. This created a problem of fitting. Manufacturers needed more accurate information to produce perfect fitting garments. Customizing garments to correctly fit the consumer depends on the availability of comprehensive set of measurements. Progression in the field of Information Technology comes to the aid of retailers and manufacturers through the procedure of 3D Body Scanning. In this process, individual measurements can be obtained more accurately and quickly. The 3D scanned data contains standardized tailoring measurements like chest size, body size, circumference, and also a complete 3-D data of the individual. This new technology is changing aspects of the apparel industry.
Prepared by GOPALAKRISHNAN D & Mrs.LAKSHMIPRIYA UNIT-II COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM) C... more Prepared by GOPALAKRISHNAN D & Mrs.LAKSHMIPRIYA UNIT-II COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM) Computer Integrated manufacturing (CIM) uses computers to control the entire production process that involves engineering, production, marketing and all the support functions of a manufacturing enterprise. In the traditional business paradigm, the company is assumed as an island, i.e., an independent and self operating entity. As a company is a part of a broader matrix of business systems composed of customers, suppliers, products and global information, it leads to integration along different axes, namely geographical and functional. Its main objective is
Prepared by GOPALAKRISHNAN D & Mrs.LAKSHMIPRIYA UNIT-I BASIC COMPUTER A computer is a machine tha... more Prepared by GOPALAKRISHNAN D & Mrs.LAKSHMIPRIYA UNIT-I BASIC COMPUTER A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most computers rely on a binary system, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete tasks such as storing data, calculating algorithms, and displaying information. Computers come in many different shapes and sizes, from handheld smart phones to super computers weighing more than 300 tons. Computer structure Computer structure is the way that each component is arranged so that communication is possible.
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crysta... more X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials science to determine the crystallographic structure of a material. XRD works by irradiating a material with incident X-rays and then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that leave the material. A primary use of XRD analysis is the identification of materials based on their diffraction pattern. As well as phase identification, XRD also yields information on how the actual structure deviates from the ideal one, owing to internal stresses and defects.
Produces a 3-dimensional image of specimen’s surface features
The interactions of the electrons w... more Produces a 3-dimensional image of specimen’s surface features The interactions of the electrons with surface are registered, and electrons reflected from surface create image. Electron beam is scanned back and forth over the specimen, imaging only one point at a time. PE energy is kept relatively low (1-30 keV) to limit the interaction volume in the specimen so high sensitivity to surface composition (cannot penetrate far into the sample). Can be used for thicker specimens
Filtration plays a critical role in our day-to-day life by providing healthier and cleaner produc... more Filtration plays a critical role in our day-to-day life by providing healthier and cleaner products and environment. Textile materials are used in the filtration of air, liquids, in food particles and in industrial production. Filtration fabrics are used widely in vacuum cleaners, power stations, petrochemical plants, sewage disposal, etc. Although, filtration plays a critical role in our day-to-day life, there is not a single type of fabric used in all the applications. The usage of the filter fabrics varies according to there end-use. This depends on the properties the filters have which ultimately depends on the characteristics of the raw material used for the manufacturing of the filter fabric. A filter fabric intended to use for heavy chemical filtration may or may not be used at high temperatures. Similarly, a filter fabric intended to use at the high temperatures may not be a good chemical resistant. Hence, it is totally depending on the type of filter fabric intended to use and the specific end use.
Retail management is most important in the business. Dynamic young people as well as blue-chip co... more Retail management is most important in the business. Dynamic young people as well as blue-chip companies are suddenly taking pride in calling themselves shopkeepers. This profession is able to attract the cream of talent from management institutes. The amazing irony about the retail industry is that it exists, in fact, flourishes, in spite of an industrial slump. As far as the western world is concerned the retailing market operates virtually at saturation point. Indian textile industry is one of the leading industries in the world. The needs of the people are increasing day-by-day. People are more interested to make a purchase in this retailing is coming in to role.
Textile has always been a part of healthcare.
“Medical Textiles”- textiles used for medical purpo... more Textile has always been a part of healthcare. “Medical Textiles”- textiles used for medical purposes Combination of Textile Technology and Medical Sciences has resulted into MEDICAL TEXTILES. Medical Textiles are one of the faster growing sectors of the global Technical Textile industry. Textile materials have a range of properties such as flexibility, elasticity, strength, etc. Based on these properties research work has been going on the application of the textiles in medical field to apply these broad ranges of properties of textile material in medical technology.
The man is ultimate resources of the organization because they think, speak, so that utilization ... more The man is ultimate resources of the organization because they think, speak, so that utilization of this resource is very critical. High performance Work practices (HPWP) in Human Resources help in finding out and retaining competent personnel in line with the goals and objectives of an organization in the most resourceful and effectual manner. Success or failure of an organization depends on the effective coordination of the resources such as money, material, machinery and men. The process helps in abridging the gap between the employees’ prospects and the organizational requirements of attaining pertinent strategies HPWP include complementary work practices.
Denim is a rugged cotton twill textile, in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. ... more Denim is a rugged cotton twill textile, in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. Denim has been in American usage since the late eighteenth century. Denim was traditionally colored blue with indigo dye to make blue "jeans," though "jean" then denoted a different, lighter cotton textile.
The technical advances are dramatically influencing the world of fibers, fabrics and textiles. To... more The technical advances are dramatically influencing the world of fibers, fabrics and textiles. Today, technology can provide us with fabrics that imitate and actually improve upon nature's best fibers. It is important to be aware of technological developments when fashion designing so that the best and most relevant fabrics may be used for the job. Consumers are demanding qualities from textiles that will enhance their lifestyle such as: comfort, performance, fit, shape retention, trans-seasonal versatility, quality and style, added value, lightweight properties and ecological integrity. The consumer will continue spending where they see innovation. There are many forward-thinking ideas in fibre and fabric manufacturing. There follows a range of fibre and fabric areas under development. In the next millennium, textiles will not just be an extension or simple alternatives to natural or synthetic fibers, but will provide superior functionality in broad and emerging sectors of the economy from space to super conductivity and agriculture to geo-textile. This will be accomplished through modern business strategies for enhanced stakeholder value and highly efficient production schemes with no adverse impact on the environment and development of precisely specified molecules for new textile platforms.
Natural fibres made of cellulose or plant matter can be obtained from almost every part of the pl... more Natural fibres made of cellulose or plant matter can be obtained from almost every part of the plant such as the root, stem or shoot, leaf, fruit and bark from many tree species. Natural fibre products have certain distinctive qualities and advantage of natural fibres includes comfortable clothes made by natural fibres are more comfortable than those made by synthetic fibres, environment producing materials from natural fibres are less harmful to our environment, fire resistant natural fibres are resistant to fire but polymer based fibres will melt, durability, fiber strength and commercial acceptance, Other considerations include cost, the renewable nature of natural fibers compared to synthetics, lack of skin irritations and the biodegradability of natural fibers. Over the last thirty years composite materials, plastics and ceramics have been the dominant emerging materials. The volume and number of applications of composite materials have grown steadily, penetrating and conquering new markets relentlessly. Modern composite materials constitute a significant proportion of the engineered materials market ranging from everyday products to sophisticated niche applications. The merits of the composite includes, Tensile strength of composites is four to six times greater than that of steel or aluminium (depending on the reinforcements), Improved torsional stiffness and impact properties, higher fatigue endurance limit (up to 60% of ultimate tensile strength), 30%-40% lighter for example any particular aluminium structures designed to the same functional requirements, Lower embedded energy compared to other structural metallic materials like steel, aluminium etc. In this research article an attempt has been made to use korai grass fibre (Natural plant fibers) as reinforcement materials for producing textile reinforced composites. The literature review, extraction, properties of the korai grass fibre was studied. It is expected that, Korai grass fibre textile reinforced composite will show light weight, biodegradable, and moderate strength. It can be used in table top sheets, wooden decorations sheets, electrical safe sheets.
Surface texture of organisms attracts more and more interests of researchers. On one hand, the su... more Surface texture of organisms attracts more and more interests of researchers. On one hand, the surface texture of various organisms is crucial for their adaptation to the natural environment. On the other hand, numerous excellent tribological properties of the nature inspire people to design mechanical structures and surface textures that could increase or reduce friction to be used in industries. It is the surface property of the fibre when two solid surfaces slide against each other. When we talk about fiber friction then it is very necessary because it is the force that holds together the fibre in a spun yarn and the interlacing threads in a fabric. It is the surface property of the fibers when two solid surfaces slide against each other. For example if we rub silk fabric with itself or any other type of material static charge and heat energy is produced due to fiber friction. Frictional properties of fabrics are determined by yarn friction and fabric structure. The effects of fabric structure on fabric friction have been evaluated by varying weaves, type of knits, and orientation of fibres in nonwovens. The frictional resistances within a yarn (inter-fibre friction) and between yarns (inter-yarn friction) influence fabric friction, fabric bending rigidity, fabric strength, creasing, abrasion resistance, tear resistance, and fabric hand and comfort-even though the quantitative measurement of the magnitude of effects of friction on other properties is likely to be difficult. Friction theories adopted for textiles explain that the friction is affected by their surface properties and their bulk properties. The term " skin friction " refers to the friction between in vivo human skin and an arbitrary contact material. Skin friction involves the interaction of the skin and the contact material, and consequently it depends on the properties of the skin, the contact material and its properties, the parameters of the contact between the materials and the environment surrounding the materials. Skin friction research is actually on the interface between tribology, materials science, dermatology, Product development and rehabilitation medicine.
Green fashion provides consumers with healthier and more eco-friendly apparel choices. The fashio... more Green fashion provides consumers with healthier and more eco-friendly apparel choices. The fashion supply chain is one of the most polluting industries in the world, being a huge consumer of water, electricity and chemicals, and discharging massive quantities of wastes to land. Going green has seeped into the nation's consumer consciousness. Synthetic fabrics and clothing fibers processed with heavy chemical agents are facing a declining popularity there because of the harmful and enduring effects on the planet and people's health. Concerned consumers are also becoming increasingly health conscious and actively support greener lifestyles. A review of the environmental impacts associated with apparel across the entire product life cycle revealed that impacts from the production and processing and apparel consumer use stage dwarf those of transportation and product end-of-life. Global pollution and increased awareness are prompting consumers to seek healthier living choices including clothing in these countries. However, the same has not happened in India. Neither textile manufacturers are doing much for sustaining green fashion, nor the lack of awareness about green fashion among customers driving them to go green not only in their own interest but also in the interest of environment. And while some industries have received more attention than others, research has shown that even for consumers with knowledge of environmental impacts resulting from apparel production and manufacture, purchasing green over conventional apparel has not historically been a concern for many consumers. The business interests of these manufacturers act as deterrents for going green. They say that they need to look at all sides of this issue including the end cost of the process. The areas to look at include not only the cost, but also time and even pollution levels caused by the transition to green. Stakeholder's and customer's pressure on sustainability has pushed companies to transform general environmental sustainability concepts into business practices. This is the reason that green clothing is hitting the runways, not only as a fashion, but as a way of life in many countries around the globe. However, a few contributions have offered a comprehensive analysis of the practices employed in the fashion supply chain to reduce its environmental impact. In this paper, a theoretical perception and impact of sustainable green consumption practices in the greener lifestyle is presented.
India has historically had a strong textile-industrial culture and a well-developed and mature te... more India has historically had a strong textile-industrial culture and a well-developed and mature textile industry that has been the back-bone of the economy since the 18th century. With the rise of strong apparel exports over the last three decades, India is today among the top ten producers of textiles and apparel in the world. In an environment of volatility and intensified global competition, then, where price continues to dominate, India is learning to compete instead on the basis of flexibility, variety, design, quality upgrading and increasingly, full package production. These diverse capabilities were supported by the presence of a locally rooted textile sector. Garment exporters were thus far less reliant on imports and learned to handle input sourcing and related activities. Full package suppliers who offer a cluster of competencies including product development, design, and the local sourcing of fabric and accessories are therefore more likely to emerge in regions with a strong textile base. After the exclusion of global quota scheme, the textile industry is flourishing at high speed. The world is on a new corridor of industrial revolution. Analysts are anticipating more expansion with latest technologies in Textile Machineries. The textile machinery manufacturing hubs like China, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and India have already jumped in gigantic competition to craft and bid best technologies in textile machineries. Global Industry Analysts, Inc. (GIA) has declared that the global bazaar for textile machinery is estimated to reach US$22.9 billion by 2017.Demand for sophisticated machines that produce high quality cloth is increasing. Whatever is the technology, the purchasing decision is greatly influenced by the machines versatility, flexibility, and price offers. Key factors for dynamic growth in the textile machinery market contain economic revival post recession, rising demand for nonwoven disposable textile products, increasing demand from promising regions, especially Asia-Pacific, and going up demand for environmentally-friendly fibers. This article analyzes some of the trends and latest developments in textiles or allied products and world leading textile machinery manufacturing countries. Keywords: industrial revolution, Global Industry, global competition, post recession
The main objective of the project work is to develop the Surgical Face mask using natural herbal ... more The main objective of the project work is to develop the Surgical Face mask using natural herbal extracts and multi layered non-woven fabrics. The nonwoven fabric is good absorbent & breathable fabric. It plays vital role in the personal care & health care products. The nonwoven fabrics are produced by different layered combinations such as 100% bamboo, 100% Micro denier Polyester, Bamboo & Polyester as inner and outer layers respectively, bamboo & polyester & polypropylene as inner, middle and outer layers respectively using needled punching and spun lacing techniques. These fabrics are coated with extracted natural herbs such as Solanum Trilobatum and Andrographis Paniculata. The extractions of herbals are carried with water and different solvents such as methanol and ethanol. Among these, the methanol extracts of Solanum Trilobatum and Andrographis Paniculata shows better result and so they were selected for further study. The fabrics were treated with extracts of these herbals and cured by using pad dry cure method. Further, the herbal coated fabrics have been tested for Bacterial Filtration Efficiency, Antimicrobial activity, FTIR, SEM, Air Permeability, Thermal Conductivity, Drop & Wicking, Moisture Vapour Transmission, GSM and finally field trial. From the test results it is concluded that the two layered and three layered face masks were found to show superior properties in terms of Bacterial Filtration Efficiency and Antimicrobial activity. Hence these face masks can be used as Surgical face masks and also as a Protective wear.
The skin is a multifunctional organ consisting of many specialized cells that are all adapted to ... more The skin is a multifunctional organ consisting of many specialized cells that are all adapted to perform different functions and is considered to be the largest organ in the body, making up to 16% of the body's total mass. Friction is the tangential resistance to motion between two contacting solid bodies. In reality, friction is not just a function of load and angle, but is also a complex function of the material and surface properties of the two contacting bodies. The friction of a fabric on itself or on another fabric has a significant effect on fabric performance features such as abrasion, wear and shrinkage, as well as on the user’s tactile comfort. This sensation is primarily related to mechanical interaction between the clothing material and the human body. The human finger is a sensitive instrument capable of detecting small differences in the frictional behaviour of fabrics. Tribology is the study of surfaces moving relative to one another, a phenomenon that affects our lives in a multitude of ways every day. Skin friction is important for everyone in practically every situation. In some situations it is just the skin and a product that are in interaction, like the hand and a cuff, but in other situations multiple layers are involved, for example in shoes. Skin friction research is actually on the interface between tribology, materials science, dermatology, product development and rehabilitation medicine.
The skin is a multifunctional organ consisting of many specialized cells that are all adapted to ... more The skin is a multifunctional organ consisting of many specialized cells that are all adapted to perform different functions and is considered to be the largest organ in the body, making up to 16% of the body's total mass. Friction is the tangential resistance to motion between two contacting solid bodies. In reality, friction is not just a function of load and angle, but is also a complex function of the material and surface properties of the two contacting bodies. The friction of a fabric on itself or on another fabric has a significant effect on fabric performance features such as abrasion, wear and shrinkage, as well as on the user's tactile comfort. This sensation is primarily related to mechanical interaction between the clothing material and the human body. The human finger is a sensitive instrument capable of detecting small differences in the frictional behaviour of fabrics. Tribology is the study of surfaces moving relative to one another, a phenomenon that affects our lives in a multitude of ways every day. Skin friction is important for everyone in practically every situation. In some situations it is just the skin and a product that are in interaction, like the hand and a cuff, but in other situations multiple layers are involved, for example in shoes. Skin friction research is actually on the interface between tribology, materials science, dermatology, product development and rehabilitation medicine.
The human skin is built from several layers, vessels, sensors and other structures. All together ... more The human skin is built from several layers, vessels, sensors and other structures. All together these form the integumentary system. The integumentary system is one of the organ systems in the human body. Friction is a system property, which indicates that it depends on multiple factors, such as the material properties, contact parameters and the environment. Friction has been defined as " the resisting force tangential to the common boundary between two bodies when, under the action of an external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the surface of the other ". Friction is one of the themes in tribology, an engineering technology which is defined as " the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices related thereto ". The term " skin friction " refers to the friction between in vivo human skin and an arbitrary contact material. Skin friction involves the interaction of the skin and the contact material, and consequently it depends on the properties of the skin, the contact material and its properties, the parameters of the contact between the materials and the environment surrounding the materials. The term skin friction actually can lead to confusion, it must be noted that skin friction is not a property of the human skin. Skin friction involves the interaction of the skin and the contact material, and consequently it depends on the properties of the skin, the contact material and its properties, the parameters of the contact between the materials and the environment surrounding the materials. Skin friction is important for everyone in practically every situation. In some situations it is just the skin and a product that are in interaction, like the hand and a cup, but in other situations multiple layers are involved, for example in shoes. Skin friction research is actually on the interface between tribology, materials science, dermatology, Product development and rehabilitation medicine.
Chemical agents are generally liquids, often aerosolized, and most have immediate effects or are ... more Chemical agents are generally liquids, often aerosolized, and most have immediate effects or are delayed for a few hours. Many chemical agents have a unique odor and color. The effects of toxins, such as botulinum toxin, occur typically in less than a day. There are many different potential chemical agents that a terrorist could use as a weapon, but we can make the following broad generalizations. Buyers in the Europe markets frequently ask for certification of common eco-labels. Eco-labels are basically of two categories, those which are Government administrated and other which are commercially introduced. Some of these labels are given below. Some labels have special requirements that the processor will need to understand what the customer/buyer needs before deciding processes, process parameters and dyes & chemicals that should be used. Dyeing is the process of give color to fibers, yarn, or fabrics by using natural or synthetic dye . In this process it have involving three principle process, that are retardation, migration and diffusion which all this are chemical process. There are many type of dyeing that using in textile wet processing such as cross dyeing, union dyeing and gel dyeing. All of then has there own process to make the dyeing process smoothly and produce a good quality of dyeing. As per this article will confirm that standard and achieve new trend of advances for textile chemical industry with special reference of Dyeing process.
Keyword: Dyeing process, Chemical agents, Dyeing parameters, Principle process
In book: Handbook of EcomaterialsPublisher: Springer International Publishing AG 2018, 2021
Carbon footprint, also called carbon profile, defines the overall amount of carbon dioxide and ot... more Carbon footprint, also called carbon profile, defines the overall amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with a product throughout the entire supply chain, from raw materials to end-of-life recovery and
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When the people put on clothing, they want it to feel good against their skin. Textile companies ... more When the people put on clothing, they want it to feel good against their skin. Textile companies and consumer agencies conduct many kinds of analyses to make sure our clothes and the fabrics we use in our homes won't harm, be comfortable and will stay colorful for a long time. Textile testing is the term for a whole series of tests that examine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of textiles. This book can be read on two different levels. First, it may be read by ordinary people with a limited, if any, textile/fashion sector background. Throughout, the book has been written with this audience in mind. The second group of readers will be represented by professionals from the textile industry, academia, and research agencies, as well as entrepreneurial groups. We do hope that the information and knowledge presented will become a good understanding and realization of the textile testing. The book comprises five chapters. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the textile testing and sampling techniques used in the textile industry. Also covers moisture measurements in raw materials. Chapter 2 presents the measurement of fibre parameters and explains, step by step tests are possible for textile fibres/raw materials. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of a yarn testing provides an explanation of yarn numbering, count, twist, evenness, hairiness and crimp of the yarn. Chapter 4 introduces a fabric testing that focused on GSM, thickness, strength, abrasion resistance, pilling, drape, crease resistance/recovery, air/water permeability and shrinkage of the fabrics. Chapter 5 compiles the known procedures for preparation, test procedure and comments on evaluating the colour fastness of textile materials.
The quality of the product, its performance, and its reliability are the key factors while testin... more The quality of the product, its performance, and its reliability are the key factors while testing is performed. Testing can be defined as the methods or protocols adopted to verify / determine the properties of a product. It can be divided primarily into two types: regular process testing and quality assurance testing. Routine testing helps to streamline the daily process. Quality assurance testing helps the process or product in the long run to establish credibility. Testing can also be defined as the procedures adopted to determine a product’s suitability and quality. Textile Testing is the methods of determining the properties of different kinds of textile substances. It is very important for checking the quality and suitability of raw material and selection of material, monitoring of production i.e. process control. It helps the scientist to decide which route should be followed. Textile testing is a vital basic tool during the processing of a textile raw material into the product. It also helps the distributors and consumer to determine the end product’s quality. So, textile testing refers to the procedures adopted to determine quality throughout the textile product chain. It can be summarized as the application of engineering facts and science to determine the quality and properties of a textile product. There are different types of testing process are done in textile and apparel industry.
A comfortable environment free from unwanted noises is always dream of every person. A long expo... more A comfortable environment free from unwanted noises is always dream of every person. A long exposure to noise over 85 dB (A) might be a dangerous factor for high blood pressure (BP), and it may induces major increases of (BP) among sensitive individuals. Hence, the understanding of noise elimination becomes an important issue to be studied. Noise control and its principles play an important role in creating an acoustically pleasing environment. This can be achieved when the intensity of sound is brought down to a level that is not harmful to human ears. Achieving a pleasing environment can be obtained by using various techniques that employ different materials. One such technique is by absorbing the sound. Materials that reduce the acoustic energy of a sound wave as the wave passes through it by the phenomenon of absorption are called sound absorptive materials. They are commonly used to soften the acoustic environment of a closed volume by reducing the amplitude of the reflected waves. Absorptive materials are generally resistive in nature, either fibrous, porous or in rather special cases reactive resonators. It is obvious that the need of absorption materials for attenuation noise via development and regeneration along with the need for innovative natural materials of their essential properties so as to meet the high level noise is today greater than ever. The main objective is study the acoustic behaviour of nonwovens. The other objective of this work is to carry out a preliminary study about the acoustic behaviour of nonwoven materials. The motivation behind of this project is based on the fact that during the last few decades synthetic material has been used for sound absorption, but the study area has been dramatically changed. Therefore, currently coir and Palmyra present good alternative to synthetic material. The mechanical, Thermal and chemical bonding methods assure very good and promising will results having one limitation in case of volume of a sample to be tested. For the quality assessment and here, especially for the verification of acoustic impedance to assess for damage detection in nonwoven composite and mechanical loading. Moreover, from the applied techniques the information concerned quality of a manufactured specimen, damage propagation and determination the types of damages can be obtained. The research describes the implicated test and inspection methods for textile nonwoven for acoustic application. It was concluded that studying on noise eliminations by innovative material of coir and Palmyra in experimental approach becomes a new area of study.
Textiles have such an important bearing on our daily lives that everyone
should know something ab... more Textiles have such an important bearing on our daily lives that everyone should know something about the basics of fibres and their properties. Textile fibres are used for a wide range of applications such as covering, warmth, personal adornment and even to display personal wealth. Textile technology has come a long way in meeting these requirements. A basic knowledge of textile fibres will facilitate an intelligent appraisal of fibre brands and types and help in identifying the right quality for the application. This bulletin covers various textile fibres and the properties that are important for a suitable textile application.
A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most computers rely on a binary s... more A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most computers rely on a binary system, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete tasks such as storing data, calculating algorithms, and displaying information. Computers come in many different shapes and sizes, from handheld smart phones to super computers weighing more than 300 tons.
Positive identification of many natural fibers is possible using the microscope. The chemical str... more Positive identification of many natural fibers is possible using the microscope. The chemical structure of polymers in a fiber determines the fiber’s basic solubility characteristics. Heating and Burning Characteristics: The reaction of fibers to heat from an open flame is a useful guide in the identification of fibers.
Circular knitting machine is the first choice for knitted fabric manufacturers. It is widely used... more Circular knitting machine is the first choice for knitted fabric manufacturers. It is widely used throughout the knitting industry to produce fabric for its productivity and user friendliness. It has been designed and manufactured for mass production of knitted fabrics. Huge range of diameter (12 inch to 60 inch) according to manufactures requirement that is perfect for manufacturing outerwear and under wear. Warp knitting represents the fastest method of producing fabric from yarn. Warp knitting differs from weft knitting in that each needle loops its own thread. The needles produce parallel rows of loops simultaneously that are interlocked in a zigzag pattern. Fabric is produced in sheet or flat form using one or more sets of warp yarn. The yarns are fed from warp beams to a row of needles extending across the width of the machine.
Friction is a system property, which indicates that it depends on multiple factors, such as the m... more Friction is a system property, which indicates that it depends on multiple factors, such as the material properties, contact parameters and the environment. Friction is one of the themes in tribology, an engineering technology which is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices related thereto. Friction of a textile material against itself and that of a textile material against another surface has been the subject of numerous investigations during the past four decades. Most of these investigations have been devoted to understanding of fiber and yarn friction. Relatively little work has been done devoted to understanding fabric frictional properties measurement.
Fit refers to how well a garment conforms to the three-dimensional human body. Good fit is crucia... more Fit refers to how well a garment conforms to the three-dimensional human body. Good fit is crucial to customer satisfaction. However, it is often easier to find clothes in right colours, prices and style that one likes than a well-fitted garment.
Clothing is something required by all human beings. It is one of the most
fundamental requirement... more Clothing is something required by all human beings. It is one of the most fundamental requirements needed to survive. It is the biggest economic activity the textile industries are involved into satisfy the ever growing demands in terms of quality, variety and other technical requirements. Increasing public awareness and sense of social responsibility related to environmental issues have led the textile industry to manufacture products with improved environmental profiles. In recent years, environmental benefit claims such as environmentally friendly, environmentally responsible, eco-safe, recycled and green materials have often been used to describe and promote products which supposedly have minimal negative environmental impacts. Sustainability does not just mean ecologically sustainable, although that is often the part of sustainability focused on today. This chapter aims to give an insight into the comprehensive details relating to the various processes in the value chain of textile and clothing manufacturing such as fibres, yarn and fabric production processes, textile chemical processing and their influence on the environment.
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than products or become users rather than end consumers; hence business models should be designed in a way that makes us pay for the access to products rather than the ownership of the product. This will increase the incentives for producers to design high-quality products that last longer instead of products with short life time in order to make consumers quickly buy new ones. Another central idea is that the producers are responsible for the disposal and recycling of the product
and hence they would get better incentives for designing in a way that facilitates the disassembling and recycling of the different materials or components (Van Ostaeyen et al., 2013). Around 100,000 tonnes of used textiles were collected every year from Nordic States in the context of circular economy. Used garments from different regions are collected from the entry level to sale within the industry for coping up their charity
welfare of the organization. Most exports are oriented toward the EU, Africa, and the Middle East in which 15% of total weight, reuse with low quality are sold to Asia. Most of the raw materials are taken for 10% reuse for industrial wipes, 8% for recycling, and 8% for incineration (Scott, 2015). The textile market price falls significantly due to increase in supply of used textiles in the coming years. Most of the resellers increased their production by adopting reusing concepts and also replaced the use of plastics at the cheapest price. Many researchers proved that the introduction of circular economic principles provided a superior solution
toward the societal and environmental impact. The circular economic practices have led the industry toward an annual savings of around 193,000 tonnes by eliminating CO2 and 72 million cubic meters of water, which has significantly contributed for the value chain of textile and apparel production (Van Ostaeyen et al.,2013).
super functional materials like fabrics with self-cleaning, UV-protection, antimicrobial,
antistatic, soil and stain repellent, water repellent, and fire retardant. The
chapter commences with a preface to the classification of nanofinishing on textiles,
and then on to the different techniques for application, including the nanoparticles
and nanolayers. Later it explains the production of various nanofinishing, namely Lotus effect/self-cleaning textile materials, nano photocatalysts, water repellent/
waterproof fabrics, that are designed to reduce the surface energy through nanostructures and nano surface. The UV-protective textiles by application of TiO2 and ZnO as nanoparticles, durable antimicrobial derivatives from nanosilver, and fire
retardant from various nanostructured chemicals are addressed in this chapter. It is
irony that nanofinishing in textiles has made a big revolution in the world market
for technical textiles, for its potentiality in creating high performance and specialty
clothing. The current and future innovations are focused on sustainability and highperformance materials for which nanotechnology is the solution.
than products or become users rather than end consumers; hence business models should be designed in a way that makes us pay for the access to products rather than the ownership of the product. This will increase the incentives for producers to design high-quality products that last longer instead of products with short life time in order to make consumers quickly buy new ones. Another central idea is that the producers are responsible for the disposal and recycling of the product
and hence they would get better incentives for designing in a way that facilitates the disassembling and recycling of the different materials or components (Van Ostaeyen et al., 2013). Around 100,000 tonnes of used textiles were collected every year from Nordic States in the context of circular economy. Used garments from different regions are collected from the entry level to sale within the industry for coping up their charity
welfare of the organization. Most exports are oriented toward the EU, Africa, and the Middle East in which 15% of total weight, reuse with low quality are sold to Asia. Most of the raw materials are taken for 10% reuse for industrial wipes, 8% for recycling, and 8% for incineration (Scott, 2015). The textile market price falls significantly due to increase in supply of used textiles in the coming years. Most of the resellers increased their production by adopting reusing concepts and also replaced the use of plastics at the cheapest price. Many researchers proved that the introduction of circular economic principles provided a superior solution
toward the societal and environmental impact. The circular economic practices have led the industry toward an annual savings of around 193,000 tonnes by eliminating CO2 and 72 million cubic meters of water, which has significantly contributed for the value chain of textile and apparel production (Van Ostaeyen et al.,2013).
super functional materials like fabrics with self-cleaning, UV-protection, antimicrobial,
antistatic, soil and stain repellent, water repellent, and fire retardant. The
chapter commences with a preface to the classification of nanofinishing on textiles,
and then on to the different techniques for application, including the nanoparticles
and nanolayers. Later it explains the production of various nanofinishing, namely Lotus effect/self-cleaning textile materials, nano photocatalysts, water repellent/
waterproof fabrics, that are designed to reduce the surface energy through nanostructures and nano surface. The UV-protective textiles by application of TiO2 and ZnO as nanoparticles, durable antimicrobial derivatives from nanosilver, and fire
retardant from various nanostructured chemicals are addressed in this chapter. It is
irony that nanofinishing in textiles has made a big revolution in the world market
for technical textiles, for its potentiality in creating high performance and specialty
clothing. The current and future innovations are focused on sustainability and highperformance materials for which nanotechnology is the solution.
Customers view quality as attributes that please them.
While the consumer’s perception of ‘‘good’’ quality is important, the perception of poor or terrible quality is a disaster.
Alienating existing customers with product weaknesses and failures has a host of other side effects, which are undesirable.
3D body scanning and digitized images are used in mass customization of apparels, where the consumer is measured three dimensionally, and through the digitized image seen on the computer screen, he can choose a garment with a style that goes with his choice.
The technology of three dimensional body scanning is used in diversified fields. A renowned application of this scanning process is in the field of custom tailoring. People are of various sizes and shape. This created a problem of fitting. Manufacturers needed more accurate information to produce perfect fitting garments. Customizing garments to correctly fit the consumer depends on the availability of comprehensive set of measurements. Progression in the field of Information Technology comes to the aid of retailers and manufacturers through the procedure of 3D Body Scanning. In this process, individual measurements can be obtained more accurately and quickly. The 3D scanned data contains standardized tailoring measurements like chest size, body size, circumference, and also a complete 3-D data of the individual. This new technology is changing aspects of the apparel industry.
XRD works by irradiating a material with incident X-rays and then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that leave the material.
A primary use of XRD analysis is the identification of materials based on their diffraction pattern.
As well as phase identification, XRD also yields information on how the actual structure deviates from the ideal one, owing to internal stresses and defects.
The interactions of the electrons with surface are registered, and electrons reflected from surface create image.
Electron beam is scanned back and forth over the specimen, imaging only one point at a time.
PE energy is kept relatively low (1-30 keV) to limit the interaction volume in the specimen so high sensitivity to surface composition (cannot penetrate far into the sample).
Can be used for thicker specimens
“Medical Textiles”- textiles used for medical purposes
Combination of Textile Technology and Medical Sciences has resulted into MEDICAL TEXTILES.
Medical Textiles are one of the faster growing sectors of the global Technical Textile industry.
Textile materials have a range of properties such as flexibility, elasticity, strength, etc.
Based on these properties research work has been going on the application of the textiles in medical field
to apply these broad ranges of properties of textile material in medical technology.
High performance Work practices (HPWP) in Human Resources help in finding out and retaining competent personnel in line with the goals and objectives of an organization in the most resourceful and effectual manner. Success or failure of an organization depends on the effective coordination of the resources such as money, material, machinery and men.
The process helps in abridging the gap between the employees’ prospects and the organizational requirements of attaining pertinent strategies HPWP include complementary work practices.
Denim has been in American usage since the late eighteenth century.
Denim was traditionally colored blue with indigo dye to make blue "jeans," though "jean" then denoted a different, lighter cotton textile.
Keywords: industrial revolution, Global Industry, global competition, post recession
Keyword: Dyeing process, Chemical agents, Dyeing parameters, Principle process
This book can be read on two different levels. First, it may be read by ordinary people with a limited, if any, textile/fashion sector background. Throughout, the book has been written with this audience in mind. The second group of readers will be represented by professionals from the textile industry, academia, and research agencies, as well as entrepreneurial groups. We do hope that the information and knowledge presented will become a good understanding and realization of the textile testing.
The book comprises five chapters. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the textile testing and sampling techniques used in the textile industry. Also covers moisture measurements in raw materials. Chapter 2 presents the measurement of fibre parameters and explains, step by step tests are possible for textile fibres/raw materials. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of a yarn testing provides an explanation of yarn numbering, count, twist, evenness, hairiness and crimp of the yarn. Chapter 4 introduces a fabric testing that focused on GSM, thickness, strength, abrasion resistance, pilling, drape, crease resistance/recovery, air/water permeability and shrinkage of the fabrics. Chapter 5 compiles the known procedures for preparation, test procedure and comments on evaluating the colour
fastness of textile materials.
should know something about the basics of fibres and their properties.
Textile fibres are used for a wide range of applications such as covering,
warmth, personal adornment and even to display personal wealth. Textile
technology has come a long way in meeting these requirements. A basic
knowledge of textile fibres will facilitate an intelligent appraisal of fibre
brands and types and help in identifying the right quality for the application. This bulletin covers various textile fibres and the properties that are important for a suitable textile application.
and sizes, from handheld smart phones to super computers weighing more than 300 tons.
Huge range of diameter (12 inch to 60 inch) according to manufactures requirement that is perfect for manufacturing outerwear and under wear.
Warp knitting represents the fastest method of producing fabric from yarn. Warp knitting differs from weft knitting in that each needle loops its own thread. The needles produce parallel rows of loops simultaneously that are interlocked in a zigzag pattern. Fabric is produced in sheet or flat form using one or more sets of warp yarn. The yarns are fed from warp beams to a row of needles extending across the width of the machine.
Friction is one of the themes in tribology, an engineering technology which is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices related thereto.
Friction of a textile material against itself and that of a textile material against another surface has been the subject of numerous investigations during the past four decades.
Most of these investigations have been devoted to understanding of fiber and yarn friction.
Relatively little work has been done devoted to understanding fabric frictional properties measurement.
fundamental requirements needed to survive. It is the biggest economic activity the textile industries are involved into satisfy the ever growing demands in terms of quality, variety and other technical requirements. Increasing public awareness and sense of social responsibility related to environmental issues have led the textile industry to manufacture products with improved environmental profiles. In recent years, environmental benefit claims such as environmentally friendly, environmentally responsible, eco-safe, recycled and green materials have often been used to describe and promote products which supposedly have minimal negative environmental impacts. Sustainability does not just mean ecologically sustainable, although that is often the part of sustainability focused on today. This chapter aims to give an insight into the comprehensive details relating to the various processes in the value
chain of textile and clothing manufacturing such as fibres, yarn and fabric production
processes, textile chemical processing and their influence on the environment.