European journal on criminal policy and research, Feb 20, 2024
An expanding body of research consistently reinforces Tyler’s two-stage-based self-regulatory the... more An expanding body of research consistently reinforces Tyler’s two-stage-based self-regulatory theory of procedural justice. This study makes two significant contributions to the literature on Tyler’s model. First, it examines the relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and cooperation with police and explores whether perceptions of legitimacy have a mediation effect in this model. Second, it attempts to understand whether the model predicts the cooperation and reporting behavior of individuals in terrorism-related cases. Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of data linking procedural justice to public trust and cooperation, collected from (N = 267) university students in The Hague, results align with Tyler’s model, indicating a significant positive relationship between police legitimacy and willingness to cooperate with police and report terrorism-related incidents. Procedural justice indirectly affects both variables through legitimacy. Furthermore, age and prior contact with the police influence perceptions of legitimacy and cooperation. The findings underscore the importance of police legitimacy in fostering trust and cooperation with law enforcement, particularly in multicultural societies. This study advocates for targeted resource allocation within police departments. By prioritizing initiatives that enhance procedural justice, departments can cultivate stronger legitimacy and encourage cooperation and proactive reporting of terrorism-related cases.
The main objective of this research was to explore and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemi... more The main objective of this research was to explore and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on practices in law enforcement and jails, with a specific focus on sheriff departments serving in small, rural counties in the state of Indiana. This study identified and analyzed various issues and trends pertaining to COVID-19's effect upon jail and offender management, patrol and criminal investigation, personnel and offender safety, public service and expectations, courthouse trial and case management, and community trust in sheriff departments. Semi-structured interviews were employed with current sheriffs working in four different counties in Indiana in this qualitative research. The results showed that COVID-19 has brought to the forefront two major themes: (a) precautions taken by sheriff departments against COVID-19 and (b) changes in the way the criminal justice system works. Findings were further grouped into three categories according to each sheriff’s sentiments: nega...
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2010
Universitelerde onemli bir problem olan cinsel taciz ve tecavuz olaylarini azaltmak icin Amerika ... more Universitelerde onemli bir problem olan cinsel taciz ve tecavuz olaylarini azaltmak icin Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nde onleme programlari en az 10 yila yakin bir zamandir uygulanmaktadir. Bu calisma kampuslerdeki iki spesifik tecavuzu onleme programinin etkililigini incelemektedir. Ilk tur onleme programlari, katilimcilarin tecavuze karsi olan tutumlarini egitim yoluyla degistirmeyi amaclayan programlardir. Ikinci tur programlar ise kiz ogrencilere verilen yakin savunma egitimlerini icermektedir. Bu programlarin etkililigi uzerine yapilan arastirmalar bilimsel metod acisindan degerlendirilerek, etkili programlarin muhtemel uygulamalari sunulmustur. Bulgular katilimcilarin tecavuze ve saldirganliga karsi olan tutumlarini egitim yoluyla degistirmeyi amaclayan programlarin kisa donemde etkili oldugunu gostermektedir. Yakin savunma egitimlerinin etkililigi konusunda yapilan calismalarin sonuclari kadinlarin kendilerine olan guvenlerinin arttigini fakat yakin savunma egitimlerinin cins...
Bu calisma, Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nin Illinois eyalet meclisine sunulan, cocuklara mustehce... more Bu calisma, Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nin Illinois eyalet meclisine sunulan, cocuklara mustehcen ve siddet icerikli bilgisayar oyunlari satisini yasaklamayi ongoren politika hareketini inceleyen bir vaka analizidir. Calismada, bu politika hareketi ile ilgili bilimsel calisma sonuclariyla birlikte medya ve lobilerin durusu tartisilmistir. Daha sonra, bu politika hareketi Illinois valisinin ideolojik pozisyonu acisindan ve Stolz’un ileri surmus oldugu “politikalarin dort sembolik fonksiyonu” perspektifinden incelenmistir. Cocuklara mustehcen ve siddet icerikli bilgisayar oyunu satisinin yasaklanmasinin, ceza adalet sistemine ekstra yuk getiren ve etkisiz bir politika oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Sonuc olarak, cocuklari korumak icin egitim temelli politikalarin yasaklama ve cezalandirmadan daha iyi bir politka stratejisi olacagi onerilmistir
* * * * Özet merika Birleik Devletleri'nde, son yõllarda, üniversite ö�rencilerinin eitim gör... more * * * * Özet merika Birleik Devletleri'nde, son yõllarda, üniversite ö�rencilerinin eitim görmekte olduklarõ programda devam etmeleri konusu ciddi bir problem haline gelmitir. Ö �rencilerin eitim gördükleri programda kalmalarõ ve programlarõnõ tamamlama oranlarõ son yirmi yõldõr azalmaktadõr. Bu problemin anla �õlabilmesi için New England bölgesinde bulunan bir Amerikan üniversitesinde bilimsel bir çalõ�ma yapõlmõ�tõr. Veri toplamak için nitel bir çalõ�ma
Dissertation Chair: Dr. Alida V. Merlo Dissertation Committee Members: Dr. Willard T. Austin, Dr.... more Dissertation Chair: Dr. Alida V. Merlo Dissertation Committee Members: Dr. Willard T. Austin, Dr. Dennis M. Giever, Dr. Daniel R. Lee, and Dr. Thomas H. Short
This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administra... more This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics 2003, two waves of Uniform Crime Report data, and the US Census 2000 data to examine whether the relationship between community policing and crime differs based on the agency size. To operationalize community policing, the authors employed factor analyses. The results yielded three dimensions for the construct of community policing. The multiple-regression analyses indicate that all dimensions of community policing have a significant relationship to crime rates in small agencies; whereas, in large agencies, only problem-solving partnership has a significant positive association with property and violent crime rates. The level of implementation of problem-solving partnership dimension has a positive effect on both small and large agencies, but this effect is more prominent for small agencies. These findings along with possible policy implications are discussed.
This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administra... more This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics 2003, two waves of Uniform Crime Report data, and the US Census 2000 data to examine whether the relationship between community policing and crime differs based on the agency size. To operationalize community policing, the authors employed factor analyses. The results yielded three dimensions for the construct of community policing. The multiple-regression analyses indicate that all dimensions of community policing have a significant relationship to crime rates in small agencies; whereas, in large agencies, only problem-solving partnership has a significant positive association with property and violent crime rates. The level of implementation of problem-solving partnership dimension has a positive effect on both small and large agencies, but this effect is more prominent for small agencies. These findings along with possible policy implications are discussed.
As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdi... more As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdistan’s Workers Party (PKK), has become so influential in the European political arena that it might tip the balance of the European Union’s policies on Turkey in its favour. Since too much attention has been given to the PKK’s activitis in Germany, the organization’s actions in Britain remain understudied, despite the fact that Britain has been a vital place in Kurdish politics and political lobbying activities. Drawing on fieldwork findings, this article attempts to explore both the evolution and the political activities of the PKK in Britain across three different timeframes, from 1984 until the present time. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the PKK has departed in recent years from its conventional terrorist activities and transformed into lobbying power that is likely to gain full legitimacy (i.e. being de-listed from terrorist organization lists) in the near future.
The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similari... more The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject , governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently , the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict's outcome.
Die Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und der Türkei können auf eine fast 70-jährige Geschichte zurüc... more Die Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und der Türkei können auf eine fast 70-jährige Geschichte zurückblicken. Diese ist nicht immer reibungslos und harmonisch verlaufen, vielmehr kann dieses Bündnis als die meiste Zeit bestenfalls problematisch beschrieben werden. Das bedeutet nicht unbedingt, dass beide Seiten nicht gegenseitig voneinander profitiert haben. Historisch am offensichtlichsten ist, dass die Türkei Schutz vor sowjetischer Aggression, beträchtliche militärische Unterstützung sowie wirtschaftliche Erleichterungen innerhalb des Marshallplans und Zugang türkischer Arbeiter*innen nach Westeuropa und insbesondere in Deutschland erhielt. Außerdem bedeutete die Mitgliedschaft der neugeborenen Republik im Bündnis, zumindest symbolisch, dass die Richtung des Landes in Richtung Westen ging. Im Gegenzug entsandte die NATO Truppen, errichtete Militärstützpunkte und Plattformen zur Sammlung nachrichtendienstlicher Erkenntnisse, kontrollierte den sowjetischen Zugang zum Mittelmeer, moderierte und managte die lang anhaltenden Streitigkeiten in der Ägäis zwischen Griechenland und der Türkei.
As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdi... more As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), has become so influential in the European political arena that it might tip the balance of the European Union’s policies on Turkey in its favor. Since too much attention has been given to the PKK’s activities in Germany, the organization’s actions in Britain remain understudied, despite the fact that Britain has been a vital place in Kurdish politics and political lobbying activities. Drawing on fieldwork findings, this article attempts to explore both the evolution and the political activities of the PKK in Britain across three different timeframes, from 1984 until the present time. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the PKK has departed in recent years from its conventional terrorist activities and transformed into a lobbying power that is likely to gain full legitimacy (i.e., being de-listed from terrorist organization lists) in the near future.
This article aims to shed light on contemporary Turkish politics vis-à-vis the corruption scandal... more This article aims to shed light on contemporary Turkish politics vis-à-vis the corruption scandals of 2013 that came to be called as the “17/25 December Graft Probe.” Its specific goal is to understand and explicate how Erdogan’s continued success in local and presidential elections in 2014 came about despite grave allegations of corruption, an iota of which could, under normal circumstances, bring down any government in any country that occupies even an epigeal locus on the democracy indices. To achieve this task, we will first explain what the 17/25 December Graft Probe was all about. Then, we will embark on a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of various speeches of Erdogan, which he made before and after December 17/25. Finally, we will try to make an estimative analysis of where Turkey might be heading in the upcoming months and years in light of the December 17/25, which marks a turning point in Turkey’s contentious politics.
Migration literature is dominated by studies on remittance practices of legal migrants. Due to un... more Migration literature is dominated by studies on remittance practices of legal migrants. Due to unavailability of data and difficulty in conducting studies with undocumented populations, understandably, remittances by irregular immigrants are understudied. In this study, we are presenting results from a recent field research to outline the work and remittance patterns of permanent, transit, and semi-transit irregular immigrants caught by authorities in Turkey while also relating it to the global financial crisis which has had a clear impact on remittance flows globally
Perception about terrorism over the globe has drastically shifted after 9/11. The U.S centered " ... more Perception about terrorism over the globe has drastically shifted after 9/11. The U.S centered " war on terrorism " approach dominates strategies in countering terrorism exploiting religion. It appears that the war on terrorism approach has brought enormous extent of unintended consequences and eased radicalization process. To generate a better strategy, research played a key role in countering terrorist group exploiting religious. In that sense, this paper aims to explore the relationship between the micro-level factors and involvement in violent acts in the Turkish Hizbullah, the notorious terrorist organization exploiting religion in Turkey. The biographies of 1500 Hizbullah members were the main data source. After a content analysis, biographies were coded in numbers and a data set was created. Logistic regression was conducted on this data set to predict the factors associated with violence. Results showed that age at time of joining the organization, number of years in the organization and unemployment significantly predict Turkish Hizbullah members who involve in violent acts.
Terrorism has been at the top of the security agenda in the globe since 9/11. Starting in 2010, A... more Terrorism has been at the top of the security agenda in the globe since 9/11. Starting in 2010, Arab rising has escalated tension in North Africa and Middle East. Several countries suddenly turned into conflict areas, and this situation sparked the idea of armed struggle for many people not only living in chaotic regions, but also people living in various Western countries. In response to this spreading problem, community policing has been implemented in various settings as a cure. Turkey has been fighting against all sorts of violent extremism and terrorism for over 40 years through different strategies. Community policing projects in countering violent extremism has been implemented since 2009. There are few studies to look at how it is implemented in the field. This study attempts to explore perception of community policing officer because to what extent community policing is implemented as it is intended strongly depends on perception of officers. For the study, totally 71 officers participated in face-to-face interviews from seven different cities of Turkey. Findings show that majority of community policing officers hold positive perception about community policing that is encouraging for the future success of the program. A few officers among those who have negative perception think that the philosophy of community policing is valuable, but activities that they are doing is not really a community policing activity. Rests of the officers (3) are totally against the idea of community policing in countering violent extremism.
European journal on criminal policy and research, Feb 20, 2024
An expanding body of research consistently reinforces Tyler’s two-stage-based self-regulatory the... more An expanding body of research consistently reinforces Tyler’s two-stage-based self-regulatory theory of procedural justice. This study makes two significant contributions to the literature on Tyler’s model. First, it examines the relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and cooperation with police and explores whether perceptions of legitimacy have a mediation effect in this model. Second, it attempts to understand whether the model predicts the cooperation and reporting behavior of individuals in terrorism-related cases. Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of data linking procedural justice to public trust and cooperation, collected from (N = 267) university students in The Hague, results align with Tyler’s model, indicating a significant positive relationship between police legitimacy and willingness to cooperate with police and report terrorism-related incidents. Procedural justice indirectly affects both variables through legitimacy. Furthermore, age and prior contact with the police influence perceptions of legitimacy and cooperation. The findings underscore the importance of police legitimacy in fostering trust and cooperation with law enforcement, particularly in multicultural societies. This study advocates for targeted resource allocation within police departments. By prioritizing initiatives that enhance procedural justice, departments can cultivate stronger legitimacy and encourage cooperation and proactive reporting of terrorism-related cases.
The main objective of this research was to explore and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemi... more The main objective of this research was to explore and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on practices in law enforcement and jails, with a specific focus on sheriff departments serving in small, rural counties in the state of Indiana. This study identified and analyzed various issues and trends pertaining to COVID-19's effect upon jail and offender management, patrol and criminal investigation, personnel and offender safety, public service and expectations, courthouse trial and case management, and community trust in sheriff departments. Semi-structured interviews were employed with current sheriffs working in four different counties in Indiana in this qualitative research. The results showed that COVID-19 has brought to the forefront two major themes: (a) precautions taken by sheriff departments against COVID-19 and (b) changes in the way the criminal justice system works. Findings were further grouped into three categories according to each sheriff’s sentiments: nega...
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2010
Universitelerde onemli bir problem olan cinsel taciz ve tecavuz olaylarini azaltmak icin Amerika ... more Universitelerde onemli bir problem olan cinsel taciz ve tecavuz olaylarini azaltmak icin Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nde onleme programlari en az 10 yila yakin bir zamandir uygulanmaktadir. Bu calisma kampuslerdeki iki spesifik tecavuzu onleme programinin etkililigini incelemektedir. Ilk tur onleme programlari, katilimcilarin tecavuze karsi olan tutumlarini egitim yoluyla degistirmeyi amaclayan programlardir. Ikinci tur programlar ise kiz ogrencilere verilen yakin savunma egitimlerini icermektedir. Bu programlarin etkililigi uzerine yapilan arastirmalar bilimsel metod acisindan degerlendirilerek, etkili programlarin muhtemel uygulamalari sunulmustur. Bulgular katilimcilarin tecavuze ve saldirganliga karsi olan tutumlarini egitim yoluyla degistirmeyi amaclayan programlarin kisa donemde etkili oldugunu gostermektedir. Yakin savunma egitimlerinin etkililigi konusunda yapilan calismalarin sonuclari kadinlarin kendilerine olan guvenlerinin arttigini fakat yakin savunma egitimlerinin cins...
Bu calisma, Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nin Illinois eyalet meclisine sunulan, cocuklara mustehce... more Bu calisma, Amerika Birlesik Devletleri’nin Illinois eyalet meclisine sunulan, cocuklara mustehcen ve siddet icerikli bilgisayar oyunlari satisini yasaklamayi ongoren politika hareketini inceleyen bir vaka analizidir. Calismada, bu politika hareketi ile ilgili bilimsel calisma sonuclariyla birlikte medya ve lobilerin durusu tartisilmistir. Daha sonra, bu politika hareketi Illinois valisinin ideolojik pozisyonu acisindan ve Stolz’un ileri surmus oldugu “politikalarin dort sembolik fonksiyonu” perspektifinden incelenmistir. Cocuklara mustehcen ve siddet icerikli bilgisayar oyunu satisinin yasaklanmasinin, ceza adalet sistemine ekstra yuk getiren ve etkisiz bir politika oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Sonuc olarak, cocuklari korumak icin egitim temelli politikalarin yasaklama ve cezalandirmadan daha iyi bir politka stratejisi olacagi onerilmistir
* * * * Özet merika Birleik Devletleri'nde, son yõllarda, üniversite ö�rencilerinin eitim gör... more * * * * Özet merika Birleik Devletleri'nde, son yõllarda, üniversite ö�rencilerinin eitim görmekte olduklarõ programda devam etmeleri konusu ciddi bir problem haline gelmitir. Ö �rencilerin eitim gördükleri programda kalmalarõ ve programlarõnõ tamamlama oranlarõ son yirmi yõldõr azalmaktadõr. Bu problemin anla �õlabilmesi için New England bölgesinde bulunan bir Amerikan üniversitesinde bilimsel bir çalõ�ma yapõlmõ�tõr. Veri toplamak için nitel bir çalõ�ma
Dissertation Chair: Dr. Alida V. Merlo Dissertation Committee Members: Dr. Willard T. Austin, Dr.... more Dissertation Chair: Dr. Alida V. Merlo Dissertation Committee Members: Dr. Willard T. Austin, Dr. Dennis M. Giever, Dr. Daniel R. Lee, and Dr. Thomas H. Short
This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administra... more This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics 2003, two waves of Uniform Crime Report data, and the US Census 2000 data to examine whether the relationship between community policing and crime differs based on the agency size. To operationalize community policing, the authors employed factor analyses. The results yielded three dimensions for the construct of community policing. The multiple-regression analyses indicate that all dimensions of community policing have a significant relationship to crime rates in small agencies; whereas, in large agencies, only problem-solving partnership has a significant positive association with property and violent crime rates. The level of implementation of problem-solving partnership dimension has a positive effect on both small and large agencies, but this effect is more prominent for small agencies. These findings along with possible policy implications are discussed.
This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administra... more This study utilized three major data-sets consisting of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics 2003, two waves of Uniform Crime Report data, and the US Census 2000 data to examine whether the relationship between community policing and crime differs based on the agency size. To operationalize community policing, the authors employed factor analyses. The results yielded three dimensions for the construct of community policing. The multiple-regression analyses indicate that all dimensions of community policing have a significant relationship to crime rates in small agencies; whereas, in large agencies, only problem-solving partnership has a significant positive association with property and violent crime rates. The level of implementation of problem-solving partnership dimension has a positive effect on both small and large agencies, but this effect is more prominent for small agencies. These findings along with possible policy implications are discussed.
As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdi... more As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdistan’s Workers Party (PKK), has become so influential in the European political arena that it might tip the balance of the European Union’s policies on Turkey in its favour. Since too much attention has been given to the PKK’s activitis in Germany, the organization’s actions in Britain remain understudied, despite the fact that Britain has been a vital place in Kurdish politics and political lobbying activities. Drawing on fieldwork findings, this article attempts to explore both the evolution and the political activities of the PKK in Britain across three different timeframes, from 1984 until the present time. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the PKK has departed in recent years from its conventional terrorist activities and transformed into lobbying power that is likely to gain full legitimacy (i.e. being de-listed from terrorist organization lists) in the near future.
The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similari... more The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject , governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently , the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict's outcome.
Die Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und der Türkei können auf eine fast 70-jährige Geschichte zurüc... more Die Beziehungen zwischen der NATO und der Türkei können auf eine fast 70-jährige Geschichte zurückblicken. Diese ist nicht immer reibungslos und harmonisch verlaufen, vielmehr kann dieses Bündnis als die meiste Zeit bestenfalls problematisch beschrieben werden. Das bedeutet nicht unbedingt, dass beide Seiten nicht gegenseitig voneinander profitiert haben. Historisch am offensichtlichsten ist, dass die Türkei Schutz vor sowjetischer Aggression, beträchtliche militärische Unterstützung sowie wirtschaftliche Erleichterungen innerhalb des Marshallplans und Zugang türkischer Arbeiter*innen nach Westeuropa und insbesondere in Deutschland erhielt. Außerdem bedeutete die Mitgliedschaft der neugeborenen Republik im Bündnis, zumindest symbolisch, dass die Richtung des Landes in Richtung Westen ging. Im Gegenzug entsandte die NATO Truppen, errichtete Militärstützpunkte und Plattformen zur Sammlung nachrichtendienstlicher Erkenntnisse, kontrollierte den sowjetischen Zugang zum Mittelmeer, moderierte und managte die lang anhaltenden Streitigkeiten in der Ägäis zwischen Griechenland und der Türkei.
As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdi... more As of today, a highly mobilized Kurdish diaspora and its most prominent representative, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), has become so influential in the European political arena that it might tip the balance of the European Union’s policies on Turkey in its favor. Since too much attention has been given to the PKK’s activities in Germany, the organization’s actions in Britain remain understudied, despite the fact that Britain has been a vital place in Kurdish politics and political lobbying activities. Drawing on fieldwork findings, this article attempts to explore both the evolution and the political activities of the PKK in Britain across three different timeframes, from 1984 until the present time. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the PKK has departed in recent years from its conventional terrorist activities and transformed into a lobbying power that is likely to gain full legitimacy (i.e., being de-listed from terrorist organization lists) in the near future.
This article aims to shed light on contemporary Turkish politics vis-à-vis the corruption scandal... more This article aims to shed light on contemporary Turkish politics vis-à-vis the corruption scandals of 2013 that came to be called as the “17/25 December Graft Probe.” Its specific goal is to understand and explicate how Erdogan’s continued success in local and presidential elections in 2014 came about despite grave allegations of corruption, an iota of which could, under normal circumstances, bring down any government in any country that occupies even an epigeal locus on the democracy indices. To achieve this task, we will first explain what the 17/25 December Graft Probe was all about. Then, we will embark on a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of various speeches of Erdogan, which he made before and after December 17/25. Finally, we will try to make an estimative analysis of where Turkey might be heading in the upcoming months and years in light of the December 17/25, which marks a turning point in Turkey’s contentious politics.
Migration literature is dominated by studies on remittance practices of legal migrants. Due to un... more Migration literature is dominated by studies on remittance practices of legal migrants. Due to unavailability of data and difficulty in conducting studies with undocumented populations, understandably, remittances by irregular immigrants are understudied. In this study, we are presenting results from a recent field research to outline the work and remittance patterns of permanent, transit, and semi-transit irregular immigrants caught by authorities in Turkey while also relating it to the global financial crisis which has had a clear impact on remittance flows globally
Perception about terrorism over the globe has drastically shifted after 9/11. The U.S centered " ... more Perception about terrorism over the globe has drastically shifted after 9/11. The U.S centered " war on terrorism " approach dominates strategies in countering terrorism exploiting religion. It appears that the war on terrorism approach has brought enormous extent of unintended consequences and eased radicalization process. To generate a better strategy, research played a key role in countering terrorist group exploiting religious. In that sense, this paper aims to explore the relationship between the micro-level factors and involvement in violent acts in the Turkish Hizbullah, the notorious terrorist organization exploiting religion in Turkey. The biographies of 1500 Hizbullah members were the main data source. After a content analysis, biographies were coded in numbers and a data set was created. Logistic regression was conducted on this data set to predict the factors associated with violence. Results showed that age at time of joining the organization, number of years in the organization and unemployment significantly predict Turkish Hizbullah members who involve in violent acts.
Terrorism has been at the top of the security agenda in the globe since 9/11. Starting in 2010, A... more Terrorism has been at the top of the security agenda in the globe since 9/11. Starting in 2010, Arab rising has escalated tension in North Africa and Middle East. Several countries suddenly turned into conflict areas, and this situation sparked the idea of armed struggle for many people not only living in chaotic regions, but also people living in various Western countries. In response to this spreading problem, community policing has been implemented in various settings as a cure. Turkey has been fighting against all sorts of violent extremism and terrorism for over 40 years through different strategies. Community policing projects in countering violent extremism has been implemented since 2009. There are few studies to look at how it is implemented in the field. This study attempts to explore perception of community policing officer because to what extent community policing is implemented as it is intended strongly depends on perception of officers. For the study, totally 71 officers participated in face-to-face interviews from seven different cities of Turkey. Findings show that majority of community policing officers hold positive perception about community policing that is encouraging for the future success of the program. A few officers among those who have negative perception think that the philosophy of community policing is valuable, but activities that they are doing is not really a community policing activity. Rests of the officers (3) are totally against the idea of community policing in countering violent extremism.
Türkiye son yıllarda gösterdiği ekonomik gelişme sayesinde
göç veren toplumların hedef ülkesi kon... more Türkiye son yıllarda gösterdiği ekonomik gelişme sayesinde göç veren toplumların hedef ülkesi konumuna gelmiştir. Büyük şehirlerde kaçak göçmen olarak, eğitim için veya güvenlik gerekçeleriyle Afrika, Asya ve Ortadoğu ülkelerinden gelen insanların sayısı artmaktadır. Daha önceleri Türkiye bir transit ülke konumunda iken kaçak göçmenlerin ifadesiyle artık “varılacak durak” haline gelmiştir. Bu gelişmelerin yanında, 2011 yılında Suriye’de başlayan iç karışıklık ve bununönemli ölçüde Irak’a sıçraması çok hızlı ve yüksek sayıda göçmen, misafirve mültecinin ülkemize gelmesine neden olmuştur. TDP çok kültürlü,farklı etnik ve inanç yapısına sahip bölgelerde polislik yapmanın açmazına karşın ortaya çıkan bir stratejidir. Halen uluslararası kuruluşlarca, özellikle ihtilaflı coğrafyalar ve çatışma bölgelerinde uygulanması tavsiye edilen bir stratejidir. Son zamanlarda Türkiye’nin maruz kaldığı göç dalgası ve AB ile imzalanan geri kabul anlaşmasının sonuçları olarak artacak göçmen sayısı, Türk polis teşkilatının klasik polislik anlayışını değiştirmeye zorlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, hızla TDP felsefesi üzerinde kurgulanmış bir polis organizasyonuna ihtiyaç vardır. TDP bir kenara atılıp hafife alınmadan, eksiklikleri giderilmeli ve tüm polis teşkilatının yeniden yapılandırılmasında göz önüne alınmalıdır.
Kolluk kuvvetlerinin farklı ülkelerde uygulamış oldukları taktik ve stratejilerin ülkemize taşına... more Kolluk kuvvetlerinin farklı ülkelerde uygulamış oldukları taktik ve stratejilerin ülkemize taşınarak Türk Güvenlik sektöründeki gelişmelere katkıda bulunmayı hedeflediğimiz bu kitabın Kolluk Stratejileri konusuna ilgi duyan okuyuculara faydalı olacağını ümit ediyoruz. Kitapta yer alan kolluk stratejilerinin hepsi Birleşik Krallık ve ABD kökenli stratejilerdir. Bu anlamda kitaptaki her bir bölüm Anglo-Sakson felsefe ve anlayışının kolluk alanına yansımalarıdır diyebiliriz. Yerellik, kuvvetler ayrılığı, pragmatizm, şeffaflık, hesap verebilirlik ve bireyi merkeze alan yönetim ve hizmet anlayışının kolluktaki tezahürü olarak değerlendirebileceğimiz stratejilerin büyük bir bölümü, kıta Avrupa’sı başta olmak üzere dünyanın geri kalanı tarafından tamamen veya kısmen model olarak alınmış ve alınmaya devam etmektedir. Amerikan kapitalizminin bilim üzerinde kurduğu hegemonya, birçok ülke tarafından bilimsel çerçeve içinde ele alınmayan kolluk ve kolluk faaliyetlerini de markalaştırmayı başarmış ve bir anlamda kolluk alanıyla bilimi, pragmatik bir şekilde bir araya getirerek, kolluk stratejilerini de ihraç edilebilir bir meta haline getirmiştir. Bugün dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında toplumu bir şekilde ortak, hedef, müşteri vb. rollerle güvenlik hizmetlerinin bir yerinde değerlendiren kolluk, yaptığı bu faaliyetleri Anglo-sakson menşeli toplum odaklı polislik markasıyla sunmaya çalışmaktadır. Nijerya’dan Malezya’ya, Türkiye’den Avustralya’ya kadar değişik toplum odaklı (destekli) polislik pratiklerinin uygulandığını görmekteyiz. Bazı ülkelerin kültürel olarak yıllardır uygulaya geldikleri; bekçilik, komşu kollama, mahalle kontrolü gibi pratikler el yordamıyla uygulanıp bilimsel bakışla buluşamadığı için dünya sahnesinde kendini anlatmaya çalıştığında, Anglo-sakson yapımı pakete sarılmak zorunda kalmaktadır. Bu farklı pratikler paketlenmiş olsa bile bu defada yeterince Anglo-sakson stratejinin kavranamadığı eleştirisinden çoğunlukla kurtulamamaktadır. Türkiye gibi kendi özüne ait değer, uygulama, teknoloji ve model üretmekte pek doğurgan olmayan ülkelerin kolluk alanında da bu kısırlığı yaşadığını söyleyebiliriz. Her ne kadar Türkiye’de kolluktaki ilerlemeler diğer sektörlere kıyasla görece iyi olsa bile, bu kitapta anlatılan hiçbir strateji, stratejinin öngördüğü prensipler doğrultusunda uygulan(a)mamaktadır.
Bu kitabı oluşturan her bir bölüm, temelde ABD’de uygulanmış olan çok çeşitli suç önleme programl... more Bu kitabı oluşturan her bir bölüm, temelde ABD’de uygulanmış olan çok çeşitli suç önleme programlarından birini ele almıştır, bu programların aynısı veya benzerleri Türkiye’de uygulanıyorsa, Türkiye’deki uygulamalar hakkında da bilgi verilmiştir. Bölümler ele aldıkları suç önleme programı ile ilgili yapılan bilimsel çalışmaları, bilimsel yöntem açısından analiz ederek, söz konusu program ve uygulamanın suç önlemede ne kadar etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Kısacası, kitap suç önlemede kullanılan 10 değişik programın, suçu önleme konusunda işe yarayıp yaramadığını bilimsel kanıtlar ışığında okuyucuya sunmaktadır. Sherman, Farringtion, Welsh, & MacKenzie’nin (1997) oluşturduğu, Maryland Bilimsel Metot Skoru (BMS) kullanılarak, suç önleme programlarını inceleyen bilimsel çalışmaların sonuçları standard bir hale getirilmiş ve herkesçe kolayca anlaşılabilecek şekilde; işe yarayanlar, işe yarayabilecekler ve işe yaramayanlar şeklinde üç kategoride sunulmuştur. BMS ile her bir program değerlendirme araştırması, kullandığı bilimsel yöntemin gücü ve bilimsel geçerlilik tehditlerine göre derecelendirilmiştir. BMS’nin güzelliği; deneysel, yarı deneysel ve deneysel olmayan şeklinde çeşitli araştırma deseni kullanan çalışmaları 1 ile 5 arasında değişen, bilimsel geçerliliğe olan tehditlerin en az olduğu çalışmanın 5 puan aldığı kolay anlaşılır bir halde okuyucuya sunmasıdır. Bu ölçek, bilimsel yöntem açısından zayıf olan araştırma sonuçlarına dayanarak, aslında işe yaramayan suç önleme programlarının devam ettirilmesi riskini en aza indirmektedir. Bir suç önleme uygulamasının işe yarayabilecekler (ümit verici) sınıfına girebilmesi için sonuçlarının programın başarılı olduğu yönünde olması ve BMS’sinin 3 olması gerekmektedir. İşe yarayan (etkili) bir program sayılması içinse, değerlendirme çalışmasının sonuçlarının yine programın başarılı olduğunu göstermesi ve BMS’den 4 veya 5 puan almış olması gerekir. BMS olarak 1veya 2 puan almış çalışmaların sonuçları nasıl olursa olsun (başarılı veya başarısız) bilimsel olarak güvenilir kabul edilmemektedir. BMS ölçeği bilim dünyası içinde olmayan ancak program, proje ve uygulamaların yapılmasına, devam ettirilmesine veya tamamen durdurulmasını karara bağlayan bürokratlar ve politikacılar için çok önemli bir enstrümandır.
The 9/11 terrorist attacks triggered a lot of milestones about terrorism. One of which is the fir... more The 9/11 terrorist attacks triggered a lot of milestones about terrorism. One of which is the first invocation of article 5 of the Washington treaty that is known as the NATO Alliance's collective defense clause. Since September 11, 2001, NATO has been engaged in counterterrorism efforts. The emerging and developing feature of international and borderless terrorism needs international cooperation to struggle with this threat. NATO has been working with partners around the world such as UN, EU and OSCE. This paper explains how these international entities expend their efforts in countering terrorism.
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Papers by Mehmet Alper SÖZER
sowjetischer Aggression, beträchtliche militärische Unterstützung sowie wirtschaftliche Erleichterungen innerhalb des Marshallplans und Zugang türkischer Arbeiter*innen nach Westeuropa und insbesondere in Deutschland erhielt. Außerdem bedeutete die Mitgliedschaft der neugeborenen Republik im Bündnis, zumindest symbolisch, dass die Richtung des Landes in Richtung Westen ging. Im Gegenzug entsandte die NATO Truppen, errichtete Militärstützpunkte und Plattformen zur Sammlung nachrichtendienstlicher Erkenntnisse, kontrollierte den sowjetischen Zugang zum Mittelmeer, moderierte und managte die
lang anhaltenden Streitigkeiten in der Ägäis zwischen Griechenland und der Türkei.
2013 that came to be called as the “17/25 December Graft Probe.” Its specific goal is to understand
and explicate how Erdogan’s continued success in local and presidential elections in 2014 came
about despite grave allegations of corruption, an iota of which could, under normal circumstances,
bring down any government in any country that occupies even an epigeal locus on the democracy
indices. To achieve this task, we will first explain what the 17/25 December Graft Probe was all
about. Then, we will embark on a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of various speeches of Erdogan,
which he made before and after December 17/25. Finally, we will try to make an estimative analysis
of where Turkey might be heading in the upcoming months and years in light of the December
17/25, which marks a turning point in Turkey’s contentious politics.
sowjetischer Aggression, beträchtliche militärische Unterstützung sowie wirtschaftliche Erleichterungen innerhalb des Marshallplans und Zugang türkischer Arbeiter*innen nach Westeuropa und insbesondere in Deutschland erhielt. Außerdem bedeutete die Mitgliedschaft der neugeborenen Republik im Bündnis, zumindest symbolisch, dass die Richtung des Landes in Richtung Westen ging. Im Gegenzug entsandte die NATO Truppen, errichtete Militärstützpunkte und Plattformen zur Sammlung nachrichtendienstlicher Erkenntnisse, kontrollierte den sowjetischen Zugang zum Mittelmeer, moderierte und managte die
lang anhaltenden Streitigkeiten in der Ägäis zwischen Griechenland und der Türkei.
2013 that came to be called as the “17/25 December Graft Probe.” Its specific goal is to understand
and explicate how Erdogan’s continued success in local and presidential elections in 2014 came
about despite grave allegations of corruption, an iota of which could, under normal circumstances,
bring down any government in any country that occupies even an epigeal locus on the democracy
indices. To achieve this task, we will first explain what the 17/25 December Graft Probe was all
about. Then, we will embark on a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of various speeches of Erdogan,
which he made before and after December 17/25. Finally, we will try to make an estimative analysis
of where Turkey might be heading in the upcoming months and years in light of the December
17/25, which marks a turning point in Turkey’s contentious politics.
göç veren toplumların hedef ülkesi konumuna gelmiştir. Büyük
şehirlerde kaçak göçmen olarak, eğitim için veya güvenlik gerekçeleriyle
Afrika, Asya ve Ortadoğu ülkelerinden gelen insanların sayısı artmaktadır.
Daha önceleri Türkiye bir transit ülke konumunda iken kaçak göçmenlerin ifadesiyle artık “varılacak durak” haline gelmiştir. Bu gelişmelerin yanında, 2011 yılında Suriye’de başlayan iç karışıklık ve bununönemli ölçüde Irak’a sıçraması çok hızlı ve yüksek sayıda göçmen, misafirve mültecinin ülkemize gelmesine neden olmuştur. TDP çok kültürlü,farklı etnik ve inanç yapısına sahip bölgelerde polislik yapmanın açmazına karşın ortaya çıkan bir stratejidir. Halen uluslararası kuruluşlarca, özellikle ihtilaflı coğrafyalar ve çatışma bölgelerinde uygulanması tavsiye edilen bir stratejidir. Son zamanlarda Türkiye’nin maruz kaldığı göç dalgası ve AB ile imzalanan geri kabul anlaşmasının sonuçları olarak artacak göçmen sayısı, Türk polis teşkilatının klasik polislik anlayışını değiştirmeye zorlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, hızla TDP felsefesi üzerinde kurgulanmış bir polis organizasyonuna ihtiyaç vardır. TDP bir kenara atılıp hafife alınmadan, eksiklikleri giderilmeli ve tüm polis teşkilatının yeniden yapılandırılmasında göz önüne alınmalıdır.
Kitapta yer alan kolluk stratejilerinin hepsi Birleşik Krallık ve ABD kökenli stratejilerdir. Bu anlamda kitaptaki her bir bölüm Anglo-Sakson felsefe ve anlayışının kolluk alanına yansımalarıdır diyebiliriz. Yerellik, kuvvetler ayrılığı, pragmatizm, şeffaflık, hesap verebilirlik ve bireyi merkeze alan yönetim ve hizmet anlayışının kolluktaki tezahürü olarak değerlendirebileceğimiz stratejilerin büyük bir bölümü, kıta Avrupa’sı başta olmak üzere dünyanın geri kalanı tarafından tamamen veya kısmen model olarak alınmış ve alınmaya devam etmektedir. Amerikan kapitalizminin bilim üzerinde kurduğu hegemonya, birçok ülke tarafından bilimsel çerçeve içinde ele alınmayan kolluk ve kolluk faaliyetlerini de markalaştırmayı başarmış ve bir anlamda kolluk alanıyla bilimi, pragmatik bir şekilde bir araya getirerek, kolluk stratejilerini de ihraç edilebilir bir meta haline getirmiştir. Bugün dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında toplumu bir şekilde ortak, hedef, müşteri vb. rollerle güvenlik hizmetlerinin bir yerinde değerlendiren kolluk, yaptığı bu faaliyetleri Anglo-sakson menşeli toplum odaklı polislik markasıyla sunmaya çalışmaktadır.
Nijerya’dan Malezya’ya, Türkiye’den Avustralya’ya kadar değişik toplum odaklı (destekli) polislik pratiklerinin uygulandığını görmekteyiz. Bazı ülkelerin kültürel olarak yıllardır uygulaya geldikleri; bekçilik, komşu kollama, mahalle kontrolü gibi pratikler el yordamıyla uygulanıp bilimsel bakışla buluşamadığı için dünya sahnesinde kendini anlatmaya çalıştığında, Anglo-sakson yapımı pakete sarılmak zorunda kalmaktadır. Bu farklı pratikler paketlenmiş olsa bile bu defada yeterince Anglo-sakson stratejinin kavranamadığı eleştirisinden çoğunlukla kurtulamamaktadır.
Türkiye gibi kendi özüne ait değer, uygulama, teknoloji ve model üretmekte pek doğurgan olmayan ülkelerin kolluk alanında da bu kısırlığı yaşadığını söyleyebiliriz. Her ne kadar Türkiye’de kolluktaki ilerlemeler diğer sektörlere kıyasla görece iyi olsa bile, bu kitapta anlatılan hiçbir strateji, stratejinin öngördüğü prensipler doğrultusunda uygulan(a)mamaktadır.
Sherman, Farringtion, Welsh, & MacKenzie’nin (1997) oluşturduğu, Maryland Bilimsel Metot Skoru (BMS) kullanılarak, suç önleme programlarını inceleyen bilimsel çalışmaların sonuçları standard bir hale getirilmiş ve herkesçe kolayca anlaşılabilecek şekilde; işe yarayanlar, işe yarayabilecekler ve işe yaramayanlar şeklinde üç kategoride sunulmuştur. BMS ile her bir program değerlendirme araştırması, kullandığı bilimsel yöntemin gücü ve bilimsel geçerlilik tehditlerine göre derecelendirilmiştir.
BMS’nin güzelliği; deneysel, yarı deneysel ve deneysel olmayan şeklinde çeşitli araştırma deseni kullanan çalışmaları 1 ile 5 arasında değişen, bilimsel geçerliliğe olan tehditlerin en az olduğu çalışmanın 5 puan aldığı kolay anlaşılır bir halde okuyucuya sunmasıdır.
Bu ölçek, bilimsel yöntem açısından zayıf olan araştırma sonuçlarına dayanarak, aslında işe yaramayan suç önleme programlarının devam ettirilmesi riskini en aza indirmektedir. Bir suç önleme uygulamasının işe yarayabilecekler (ümit verici) sınıfına girebilmesi için sonuçlarının programın başarılı olduğu yönünde olması ve BMS’sinin 3 olması gerekmektedir. İşe yarayan (etkili) bir program sayılması içinse, değerlendirme çalışmasının sonuçlarının yine programın başarılı olduğunu göstermesi ve BMS’den 4 veya 5 puan almış olması gerekir. BMS olarak 1veya 2 puan almış çalışmaların sonuçları nasıl olursa olsun (başarılı veya başarısız) bilimsel olarak güvenilir kabul edilmemektedir.
BMS ölçeği bilim dünyası içinde olmayan ancak program, proje ve uygulamaların yapılmasına, devam ettirilmesine veya tamamen durdurulmasını karara bağlayan bürokratlar ve politikacılar için çok önemli bir enstrümandır.