Kurdish history

Öz: Çaldıran Savaşı'ndan kısa bir süre sonra Osmanlı hâkimiyetine giren Varto bölgesi, Hınıs ve Handırıs ile birlikte Bitlis sancağına bağlandı. 1540 yılına kadar Bitlis sancağına bağlı kalan Varto, Erzurum eyaletinin teşkili ve Hınıs'ın buraya tabi bir sancak haline getirilmesinden sonra Hınıs'ın bir nahiyesi haline getirildi. Varto'nun Hınıs'ın nahiyesi olarak idari teşkilattaki varlığı 19. yüzyıl ortasına kadar devam etti. 19. yüzyıl ortalarında Muş'a bağlanan Varto, önce nahiye daha sonra kaza olarak idare edildi. Bu çalışmada, günümüzde Muş'a bağlı bir ilçe merkezi olan Varto'nun 17. yüzyıl ortalarındaki idarî, sosyal, yerleşim, nüfus ve aşiret yapısı dört avârız defterine (1642, 1643, 1645 ve 1650) göre incelenmiştir. 17. yüzyılda Varto'da kaç köy olduğu, bu köylerde kimlerin veya hangi aşiretlerin yaşadığı, devlet merkezine ne kadar vergi verdikleri sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Ayrıca 16. yüzyıla ait tahrir defteri verileri kullanılarak iki yüzyıl arasında karşılaştırmalar da yapılmıştır.
Abstract: The Varto region, which came under Ottoman rule shortly after the Battle of Çaldıran, was connected to the sanjak of Bitlis with Hınıs and Handırıs. Varto, which remained under the sanjak of Bitlis until 1540, was transformed into a sub-district of Hınıs after the formation of the province of Erzurum and the transformation of Hınıs into a sanjak of it. Varto's presence in the administrative organization as the sub-district of Hınıs continued until the mid-19 th century. Being connected to Mush in the mid-19 th century, Varto was first ruled as a sub-district and then as a district. In this study, the mid-17 th century administrative, social, settlement, population and tribal structure of Varto, which is currently a central district of Mush, was examined according to four avârız registers (1642, 1643, 1645 and 1650). Answers for the questions "How many villages were there in Varto in the 17 th century?", "Who or what tribes lived in these villages?", and "How much tax did they pay the state center?" were sought. In addition, comparisons were made between the 16th and 17 th centuries by using the 16 th century tahrir registers data.

ქურთების საკითხი ერთ-ერთ რთულ და გადაუჭრელ პრობლემად ითვლება ახლო აღმოსავლეთის რეგიონში. მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ ქურთები რეგიონში მრავალი საუკუნეა ცხოვრობენ, მათ დღემდე არ გააჩნიათ საკუთარი სახელმწიფო. სხვადასხვა სტატისტიკური მონაცემების მიხედვით მსოფლიოში 35-45 მილიონამდე ქურთია. რეგიონში ისინი წარმოდგენილნი არიან ოთხ სახელმწიფოში, ესენია: თურქეთი, ერაყი, სირია და ირანი. ირანში მცხოვრები ქურთები, რომლებიც სხვა დანარჩენი ქურთების მსგავსად ავტონომიის მოთხოვნით გამოდიან, ხშირად აწყდებიან წინააღმდეგობებს ირანის ხელისუფლების მხრიდან, რის გამოც მთავრობამ ეთნიკურ ნიადაგზე აღმოცენებული პარტიები და დაჯგუფებები საერთოდ აკრძალა ქვეყანაში. ავტონომიისა და დამოუკიდებლობის მოპოვების მიზნით, გასულ საუკუნეში, ირანში რამდენიმე ქურთული პოლიტიკური პარტია ჩამოყალიბდა. ისინი ავტონომიის მოპოვების გარდა ირანის დემოკრატიულ, სეკულარულ და ფედერაციულ სახელმწიფოდ გარდაქმნას უჭერენ მხარს. ქურთულ პოლიტიკურ პარტიებსა და დაჯგუფებებს მნიშვნელოვანი როლი აკისრიათ, რადგანაც ქურთული იდენტობის შენარჩუნება მათი აქტიური პოლიტიკური და სამხედრო საქმი- ანობის შედეგია. ირანელი ქურთების მიერ შექმნილი პარტიები თურქეთის, სირიისა და ერაყის ქურთულ დაჯგუფებებთან ერთად აქტიურად იბრძვიან ისლამური სახელმწიფოს წინააღმდეგ.

საკვანძო სიტყვები: ახლო აღმოსავლეთი, ქურთები, ირანელი ქურთები, ქურთისტანი, ქურთული პარტიები.

The Kurdish question is considered one of the most difficult and unresolved issues in the Middle East region. Although the Kurds have lived in this region for many centuries, they still do not have their own state. According to various statistics, there are 35-45 million Kurds scattered in the world. In the region, they are represented in four countries: Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran. Kurds living in Iran, who, like other Kurds, demand autonomy, often face resentment from the Iranian government, which is why the government has banned ethnic parties and groups in the country. To gain autonomy and independence, several Kurdish political parties were formed in Iran during the last century. Other than gaining autonomy, they also support the transformation of Iran into a democratic, secular and federal state. Kurdish political parties and groups play an important role as the preservation of Kurdish identity is the result of their strong engagement in political and military activities. The parties formed by Iranian Kurds, along with Kurdish groups in Turkey, Syria and Iraq, are actively fighting the Islamic State.

Keywords: The Middle East, Kurds, Iranian Kurds, Kurdistan, Kurdish Parties

This paper argues that the fact that the Kurds have no nation-state of their own cannot be explained by sheer failure on the part of the Kurdish nobility, but the element of deliberate choice to avoid and evade the state is also involved. Although this is not a mainstream understanding of freedom and independence in the era of nationalism, it is clearly a no less valuable line of thought in Kurdistan. The rationale is that once one bows to a higher authority it does not matter if this authority is foreign or familiar; it is still domination and subordination.
The paper highlights a number of historical moments in order to demonstrate that the Kurds did not only resist incorporation in state-structures when they were pressured to do so, but they also prevented “states from springing up among them (Scott 2099; X).” for most parts of their history from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. The paper emphasizes that although the Kurds built alliances with stronger political powers, they refrained from alienating their political will to them; they remained loyal to local/regional authorities and small-scale political communities in Kurdistan; they took refuge in the mountains to keep the State away, and they crossed borders of (nation-)states with little regard for their legitimacy, all of which indicate that statelessness for the Kurds involves choice as well

Abstract:
Scholarship on Kurdish history discusses the boundaries of Kurdistan in terms of its geographical limits and the political frontier. Be it geographical or political, most of these works present the limits of Kurdish lands more or less the same. While almost every modern study on the region elaborates on the boundaries of Kurdistan, the scholarship is silent about different versions of the name as well as the changing geographical boundaries and the center of Kurdistan throughout of centuries. In this article I shall not discuss where Kurdistan is and what the borders of the region are since numerous sources and maps already give enough information about this question. The question I am interested in here is what and where the Ottoman)not only the Turks but also the other ethnic groups lived inside of the Empire's borders (and European sources meant when they were referring to " Kurdistan " during the early modern period.

Kurte:
Xebatên li ser tarîxa kurdî sînorên Kurdistanê di çarçoveya sînorên erdnîgarî û siyasî de nîqaş dikin. Çi erdnîgarî çi siyasî, piraniya van lêkolînan sînorên erdê kurdan kêm zêde wekî hev pêşkêş dikin. Her çend teqrîben hemû lêkolînên nûjen ku derheqê vê herêmê de hatine kirin li ser sînorên Kurdistanê bisekinin jî, xebaten akademîk hem derbarê terzên cuda yên navê wê de hem derbarê tixûbên erdnîgarî yên guherbar û herwiha li ser merkeza Kurdistanê ya sedsalên cuda de bêdeng in. Di vê xebatê de bala min ji sînoran zêdetir li ser ferasetê ye. Ez ê hewl bidim bersivekê bo vê pirsê peyda bikim ka gelo beriya dewra nûjen, gava ku osmanî û ewrupayî digot “Kurdistan”, mebesta wan çi û kû der bû?

Öz:
Osmanlı dönemi Kürt tarihi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar Kürdistan’dan bahsederken daha ziyade coğrafi ve siyasi sınırlarına odaklanmaktadır. Coğrafi ya da siyasi olsun, bu çalışmalar Kürt bölgelerini ele alırken benzer sınırlar sunmaktadırlar. Modern çalışmaların hemen hepsi sınırlara önem atfederken, bunlar yüzyıllar içinde “Kürdistan” isminin farklı versiyonları ve de coğrafi sınırlarla merkezin değişkenliği meselesi üzerinde fazla durmamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada Kürdistan’ın nerede olduğundan ve sınırlarının nereden geçtiği sorusuna odaklanmayacağız. Bu hususa değinen yeteri kadar kaynak ve harita mevcuttur. Burada, Batılı ve Osmanlı (Türkçe olanlarının yanı sıra aynı zamanda imparatorluk sınırları içinde diğer dillerde yazılan) kaynaklarının “Kürdistan”dan bahsederken neye ve nereye işaret ettiklerini sorunsallaştırmaya çalışacağız.

At the end of the Second Gulf War in early 1991, the Kurdish people in Iraq rose against Saddam Hussein’s regime by liberating most of the areas inhabited by them. However, within a few weeks, the uprising was crushed. The Iraqi army’s attack on Kurdish cities and villages and its retaliation against the Kurdish forces and civilians led to a mass exodus of the Kurds to Iran and Turkey. The international community’s intervention resulted in the creation of the northern no-fly-zone by the UN Security Council. This facilitated the return of most of Kurdish refugees back to their habitat. But the continued pressure by the Kurds on the regime forced the government to withdraw its forces, as well as the administrative units from parts of Kurdistan in October 1991. The Kurds then filled the vacuum created by holding elections in 1992, and thus began self-governance in the region.The areas under the control of Kurdish authorities since then came to be known as the Kurdistan Region (RG) which was a self-declared federal region in Iraq until 2005 when the Iraqi constitution officially recognized the region of Kurdistan, along with its existing authorities, as a federal region in Iraq.
The KR is located in north and north eastern parts of Iraq, Syria is to the west, Iran to the east, and Turkey to the north. Its area is 40,643 square kilometers with population of 5,351,276 (estimated). The city of Erbil is the capital of the Region. Kurdish and Arabic are the official languages in the Region. However, Turkmeni, Assyrian and Armenian are also used by the respective communities in some areas. In addition to Kurds a diverse collection of ethnic and religious groups live side-by-side in the Region — including Arabs, Turkmen, Chaldeans, Syriacs, Assyrians, Yazidis, Kakayi and Shabaks. The region is geographically diverse, from hot plains to cooler mountainous areas where snow falls in the winter.

ABSTRACT


This dissertation is concerned with the sufistic hermeneutics of mahwi’s poem. It is an attempt to read his Kurdish poems, amid theoretical reading of Islamic interpretation and western. Thus some unclear textual meaning can be interpreted. Because of that, the study is divided in to an introduction and three chapters.
The introduction deals with the relation between the term hermeneutics and Islamic interpretation, rhetoric, and aesthetic interpretations.
Chapter one is entitled to” The Text between pleasure and hermeneutics” This chapter is classified into two sections. The first section is about Ghazal as a Sufistic inheritance for the interpretations means. It sheds a light on the query of heavenly and earthly love and the relation to hermeneutic text as well as feminization of text and conceiving pregnancy by beauty query from gracefulness, perfection, lordliness of God to human being.
Whereas the second section studies wine as a source of sufistic hermeneutics. It also deals about hermeneutic reading of wine, its problems of interpretation reasons behind using wine in sufistic texts, its relation with glow, presence or absence of love partner, flute, house of perfection, and features of moral wine.
Chapter two focuses on hermenutic phenomenology, where  phenomenology has become source or means for hermeneutics to find unclear textual meanings. The first section of chapter two describes the intentions of poet text, and the experience of poet’s life. It studies the ways to understand mahwi’s intentions, It also explains that through phenomenology there is hermeneutic reading for the indications of existence, freedom, nothingness, passing away, murdering, and cessation of being.
Chapter three is devoted to hermeneutic semiology, where semiology as a science that studies signs and symbols has become a source and means so as to make hermeneutic reading for some signifiers and where by obtain different meanings. For this purpose, the first section is about the query of selfness, selfishness, and poets attention for the use of first person pronoun(I) as a signifier that an device different meanings. Later, this signifier were read hermeneutically, furthermore, they were textually, and terminologically used as hermeneutic source. In the second section logic is studied as a source for semiology and its changing meanings to hermeneutic and later there are hermeneutic reading for some signifiers.
Finally the thesis studies sufistic essaying, and  hermeneutic problems. In these chapter, it is attempted to have different reading for Mahwi’s Kurdish texts while considering sufistic essaying. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion and results. 

ملخص الأطروحة

هذه الأطروحة الموسومة بـ (هرمنيوطيقا شعر محوى الصوفي) تعدّ محاولة لقراءة الأشعار الصوفية للشاعر الكوردي الشهير بـ(محوى)، إذ إنّها تركّز على الجوانب التأويلية لهذه الاشعار، في ظلّ النظريات التأويليّة الإسلامية، والهرمنيوطيقا الغربية، والغرض من ذلك: كشفُ أبعاد خفية كثيرة للنصوص، وإدراك المعاني والدلالات التي يتضمنها، ولا يمكن التوصل إليها إلا بالتأويل.
وتكوّنت الأطروحة من: مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة فصول، مع نتائج مهمة توصل إليها البحث.
ففي المقدمة تناول البحثُ تعريف الموضوع-والعنوان محددا- مختصراً، وتطرقَ إلى أسباب اختياره وأهميته، وحدوده، وذكر الصعوبات والعوائق التي واجهت طريقه، ومن ثَمَّ بيان خطة العمل فيه.
وفي التمهيد: تناول البحثُ تعريفَ مصطلح (الهرمنيوطيقا) قديماً وحديثاً، وبيانَ صلتها بالتأويل الإسلامي، وعلم البلاغة، وفن الجمال، ثم توضيح علاقة الهرمنيوطيقا بمناهج ما بعد البُنيوية.
وقد خصّص الفصل الأول لـ(النص بين اللذة والهرمنيوطيقا)، وذلك ضمن مبحثين، فجعل المبحث الأول للغزل كميراث للتصوف وألية للتأويل الشعري، واشتمل ذلك على: الحديث عن مسألة الحُبّ والعشق السماوي والأرضي، وعلاقتهما بتأويلية النصّ، ومن ثمّ أنوثية النصّ وما تحمله من مسائل الجمال في (الجمال والكمال والجلال الإلهية)، إلى جمالية الإنسان. أما المبحث الثاني فجعل لمسألة الشراب كمصدر للهرمنيوطيقا الصوفية، وفيه قراءة تأويلية لمفهوم الشراب، وتباين وجهات نظر المؤولين فيه، وذكرُ أسباب استعماله في نصوص الصوفية، وعلاقة هذا المصطلح بالنور والنار، وحضور المعشوق وغيابه، وأهل الكمال، وكذلك صلته بالني، والتطرق أيضاً إلى بعض سمات الشراب المعنوى في أشعار محوى الصوفية. 
و خصّصت الفصل الثاني للكلام عن الهرمنيوطيقا الظاهراتية، إذ إنّ الظاهراتية النقدية تعدّ أداة مهمة للتأويل، فإنها تكشف فجوات معانية في النصوص ومسافات دلالية في الخطاب، ومن هنا تضمن هذا الفصل مبحثين: فجعل في المبحث الأول لمفهوم قصدية الشعر والنص، وتجربة الحياة، وذكر الوسائل والقرائن التي لها دور كبير لفهم قصدية شعر محوى الصوفي. وفي المبحث الثانى حاول البحث أن يدرس ظاهراتياً عن مسألة الوجود والعدم، والذهاب إلى الموت، وإلى القتل والشهادة بأيدى المعشوق عند الشاعر، ومن ثمَّ قراءة تأويلية عن تلك الظواهر النادرة الخاصة بخطاب التصوف عند محوي.
أما الفصل الثالث فقد خصّص للتأويلية السيميائية، مبيّناً أثر السميائية-الدال والمدلول- في تأويل بعض أشعار محوي الكردية، واشتمل هذا الفصل على ثلاثة مباحث، فخصص المبحث الأول للكلام على علم المنطق كأداة للتأويلية، إذ موضحا أنّ الشاعر استعمل مصطلحات منطقية، ويمكن النظر إليها من حيثيتين: من حيث المعنى السيميائي، ومن حيث المعنى التأويلي. وجعل المبحث الثاني لـ(أنا) وذاتية الشاعر كبعدٍ للتأويل، متطرقاً إلى صلة (الأنا) بمضمون النصوص لدى محوى، وكذلك التركيز على علاقة (الأنا) بالدال الذي له دور في احتجاب المعاني الشعرية، ونضوج التأويل فيها. وجعل المبحث الثالث للكلام على خطاب التصوف وإشكالية الـتأويل والمعنى، مركّزاً على إشكالية قراءة نصوص محوى الشعرية، وباطنية النص واحتجاب المعنى، مبيناً أيضاً أهمية التأويل عند محوى.    وجاءت الخاتمة لذكر أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها الأطروحة.

In this blog post, published on the British Library's Asian and African Studies blog on 12 November 2019. In it, I look at the reasons for which a large corpus of manuscript material did not develop, as it did for the Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Syriac or Arabic, and how this is reflected in the manuscript holdings of the British Library.

Мировое сообщество в течение десятков лет подвергалось и подвергается непрерывной промывке мозгов,  когда утверждается, что отсутствие приемлемого  решения арабо-израильского конфликта является основным, чуть ли не единственным препятствием для урегулирования проблем Ближнего Востока и достижения мира и благоденствия во всем мире.
Такая пропаганда скрывает, в лучшем случае, упрощенный, а в худшем циничный подход, основанный на смеси заинтересованности в арабской нефти, в политической и экономической поддержке арабских стран и самого обыкновенного и элементарно примитивного антисемитизма... Однако был целый ряд независимых специалистов по Ближнему Востоку, которые не только отвергали это мнение, но и указывали на настоящие проблемы, характерные для Ближнего Востока, на их истинные причины, и на возможные пути решения этих проблем... Старый Ближний Восток был создан англичанами и французами,  учитывая, помимо собственных, в основном интересы лишь одной из многих этнических и религиозных групп местного населения – арабов суннитов. Эта группа населения действительно наиболее многочисленная, однако, как мы увидим далее, она составляет лишь четвертую часть жителей всего Ближнего Востока... Происходящие сейчас на наших глазах внутренние межэтнические и межрелигиозные столкновения в странах Ближнего Востока, связанны с объективными причинами... Принимая во внимание соотношение как внутренних, так и внешних сил, действующих в наше время на Ближнем Востоке, можно предположить, что процессы распада существующих государств и создания нового баланса сил будут продолжаться. В какой-то степени на Ближнем Востоке, только в ускоренном темпе, повторяется исторический процесс, происходивший в Европе после наполеоновских войн.
События на Ближнем Востоке, возможно, являются предвестниками подобных процессов, которые могут повториться во всех тех местах, где границы вновь созданных стран были установлены не естественным путем, а по прихоти тех или иных внешних сил... Поэтому, разговоры о том, что урегулирование арабо-израильского конфликта путем территориальных уступок Еврейского государства,  является ключевым для решения проблем Ближнего Востока, совершенно оторваны от действительности. Такие уступки ставят под угрозу не только оборонные возможности Израиля, но и само его существование.
Израиль, внимательно наблюдая за изменениями соотношения разных сил на Ближнем Востоке, должен поддержать те из них, с которыми сможет создать условия, обеспечивающие его безопасность и процветание на многие поколения вперед.

Tarihsel Süreç içerisinde Kürdistan coğrafyasında Pek çok Emirlik kurulmuş bu emirlikler Kürt Tarihini, coğrafi yapısını ve siyasi hayatını oluşturmuştur, bu Emirliklerden Botan Emirliği, Etki alanı bugünkü Kuzey Kürdistan'da yer alan Cizre bölgesi olmuştur, Varlığı 13.yüzyıldan Osmanlının son dönemine kadar sürdüren emirlik Bedirhan bey döneminde en güçlü dönemini yaşamıştır, Osmanlı devletinin teşvikiyle Kadim topraklarında yaşayan Asuriler katliamlara maruz kalmış ve bu süreç Emirliğin sonunu hazırlamıştır, Bu çalışmamızda Diğer Kürt emirliklerine nazaran Coğrafyası nedeniyle pek çok tarihi olayla anılan Botan emirliğinin Tarihini ve Bedirhan dönemini kısaca irdelemeye çalıştık.

This chapter focuses on the Iraqi Kurdish response to the rapid and devastating advance of ISIS. Of course, the Iraqi Kurdish response to the ISIS advance has been a multifaceted, complex, and evolving one that includes military strategy, pragmatic politics, and aspirations of independence. Leaving aside the fact that the ISIS advance has granted the Iraqi Kurds unprecedented access to Iraq’s rich oil reserves and the fact that the initial Kurdish reaction was to ramp up their rhetoric toward complete secession from Iraq, this chapter focuses on two further dimensions of the Iraqi Kurdish response. Firstly, it documents the Iraqi Kurdish seizure of the so-called “disputed territories,” especially
Kirkuk, and their stated intent to hold a referendum on the future of these
regions (effectively to force a resolution to Article 140 of the constitution). Secondly, the chapter documents the Iraqi Kurdish use of the ISIS advance as leverage to enhance Kurdish relations dramatically with the US and Europe via direct military support (including airstrikes and weapons supply) and to become the key launchpad
in the fight against ISIS planned for 2015. The chapter concludes by briefly assessing the efficacy and wisdom of the Kurdish strategy of leveraging the ISIS onslaught to advance their own interests.

Abstract

Classical Gorani literature is believed to be the oldest Kurdish literary tradition which under the patronage of the Ardalans developed into a “literary koinè” in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. However, despite its antiquity and significance in the history of Kurdish literature, it has remained largely under-studied. It is against this backdrop that I offer an overview of Gorani literature, its history of development, and main literary characteristics in this article. Through extensive text analysis I examine the classical Gorani poetry for its major genres and forms and predominant themes and images. I study Gorani oral and written literature and their interactions, and the role it played in Kurdish poetic modernisation in the twentieth century.

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This book scrutinizes the transformation of pro-Kurdish political parties in Turkey from an ethno-national stance to a civic one promoting integration to the wider society, known as "Turkiyelilesme" (Turkeyfication). For an ethno-national movement, it is a renunciation from secessionism which also influences the public debate on the definitions and practices of citizenship in Turkey. This transformation is investigated in the elite discourse via the party manifesto, parliamentary debates and in-depth interviews with its MPs and in its voters' views based on a field research conducted in 2010. The author observes a tension between the ethnic priorities of the voter and the integrationist attitude of the party elites that attempt to shift it from an exclusively ethnic party to a non ethnic one, publicly expressed as 'Turkiye partisi' meaning a party operating for the entire Turkey rather than for the Kurds only. This transformation enables the peaceful and voluntary cohesion of an ethnic group to the wider society as well as raising the awareness for the minority's political and cultural rights in the majority public opinion that would help the society to fill in democratic deficit.

KURDISH BELONGS to the Western Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The two principal branches of modern literary Kurdish are (1) Kurmanji, the language of the vast majority of Kurds in Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, the area designated by Kurdish nationalists as “North Kurdistan,” with an estimated fifteen to seventeen million speakers, and (2) Sorani, the language of most Kurds in Iraq (four to six million speakers) and Iran (five to six million speakers), the area designated as “South Kurdistan.” Although the two are closely related, Kurmanji and Sorani are not mutually intelligible and differ at the basic structural level as well as in vocabulary and idiom. Since Kurdish is fairly closely related to and has been massively influenced by Persian, the dominant literary and cultural language of the area for the last millennium, Kurdish is best approached with a basic knowledge of Persian.

Abstract
The initial idea of this book is about ten years ago, when a group of scientists conducting research at the Foundation for Iranian Studies and the preparation of the book "describes the Persian Gulf in Historical Maps" was. The work of collecting and studying historical maps of the time began. Geography and Cartography Project in collaboration with the late professor, Professor Mohammad Hassan Ganji, a year before the completion of this book at the age of one hundred and one died and the father of modern geography Iran won a big share in further research I historical map played. Or rather working student I mentor until his death continued joint scientific work of several books and articles lowest achievement I learned a lot that I learned from him.
For some time now that historical maps in various fields of science and useful applications. In historical geography, history, political science, linguistics and even. . . . Use the maps, especially in the geographical areas in a given area or possibly conflict with more countries. Because in this geographical illustrated documents with important information such as territorial boundaries, political boundaries, natural conditions, geographical names, cities and villages and Qrargrftgy. . . Compared with other documents and resources are best expressed. Thus, the preparation and printing of books Atlantic geographical maps have become popular. Ruben Galychyan two notable work on historical maps of Armenia, as well as two excellent books on Iran, including recent works are Cyrus Alai. But the tasks that are available with maps of all the non-Persian languages such as English Azerbaijani, Russian, Turkish, Armenian and Arabic are. So vacancies Book atlas with the subject matter of historical maps of Azerbaijan to Persian to separate fans was annoying. Perhaps because it is open to some domestic sensitivities and concerns that apathy has led researchers to work on historical maps of Azerbaijan, but I personally think no luck Iranian Persian or Azeri scholars to lack of knowledge and access They relate to historical maps. Nonetheless, I hope that the first geographical atlas of historical maps of Azerbaijan, which is now before you could be useful in studies of Azerbaijan-fall. Although usually the first step in any research gaps and slippage may be facing in the future work that deserves to be correct and complete.
The main purpose of the book is focused on the study of cities and villages of Azerbaijan. This means that all the concepts included in the map of Azerbaijan is presented as a map. Obviously, due to the presentation of courses and maps in a variety of languages in books dealing with different names and sometimes obsolete. As a result, one of the basic functions of research, study, change and evolution over time based on the geographical location and name concepts maps.
Is the oldest maps of the first century AD to the mid-twentieth century's most recent maps of the book belongs. The geographical position of Azerbaijan and its relevance over a long time period is two thousand years. A total of 190 geographical map through hordes gathered and classified maps have been chosen. Credit mapping, scientific information presented in maps, not damaged, and observe the duration of the key factors in the selection of the 190 maps.
Determine the extent of the territory of Azerbaijan are inevitable outcome of other important books. Maps often have clear historical Azerbaijani territory: since that historic and vast material was a part of the state, as long as the current political boundaries are formed. This major historical event maps have clearly documented period of two millennia without any ambiguity, the historical Azerbaijan within the current provinces of East Azerbaijan and Ardabil Iran is that of identity and meaning. However, due to various developments which have long seen its borders change as well. In this regard, it is possible that some parts of Azerbaijan, Gilan, East, or South East Zanjan, mountains and cities of Kurdistan in the north, even in the South West part of the country or parts of Anatolia in the West and Armenia in the north in its place or is lost, but there is always the ancient cities such as Tabriz and Ardebil, Maragheh, Marand and Salmas and temperament. . . Within three provinces in northwestern Iran said that Azerbaijan is a land called identity and historical existence.
The first chapter of the book on how to draw Cartography of Azerbaijan in different styles and schools of the world. The need for short explanation of the history of cartography and then, how to draw maps of the school Azerbaijan lost.
The second part of the main body of the book, and all the maps are presented in chapter seven.
The second part of the first season of "Azerbaijan in the period map of Islam". Devotes a separate chapter on cartographic maps Islamic period as a result of a detailed investigation of the author's earlier book titled "Iran and the areas described in some Islamic era map" by the "Iranian base" was published in 1390. The different nature of these plans excuse to separate them from other map books. In addition to the unique data of the map, from the point of view as well as long distance just a few centuries between ancient Greece and Rome and modern cartography cartography Europe have filled and continue ordering maps based on historical sequences depicted in the book have very great.
Chapter II of the study "Map of Azerbaijan" dedicated. In these maps, the territory of Iran and Azerbaijan as the state of Iran has shown States and many other maps of historical maps of Azerbaijan more. Range of Azerbaijan in the maps before the current division in three northern provinces of Iran's West Azerbaijan faced with are.
The third season of "Azerbaijan in the Caucasus and the Ottoman map" is. Geographical continuity, history and culture between Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia is an undeniable fact. So it was necessary to take a closer look to the historical ties that are the common heritage of the region is in the form of maps of the Caucasus and Ottoman studies show.
Chapter Four independently to "historical maps of Azerbaijan" dedicated. The main purpose of the maps that show the geographic boundaries of Azerbaijan. Naturally these maps have been providing more details and a clearer focus on cities, roads and borders.
The fifth chapter, "Historical Maps in Azerbaijan" in its place that looks can include new information and less interest in the field of historical geography and urban studies, urban geography is Pyshnە.
The sixth season of presenting "historical images of Azerbaijan" in a book complements the map. The picture painted that for the past four centuries by European travelers of urban landscapes, nature, construction and the like are drawn from Azerbaijan.
Chapter Seven "of historical maps of the border" Azerbaijan has presented and reviewed. Since the border in their new concept is relatively new so contemporary maps of the season. Plans between 1840 to
1963, which is specialized for Azerbaijan border line drawn.
More maps of the book centers authentic archival documentation such as Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and some European documentation center is the author's written permission to print them and qualified to the cooperation of all of special thanks to a. Also for matching names and old locations on maps with current realities of local researchers thanks to their help that is necessary. A number of professors and Azerbaijani experts were also valuable tips without the possibility of taking the book was not possible in the current situation.

Western modernity with its colonial application has created an identity trauma and patriarchal domination of the memory of colonized and oppressed peoples. Critiques from colonized territories encourage us to reread the colonial epistemes of modernity, whether or not centered on the West. The Kurdish political movement thus defines a new interpretation of modernity based on the critique of colonialism and global capitalism: "democratic modernity." This chapter problematizes the relations between modernity, the nation state, the destruction of ecology, social confinement, the relationship of the forces of these relations, but above all the modalities by which it becomes possible to act on them to break the "stalemate" of the modernity of thought in the twenty-first century.

پوخته‌

شاری سلێمانی له‌ ساڵی 1784ز. له ‌لایه‌ن بابه‌نه‌كانه‌وه‌ دروستكراوه‌، به‌ڵام زیاتر له‌ په‌نجا هه‌زار ساڵه‌ ژیان و شارستانیه‌ت و ئاوه‌دانی له‌م شوێنه‌ی شاری سلێمانی و چیا و ئه‌شكه‌وته‌كانی ده‌وروبه‌ریدا به‌رده‌وامە. لەبارەی ئه‌و پرسیاره‌ی كه‌ ئایا شاری سلێمانی له‌سه‌ر شوێنه‌واری چ شارێك دروستكراوه‌، مێژوونووسان و شوێنه‌وارناسان بۆچوونی جیاوازیان نووسیوه،‌ ئێمه‌ لێره‌دا گفتوگۆی دوو بۆچوون ده‌كه‌ین، یه‌كه‌میان ئه‌و بۆچوونه‌یه‌ كه‌ مێژوونووسی كورد ئه‌مین زه‌كی له‌ كتێبه‌كه‌یدا (تاریخ السلیمانية) ئاماژه‌ی پێداوه‌ كه‌ گوایه‌ ناوی سلێمانی له‌وانه‌یه‌ له‌ ناوی شاری (سیلونا)وه‌ هاتبێت، ئه‌مین زه‌كی خۆی ده‌ڵێت ئه‌م بۆچوونه‌ بۆچوونی ولیام له‌ینه‌ كه‌ خاوه‌نی كتێبی (Babylonian Problems)ـه‌، به‌ڵام توێژه‌رانی ناوخۆ به‌ هیچ شێوه‌یه‌ك نه‌گه‌ڕاونه‌ته‌وه‌ سه‌ر كتێبه‌كه‌ی له‌ین، به‌ڵكو ته‌نها ئاماژه‌یان به‌ كتێبه‌كه‌ی ئه‌مین زه‌كی كردووه‌، له‌به‌رئه‌وه‌ له‌ چه‌ند كتێب و ماسته‌رنامه‌ و تێزی دكتۆرادا ئاماژه‌ به‌م بۆچوونه‌ كراوه‌ به‌بێ گه‌ڕانه‌وه‌ بۆ سه‌رچاوه‌ ڕه‌سه‌نه‌كان و زانینی هیچ ورده‌كارییه‌ك لەبارەی ناوی (سیلونا)كه‌ی ئه‌مین زه‌كی به‌گ، و واداده‌نێن كه‌ ناوی شاری سلێمانی له‌ ناوی شاری كۆنی (سیلونا)وه‌ هاتووه‌، به‌بێ ئه‌وه‌ی بزانن ئه‌م شاره‌ له‌ چ تۆمارێكی كۆن و چ سه‌رده‌مێكدا باسكراوه‌. كارین رادنه‌ر (2017) وا پێشنیازده‌كات كه‌ شوێنه‌واری شاری ئارراكدی (پایته‌ختی) وڵاتی زاموای لوللوبییه‌كان له‌ژێر شاری سلێمانیدایه‌، سپایزه‌ر ناوی لادێ و گه‌ڕه‌كی وڵوبه‌ی سلێمانی‌ له‌گه‌ڵ شاری لاگالاگای وڵاتی زاموای لوللوبییه‌كان په‌یوه‌ستده‌كاته‌وه‌. له‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌دا هه‌وڵده‌ده‌ین به‌ پشتبه‌ستن به‌ ده‌قه‌ مێخییه‌كان و سه‌رچاوه‌ گریكی و ڕۆمانییه‌كان كه‌ باسی ئه‌م شار و ناوچه‌یه‌یان كردووه‌ له‌گه‌ڵ به‌ڵگه‌ شوێنه‌وارییه‌كاندا، ڕاستی و ناڕاستیی ئه‌م بۆچوونانه‌ گفتوگۆ بكه‌ین، و ده‌رئه‌نجامی نوێ بخه‌ینه‌ڕوو، و باس له‌ دۆزینه‌وه‌ شوێنه‌وارییه‌كان له‌ چینه‌كانی ژێر شاری سلێمانیش بكه‌ین.

وشه كلیلییه‌كان: سلێمانی، شاری كێلۆنایێ (سێلۆناێ)، شاخی سیلونا، شاری ئارراكدی، شاری لاگالاگا، گردی مه‌ڵكه‌ندی/ ده‌بۆكه ‌(قشڵه‌).

The effect of missionary activities on societies, which have been maintained for centuries in the Middle East has continued not only politically and religiously but also culturally. Missionaries initially focused on regional Christian groups whom they see close to themselves, but in progressing times they were interested in Kurds in the region. Since they could speak Kurdish in order to communicate with regional groups like Armenians and Assyrians, they prepared a grammar book to edit a Kurdish Bible. Soon, these grammar studies became the basic to themselves for their works with Kurds. However, this Kurdish grammar studies prepared in Latin letters were accepted in following times by Kurds and these works made up the cultural basic for present day Latin alphabet and therefore the Kurdish nationalism.

Özet
Ortadoğu'da yüzyıllar boyunca sürdürülen misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin topluluklar üzerindeki etkisi siyasi ve dini olduğu kadar aynı zamanda kültürel olarak da sürmüştür. Misyonerler ilk başlarda kendilerine yakın gördükleri Hıristiyan yerel unsurlar üzerinde yoğunlaşırken ilerleyen zamanlarda bölgedeki Kürtler de dikkatini çekmiştir. Ermeniler, Süryaniler gibi yerel unsurlara ulaşabilmek için onların Kürtçe konuşmalarından dolayı İncillerini Kürtçe basmak için gramer hazırlamışlardır. Bu gramer çalışmaları ilerleyen dönemlerde Kürtlerle ilgili çalışmalarında kendilerine temel teşkil etmiştir. Ancak misyonerlerin bu Latin harfli Kürtçe gramer çalışmaları daha sonraki dönemlerde Kürtler tarafından kabul görerek bugünkü Kürt Latin alfabesinin ve dolayısıyla milliyetçiliğinin de kültürel temelini oluşturmuştur.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, gerek kuruluşunda ve gerekse günümüzde yaşadığı önemli çözülüş sürecinde, çeteleşme biçiminde kuruluşlara gitmekte ve içindeki engelleri olduğu kadar karşısındaki hedeflerini de düşürmek için bu yöntemi kullan-makta da epey ustalaştığı görülmektedir. Mustafa Kemal hareketinin kendisi, dönemin Osmanlı nizamında bir çete ha-reketi olarak ortaya çıkar ve bu o zaman açıkça da söylenir. İttihat Terakkicilik ta-mamen bir çete sistemi altında çalışır. Hele oluşturduğu TeĢkilatı Mahsusa yani o dönemin MĠT‟i, dünyada örneği az görülen ve hatta belki de ilk örneği sayıla-bilecek bir Ģekilde, devletin içinde ama gizli bir çete olarak kendisini örgütlen-dirir. Özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu‟nu dağılış sürecinde ayakta tutmanın temel yöntemi, Teşkilatı Mahsusa‟nın çeteleşme tarzıdır. İmparatorluğun kurtulamayacağı anlaşılınca, aynı çeteler Anadolu‟ya yayılırlar. Kuva-i Milliye adı altındaki teşkilat-lanmalarda oldukça etkilidirler. Mustafa Kemal başlangıçta bunları oldukça kullanır. Örneğin Çerkez Ethem‟in hareketi de, Teşkilatı Mahsusa‟nın bir üyesi olması itiba-rıyla son tahlilde çetedir. Ama eğilimi padişah yanlısı isyancılardan değil, özellikle Bolşevik etkilenmeden ötürü Anadolu İhtilali yönündedir. Ve buna benzer Efeler hareketi de tipik bir çete hareketi olarak anlaşılır. Zaten o zaman ismi de odur.

Will the PKK return to its original Manifesto endorsing a 'national liberation struggle' for a greater Kurdistan given Kurdish territorial gains beyond the watchtowers and the barbed wire in Rojava and the quasi-independent Kurdistan region of Iraq? Five young men wearing flared trousers and fitting shirts, in keeping with the fashions of the mid 1970s, walk side by side smoking cigarettes and discussing the goals of the Turkish left. Among them is Abdullah Öcalan, Apo, not yet envisioned as group 'leader'. (Apo the Kurdish abbreviation of the longer name Abdullah, like Memo for Mehmet and Hemo for Hamit). It did not mean 'Uncle' as some said much later.

20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde imparatorlukların ulus-devletlere evrimi sona yaklaşırken, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu içerisinden birçok topluluk kendi kaderini tayin etme imkânı bularak devletleşti. Bu devletleşme süreci uluslaşma süreci ile iç içe ilerledi ve homojen ulus yaratma adına ‘öteki’ sayılanlar çoğunlukla asimilasyon, dışlanma ve etnik temizlik politikalarına maruz kaldılar. Kürtler, hem tarihsel anlamda hem de
Osmanlı sonrası Ortadoğu siyasal coğrafyasının Irak, Suriye, Türkiye ve ayrıca İran’ın kesiştiği alanda yoğunlaşmalarına rağmen devletleşen topluluklar içerisinde yer alamadılar ve çoğunlukla ‘öteki’ konumuna düştüler. Bu bağlamda, 20. yüzyılın büyük bir bölümü merkezi devlet otoriterileri ile farklı Kürt grupları arasında siyasal ve kültürel
mücadeleler ile geçti. Buna parallel olarak akademik ve entellektüel anlamda da Kürtler ve Kürt Çalışmaları Ortadoğu Çalışmaları içerisinde çoğunlukla ‘öteki’ konumunda kaldı. Kürtler üzerine kısıtlı olan akademik çalışmalar ancak 20. yüzyıl sonu ve 21. yüzyıl başında Kürtlerin hem Ortadoğu’da hem de küresel anlamda daha fazla ‘görünür’ hale
gelmesi ile birlikte özellikle Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika üniversitelerinde yaygınlaşmaya başladı. Siyaset bilimi, uluslararası ilişkiler, tarih, sosyoloji, iktisat ve antropoloji gibi farklı disiplinler ve farklı metodolojik yaklaşımlar üzerinden Kürtler ve Kürt coğrafyası daha da fazla araştırılmaya başlandı. Bu çalışma da son yıllarda ivme kazanan Kürt
Çalışmaları’nı Ortadoğu Çalışmaları içerisinde bazı kuramsal, metodolojik ve tematik konular içerisinde değerlendirmektedir. Oryantalizm ve post-kolonyal paradigmalar bağlamında Ortadoğu ve Kürt Çalışmaları karşılaştırılırken, metodoloji ve veri konusunda
Kürt Çalışmaları ele alınmaktadır. Kürt Çalışmaları’nın teritoryal sınırları ve Kürdoloji gibi kavramsal tanımlamalar ayrıca tartışılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Ortadoğu Çalışmaları içerisinde çokça tartışılan milliyetçilik, İslam, demokratikleşme ve otoriterlik gibi konular Kürt Çalışmaları ekseninde karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Genel
olarak, Kürt Çalışmaları’nın Ortadoğu Çalışmaları içerisinde Kürtlerin Ortadoğu’daki siyasal statüsüzlük ve güvenlikleştirme politikaları nedeniyle akademik kurumsallaşma bakımından geriden geldiği fakat hızla gelişmekte olan bir araştırma alanı olduğu ortaya
konmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Kürt Çalışmaları’nın bu makalede tartışılan temaların ötesinde çok daha farklı temalar içerisinde de tartışılması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Osmanli Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Resûl Mestî’nin (1823-1908) Hayati ve Eserleri ÖZ
Kürt edebiyatı tarihinde birçok yazar ve şair halen birer isimden ibaret olup onların hayat ve eserlerine dair kayda değer bulgular elde edilememiştir. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinin incelenmesi sayesinde Kürt edebiyatçı, eğitimci, alim ve fizikçi Resûl Mestî’nin hayatının kimi yönlerine ışık tutulmuştur. Osmanlıca belgelere istinaden ilk defa onun hayatının karanlıkta kalan kimi yönleri aydınlığa kavuşturulmuş ve tümüyle belge ve kaynaklara bağlı kalınarak onun basılı ve kayıp eserleri gün yüzüne çıkarılmış ve benzer şekilde onun şiir denemeleri, Şeyh Rızâ Tâlabânî ile olan edebî münasebetleri ve derlenen birkaç şiiri vasıtasıyla bir şair olarak oynadığı rol gösterilmiştir. Öte yandan onun bilimsel mucitlik çabaları ve hayatının eğitim sahasını alakadar eden önemli aşamaları incelenmiş ve bu yolla Kürt toplumu içerisinde eğitim tarihinin ne suretle şekillendiği betimlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Resûl Mestî, Şiir, Fizik, Eğitim, Osmanlı Belgeleri.

Rasul Masti (1823-1908) His Life and Works in Ottoman Archives ABSTRACT
In the history of Kurdish Literature, there are so many authors and writers who are still known by their names, that is, not so much information of their lives and works can be obtained. In this paper, based on the searches in Ottoman Archives, some aspects of Rasul Masti's life are described. Rasul Masti was a Kurdish tutor, educator, scientist, and physicist. The paper attempts to shed a light on his life and works relying on Ottoman Archive documents and references. Also, according to these references and documents, the paper demonstrates his published books and lost works. It also shows his poetic experience, his relation with the poet, Sheikh Razay Talabani through collecting some of his poems. Despite of all that, the paper studies his creative scientific efforts and various stages of his life in education, in this way, it depicts in writing style, the history of education in Kurdish society.
Keywords: Rasul Masti, Poetry, Physics, Education, Ottoman Documents

پوخته‌

شاری سلێمانی له‌ ساڵی 1784ز. له ‌لایه‌ن بابه‌نه‌كانه‌وه‌ دروستكراوه‌، به‌ڵام زیاتر له‌ په‌نجا هه‌زار ساڵه‌ ژیان و شارستانیه‌ت و ئاوه‌دانی له‌م شوێنه‌ی شاری سلێمانی و چیا و ئه‌شكه‌وته‌كانی ده‌وروبه‌ریدا به‌رده‌وامە. لەبارەی ئه‌و پرسیاره‌ی كه‌ ئایا شاری سلێمانی له‌سه‌ر شوێنه‌واری چ شارێك دروستكراوه‌، مێژوونووسان و شوێنه‌وارناسان بۆچوونی جیاوازیان نووسیوه،‌ ئێمه‌ لێره‌دا گفتوگۆی دوو بۆچوون ده‌كه‌ین، یه‌كه‌میان ئه‌و بۆچوونه‌یه‌ كه‌ مێژوونووسی كورد ئه‌مین زه‌كی له‌ كتێبه‌كه‌یدا (تاریخ السلیمانية) ئاماژه‌ی پێداوه‌ كه‌ گوایه‌ ناوی سلێمانی له‌وانه‌یه‌ له‌ ناوی شاری (سیلونا)وه‌ هاتبێت، ئه‌مین زه‌كی خۆی ده‌ڵێت ئه‌م بۆچوونه‌ بۆچوونی ولیام له‌ینه‌ كه‌ خاوه‌نی كتێبی (Babylonian Problems)ـه‌، به‌ڵام توێژه‌رانی ناوخۆ به‌ هیچ شێوه‌یه‌ك نه‌گه‌ڕاونه‌ته‌وه‌ سه‌ر كتێبه‌كه‌ی له‌ین، به‌ڵكو ته‌نها ئاماژه‌یان به‌ كتێبه‌كه‌ی ئه‌مین زه‌كی كردووه‌، له‌به‌رئه‌وه‌ له‌ چه‌ند كتێب و ماسته‌رنامه‌ و تێزی دكتۆرادا ئاماژه‌ به‌م بۆچوونه‌ كراوه‌ به‌بێ گه‌ڕانه‌وه‌ بۆ سه‌رچاوه‌ ڕه‌سه‌نه‌كان و زانینی هیچ ورده‌كارییه‌ك لەبارەی ناوی (سیلونا)كه‌ی ئه‌مین زه‌كی به‌گ، و واداده‌نێن كه‌ ناوی شاری سلێمانی له‌ ناوی شاری كۆنی (سیلونا)وه‌ هاتووه‌، به‌بێ ئه‌وه‌ی بزانن ئه‌م شاره‌ له‌ چ تۆمارێكی كۆن و چ سه‌رده‌مێكدا باسكراوه‌. كارین رادنه‌ر (2017) وا پێشنیازده‌كات كه‌ شوێنه‌واری شاری ئارراكدی (پایته‌ختی) وڵاتی زاموای لوللوبییه‌كان له‌ژێر شاری سلێمانیدایه‌، سپایزه‌ر ناوی لادێ و گه‌ڕه‌كی وڵوبه‌ی سلێمانی‌ له‌گه‌ڵ شاری لاگالاگای وڵاتی زاموای لوللوبییه‌كان په‌یوه‌ستده‌كاته‌وه‌. له‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌دا هه‌وڵده‌ده‌ین به‌ پشتبه‌ستن به‌ ده‌قه‌ مێخییه‌كان و سه‌رچاوه‌ گریكی و ڕۆمانییه‌كان كه‌ باسی ئه‌م شار و ناوچه‌یه‌یان كردووه‌ له‌گه‌ڵ به‌ڵگه‌ شوێنه‌وارییه‌كاندا، ڕاستی و ناڕاستیی ئه‌م بۆچوونانه‌ گفتوگۆ بكه‌ین، و ده‌رئه‌نجامی نوێ بخه‌ینه‌ڕوو، و باس له‌ دۆزینه‌وه‌ شوێنه‌وارییه‌كان له‌ چینه‌كانی ژێر شاری سلێمانیش بكه‌ین.

وشه كلیلییه‌كان: سلێمانی، شاری كێلۆنایێ (سێلۆناێ)، شاخی سیلونا، شاری ئارراكدی، شاری لاگالاگا، گردی مه‌ڵكه‌ندی/ ده‌بۆكه ‌(قشڵه‌).

Rus subayı P.İ. Averyanov’un cephedeki notları ve gözlemlerinden oluşan, “Osmanlı İran Rus Savaşlarında Kürtler” adlı kitabı Avesta Yayınları tarafından yayımlandı. 1910 yılında Rus Genel Kurmayının yayımladığı kitap, İbrahim Kale tarafından Rusça aslından eksiksiz olarak çevrildi. Celilê Celil, Türkçe baskıya yazdığı önsözde şu hususlara dikkat çekiyor:
“Kürtlerin Rusya´nın Kafkasya politikasındaki yeri ve rolünün incelenmesi için Kafkas askeri dairesi kurmay başkanı N. N. Belyavskiy Yüzbaşı P.İ. Averyanov´a görev verdi ve Rusya´nın bütün 19. yüzyıl boyunca Kürtler ile ilişkileri hakkında tarihsel bir deneme yazmasını istedi. Belyavskiy Averyanov´un askeri kurumları ilgilendiren şu dört noktaya dikkat etmesini istedi:
1) Rusya´nın Türkiye ve İran ile 19. yüzyılda olan tüm savaşlarına Kürtlerin katılımını incelemek
2) Rusların Kürtler ile ilişkilerinin karakterini ve tarafların geçmiş savaşlar sırasındaki hareketlerini belirlemek
3) Rusya, Türkiye ve İran´daki Kürtlerin çağdaş siyasal durumlarını belirtmek
4) Kürtlerin Rusya´nın Türkiye ve İran ile gelecekteki savaşlarındaki tavrını açığa çıkarmak
P.İ. Averyanov´un sekiz bölümden oluşan ve Rusya´nın komşularıyla savaşları ile iki büyük Kürt ayaklanmasını (1853-56 Yezdanşêr isyanı ve 1880-82 Şeyh Ubeydullah isyanı) içeren kitabı 1900 yılında yayımlandı. Kitabın eklerinde 33 ilginç belge vardı ki bu da kitabın birincil kaynak olarak değerini artırıyordu.
Kafkas askeri dairesi genelkurmayının bu kitabın yazılmasındaki ilgisine karşın kitap gizli veya hizmete mahsus sayılmadı. Kitap yayımlandıktan sonra Türkiye´nin askeri kurumlarının dikkatini çekti ve hemen hizmet içi kullanılmak üzere Türkçeye çevrildi.”

This article is an examination of the ‘Kurdish Students’ Hope Society’ – a youth led Kurdish organisation founded in the Ottoman imperial capital, Istanbul, in 1912. I contend that the foundation of this organisation should not be seen simply as a reaction to the gradual ethnic polarisation and ‘Turkification’ of Ottoman politics that occurred in the aftermath of the 1908 ‘Young Turk Revolution’. It also needs to be understood within the context of dynamics emanating from within Kurdish society. Specifically, I argue that to the backdrop of an increasingly fragmented Kurdish elite, the Kurdish youth were setting out their own path towards national salvation which was neither conformist nor separatist. In short, they were outlining a ‘third way’ between these two extremes.