Kurdish Language

Destana Rustemê Zal, ji mêj ve  di nav miletê Kurd de jî hatiye zanîn û gotin. Ev serpêhatiyên Rostem,  paşê bi destê Firdewsî hatine berhev kirin û ji ber ku farisî hatine nivîsîn wekî malê Persiyan hatine nîşandan. Firdewsî pirtûka xwe ya navdar “Şahname”yê de  beşekî fireh serpêhatiyên Rostem re terxan kiriye. Rostem hember Tûraniyan mêrxasiyekî berbiçav nîşan daye. Jixwe xelkê Arî ye, ango Aryan. Arî peywekî pehlewîye û wateya wî “ yên ku  bi agir in.” Peyva Arî dibe ku bê meneya yên ku êgir diparêzin jî be. Jixwe xelkên aryanê Zerduştî bûn û agir wekî tiştekî pîroz dihebandin .Li gor baweriyeke din jî Rostem û binemala wî Yarsanî bûne. Jixwe baweriya yarsanîtî jî heman heremê bi bandor bû. Navê rostem di nav heft fermandarên qenciyê, parêzerên yarsanitîyê de jî derbas dibe.  Helbesteke Şa Îbrahîm Eyyût de pesnê Rostem tê dayîn û tê gotin ku Rostem çawa tola Siyawiş ji Efrasîyab stendiye

This study examines the use of the first language (L1), here Kurdish or Arabic, from the perspective of teachers in the process of teaching and learning English in EFL classrooms at the English Department, College of Languages, University of Duhok in Kurdistan. The study investigates four different areas; the first one is to find out if the English Department/ the College of Languages have a policy for the teachers  for using L1. The second one is to investigate if the use of L1 is a necessity. The study also investigates whether the use of L1 facilitates or hinders the teaching and learning of English at the department/ college. Finally, it explores if the teachers’ use of L1 is based on some other bases rather than the policy set by the department or the college if there is any policy.

The first part of this study is an introduction of the topic, followed by the aims, questions and the significance of the study. The second one discusses the literature review on the role of L1 in the process of teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL), along with cases for and  against views on the use of L1. The third one is the methodology. The last part presents the results of the study; the study concludes that there are no specific policies administrated neither by the English Department nor the College of the languages to use L1. In addition, a judicious and limited use of L1 by teachers is a better approach to take in EFL classes than to include or exclude it totally, and the use of L1 is mostly based on the students’ needs and lesson content.

Elî Paksirêşt Rêziman her wekî ku ji navê wê jî diyar e riya rastnivîsînê nîşanî axêver an hînkarên zimanekî dide ku ji çewtiyan dûr bimînin. Rêziman wekî bendekî peyvên zimanekî li gor riyekê bi hev va dike û zincîreyeka watedar an zincîreya gotarê çêdike. Ew ji me ra dibêje çawan zincîreya gotarê, rêza hevnişînî û ya cihnîşiyê çêbikin ku pêşiya tevliheviyê bigirin. Ziman pûya(dînamîk) ye û diguhere. Ev guhartin an bixweyî ye yan jî bi sepandinê pêk tê. Du cure guhartin di zimanekî da tên dîtin, derdemî û hevdemî. Derdemî yan yên ku di dirêjiya dîrokê da pêk tên. Ev nîşan didin kurmancî gellekî ji riya xwe derneketiye lê yên hevdemî nîşan didin ku kurmanciya îro hetanî hin caran dikeve metirsiyên mezin. Evan metirsiyan hin caran bingeha zimên, rêzimên, peyv, … kirine bin hîkariya xwe. Ev yek dikare bi awayên curbicur karê xwe bidomîne û hêdî hêdî zimên ji resentiya xwe dûr bixîne. Hin tiştên ku îro hinek nivîskar, rojnameger, … di nivîsên xwe yên bi kurdî da bi kar tînin û dikare hêdî hêdî û bêyî ku mirov berxwed bibe encamên neyînî li ser zimanê kurdî bihêle ev in: Gerte (Calque); Gerte yan calque(bi fransî) ew e ku peyvên zimanekî yeko yeko bêyî ku rastiyên zimanê armanc ber çav bigirî wergerînî û bi kar bînî. Mînak: ''Alo, ka binêrin temaşevanek ji Amedê li me digere.'' Renge gelek kesan hevokên wisa bihîstibin. Eger kesek li Bakûr vê yekê bibihê ji ber ku tirkî jî dizane mebesta bêjer tê digihê, lê kurmancekî din şaş dimîne û ji xwe ra dibêje qey kes winda bûye ku lêdigerin! 'Li kesî gerîn' di kurdî da wê demê tê gotin ku kesek winda bibe û nikaribin wî/wê peyda bikin loma jî lêdigerin û hin caran jî ji polîs daxwaz dikin arîkariyê bike û li wî/wê kesî/ê bigere ku peyda bibe. 1-Ev nivîsar di kovara ZEND'ê ya hejmara 19'an da hatiye çapkirin.

در این مطالعه قیدهای ساده و مرکب در دو گویش سورانی و کرمانجی با هم مقایسه می شوند و سپس نتایج با نمونه های انگلیسی بررسی می شوند. ابتدا ساخت قیدهای ساده و مرکب در انگلیسی بررسی شده اند و سپس دو گونه سورانی و کرمانجی در قیاس با هم و به صورت مقایسه ای با قیدهای انگلیسی مقایسه شده اند. همچنین جهت نشان دادن واژگان از حروف لاتین آمریکایی استفاده شده است. بر اساس درجه بندی سختی سه سطح تفسیر مجدد، تعمیم افراطی، تشخیص سبب ایجاد مشکل برای زبان آموزان کرد شده است و آگاهی از شباهت ها می تواند یادگیری زبان را برای کرد زبانان آسان کند (انتقال مثبت). با مطالعه و بررسی زبان های یاد شده چهار اصل آموزش را می توان برای کرد زبانان در نظر گرفت که شامل انتخاب (چه چیزی درس داده شود)، درجه بندی (چه زمانی درس داده شود)، آموزش به صورت مقابله ای (برنامه و واحد درسی) و امتحان (آزمایش آنچه آموخته شده است).

Kovar di warê zanistê da xwedî bandoreka giring in. Kovara Nûbiharê cara ewil di sala 1992yan hate weşandin. Armancên kovaran curbicur in. Yek ji van armancan jî hînkirin û bipêşvebirina ziman e. Ev mijara ewil, bi taybetî di derbareyê perwerdeya ziman da ye. Em di vê gotarê da li ser bandora Kovara Nûbiharê a li ser zimanê kurdî rawestîyan. Ji nivîsan jî tê famkirin ku armanca ewil a derketina Kovara Nûbiharê xizmeta ziman û nasnameya kurdî ye. Ji bo vê armancê heta îro 156 hejmarên kovarê derketine. Kovar bi taybetî giringîyeka mezin dide hînbûn û hînkirina zimanê kurdî. Ji ber vê yekê, di hejmarên xwe yên destpêkê da, bi taybetî li ser mijarên zimanî yên wekî alfabe, rêziman, ferheng û mafê zimanê dayikê rawestîyaye. Îro jî Nûbihar, zimanê kurdî wek dîyardeya herî giring a nasnameya kurdî dibîne.
Peyvên Sereke: Kovara Nûbiharê, zimanê kurdî, perwerde, nasname

MAGAZİNE, LANGUAGE AND EDUCATİON-NUBİHAR MAGAZİNE AND KURT LANGUAGE
Abstract
Journal, Language and Education -Journal of Nubihar and Kurdish Language-
Journals have a significant impact in the field of science. Journal of Nubihar was first published in 1992. Journals have various purposes. One of these purposes is to teach the language and develop it. This first topic is particularly relevant to the field of language teaching. In this article, we focused on the influence of Journal of Nubihar on the Kurdish
Language. As can be understood from the articles, the primary aim of Journal of Nubihar is to serve the Kurdish language and identity. For this purpose, 156 issues of the journal have been published so far. The journal attaches great importance to the learning and teaching of the Kurdish Language. Therefore, in its first issues, it focused on language topics such as the alphabet, grammar, dictionary and the mother tongue right. Even today, Nubihar sees the Kurdish language as the most distinctive indicator of Kurdish identity.
Keywords: Journal of Nubihar, Kurdish Language, education, identity

ABSTRACT


This dissertation is concerned with the sufistic hermeneutics of mahwi’s poem. It is an attempt to read his Kurdish poems, amid theoretical reading of Islamic interpretation and western. Thus some unclear textual meaning can be interpreted. Because of that, the study is divided in to an introduction and three chapters.
The introduction deals with the relation between the term hermeneutics and Islamic interpretation, rhetoric, and aesthetic interpretations.
Chapter one is entitled to” The Text between pleasure and hermeneutics” This chapter is classified into two sections. The first section is about Ghazal as a Sufistic inheritance for the interpretations means. It sheds a light on the query of heavenly and earthly love and the relation to hermeneutic text as well as feminization of text and conceiving pregnancy by beauty query from gracefulness, perfection, lordliness of God to human being.
Whereas the second section studies wine as a source of sufistic hermeneutics. It also deals about hermeneutic reading of wine, its problems of interpretation reasons behind using wine in sufistic texts, its relation with glow, presence or absence of love partner, flute, house of perfection, and features of moral wine.
Chapter two focuses on hermenutic phenomenology, where  phenomenology has become source or means for hermeneutics to find unclear textual meanings. The first section of chapter two describes the intentions of poet text, and the experience of poet’s life. It studies the ways to understand mahwi’s intentions, It also explains that through phenomenology there is hermeneutic reading for the indications of existence, freedom, nothingness, passing away, murdering, and cessation of being.
Chapter three is devoted to hermeneutic semiology, where semiology as a science that studies signs and symbols has become a source and means so as to make hermeneutic reading for some signifiers and where by obtain different meanings. For this purpose, the first section is about the query of selfness, selfishness, and poets attention for the use of first person pronoun(I) as a signifier that an device different meanings. Later, this signifier were read hermeneutically, furthermore, they were textually, and terminologically used as hermeneutic source. In the second section logic is studied as a source for semiology and its changing meanings to hermeneutic and later there are hermeneutic reading for some signifiers.
Finally the thesis studies sufistic essaying, and  hermeneutic problems. In these chapter, it is attempted to have different reading for Mahwi’s Kurdish texts while considering sufistic essaying. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion and results. 

ملخص الأطروحة

هذه الأطروحة الموسومة بـ (هرمنيوطيقا شعر محوى الصوفي) تعدّ محاولة لقراءة الأشعار الصوفية للشاعر الكوردي الشهير بـ(محوى)، إذ إنّها تركّز على الجوانب التأويلية لهذه الاشعار، في ظلّ النظريات التأويليّة الإسلامية، والهرمنيوطيقا الغربية، والغرض من ذلك: كشفُ أبعاد خفية كثيرة للنصوص، وإدراك المعاني والدلالات التي يتضمنها، ولا يمكن التوصل إليها إلا بالتأويل.
وتكوّنت الأطروحة من: مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة فصول، مع نتائج مهمة توصل إليها البحث.
ففي المقدمة تناول البحثُ تعريف الموضوع-والعنوان محددا- مختصراً، وتطرقَ إلى أسباب اختياره وأهميته، وحدوده، وذكر الصعوبات والعوائق التي واجهت طريقه، ومن ثَمَّ بيان خطة العمل فيه.
وفي التمهيد: تناول البحثُ تعريفَ مصطلح (الهرمنيوطيقا) قديماً وحديثاً، وبيانَ صلتها بالتأويل الإسلامي، وعلم البلاغة، وفن الجمال، ثم توضيح علاقة الهرمنيوطيقا بمناهج ما بعد البُنيوية.
وقد خصّص الفصل الأول لـ(النص بين اللذة والهرمنيوطيقا)، وذلك ضمن مبحثين، فجعل المبحث الأول للغزل كميراث للتصوف وألية للتأويل الشعري، واشتمل ذلك على: الحديث عن مسألة الحُبّ والعشق السماوي والأرضي، وعلاقتهما بتأويلية النصّ، ومن ثمّ أنوثية النصّ وما تحمله من مسائل الجمال في (الجمال والكمال والجلال الإلهية)، إلى جمالية الإنسان. أما المبحث الثاني فجعل لمسألة الشراب كمصدر للهرمنيوطيقا الصوفية، وفيه قراءة تأويلية لمفهوم الشراب، وتباين وجهات نظر المؤولين فيه، وذكرُ أسباب استعماله في نصوص الصوفية، وعلاقة هذا المصطلح بالنور والنار، وحضور المعشوق وغيابه، وأهل الكمال، وكذلك صلته بالني، والتطرق أيضاً إلى بعض سمات الشراب المعنوى في أشعار محوى الصوفية. 
و خصّصت الفصل الثاني للكلام عن الهرمنيوطيقا الظاهراتية، إذ إنّ الظاهراتية النقدية تعدّ أداة مهمة للتأويل، فإنها تكشف فجوات معانية في النصوص ومسافات دلالية في الخطاب، ومن هنا تضمن هذا الفصل مبحثين: فجعل في المبحث الأول لمفهوم قصدية الشعر والنص، وتجربة الحياة، وذكر الوسائل والقرائن التي لها دور كبير لفهم قصدية شعر محوى الصوفي. وفي المبحث الثانى حاول البحث أن يدرس ظاهراتياً عن مسألة الوجود والعدم، والذهاب إلى الموت، وإلى القتل والشهادة بأيدى المعشوق عند الشاعر، ومن ثمَّ قراءة تأويلية عن تلك الظواهر النادرة الخاصة بخطاب التصوف عند محوي.
أما الفصل الثالث فقد خصّص للتأويلية السيميائية، مبيّناً أثر السميائية-الدال والمدلول- في تأويل بعض أشعار محوي الكردية، واشتمل هذا الفصل على ثلاثة مباحث، فخصص المبحث الأول للكلام على علم المنطق كأداة للتأويلية، إذ موضحا أنّ الشاعر استعمل مصطلحات منطقية، ويمكن النظر إليها من حيثيتين: من حيث المعنى السيميائي، ومن حيث المعنى التأويلي. وجعل المبحث الثاني لـ(أنا) وذاتية الشاعر كبعدٍ للتأويل، متطرقاً إلى صلة (الأنا) بمضمون النصوص لدى محوى، وكذلك التركيز على علاقة (الأنا) بالدال الذي له دور في احتجاب المعاني الشعرية، ونضوج التأويل فيها. وجعل المبحث الثالث للكلام على خطاب التصوف وإشكالية الـتأويل والمعنى، مركّزاً على إشكالية قراءة نصوص محوى الشعرية، وباطنية النص واحتجاب المعنى، مبيناً أيضاً أهمية التأويل عند محوى.    وجاءت الخاتمة لذكر أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها الأطروحة.

A kurd nép "Isten elfeledett népe": olyan árva kisebbség, amelynek – az Európa számos országában szétszórtan élő romanikhoz és a négy állam (Oroszország, Finnország, Norvégia, Svédország) területére széttagolt számikhoz hasonlóan – nincs államalkotó anyaországa: a mai kurd népesség zöme is négy különböző ország (Irán, Irak, Szíria és Törökország) területén él, államhatároktól tagoltan, de mégis egységes tömbben. A kurd népről nincsenek pontos adatok, számuk összességében megközelítheti a 40 milliót is. Maga a kurd nép nyelvi szempontból nem egységes, az egyes kurd nyelvi változatok között olyan nagy eltérések vannak, hogy ezért célszerűbb kurd nyelvekről beszélni: a legelterjedtebb kurd nyelvi változat a török területeken, Szíriában és Észak-Irakban beszélt kurmancî [kiejtve: kurmandzsi], mintegy 20–25 millió beszélővel, a többi nyelvváltozat közül a soranît 6–7 millióan, a lakît és a zazakît 3–3 millióan a goranît pedig alig 1 millióan beszélik. A kurd nyelvek az indoeurópai nyelvcsaládba, azon belül az indoiráni nyelvágba tartoznak, legközelebbi rokonaik az Iránban beszélt (újperzsának is hívott) fárszi nyelv, a Tadzsikisztánban beszélt tádzsik és az Afganisztán északi részén beszélt dari nyelv. A kurd nyelvek közül a kurmancî latin betűs írású, hangjelölései a török nyelvre adaptált hangjelöléseket követik. A három szomszédos országban élő kurdok az arab írást (az arab ábécé egy némileg módosított változatát) használják, az egykori Szovjetunió területén, Örményországban és Azerbajdzsánban élő (kurmancî) kurd szórványközösség írásai viszont cirill betűsek. Bár önálló országuk nincs, a kurdoknak mégis van saját zászlajuk, ennek a színei megegyeznek a magyar zászló piros–fehér–zöld színeivel, az ő zászlójuk közepén azonban egy huszonegy ágú aranysárga napkorong is van. Ez a zászló hivatalosan az észak-iraki kurd autonóm tartomány zászlaja: használata viszont hivatalosan be van tiltva Törökországban, Szíriában és Iránban is.

In this blog post, published on the British Library's Asian and African Studies blog on 12 November 2019. In it, I look at the reasons for which a large corpus of manuscript material did not develop, as it did for the Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Syriac or Arabic, and how this is reflected in the manuscript holdings of the British Library.

Scholarly literature highlights the systematic actions taken in the modern Middle East to destroy the Kurdish language. With a primary focus on Turkey, scholars have described this process as a policy of linguicide, or language genocide, which is “the extermination of languages, an analogous concept to (physical) genocide.”2 In contrast, similar processes at work in southern Kurdistan (Kurdistan of northern Iraq) have often been described as “linguistic suppression.”3 This paper argues that linguistic suppression does not adequately describe the Iraqi Kurds’ experiences. Rather, linguicide better captures the practices of cultural genocide that have targeted this group. This paper focuses on how the Kurds in modern-day Iraq were subjected to linguicide under the Language Education Policy (LEP) from 1932 to 1991. This policy was established during the monarchy (1921–1958), and advanced through the time of Saddam Hussein’s regime (1979–1991).4 While much scholarly work has associated the process of linguicide with the birth of a nation-state,5 this article further argues that linguicide in the Iraqi Kurdish case predates the formation of the Iraqi nation-state.

"Like all multi-lingual computing, Arabic computing is now firmly in the domain of Unicode. Unicode is an industrial protocol with the status of international agreement. It is designed to encode the elements of all known script systems in such a way that they become interchangeable between programs and operating systems. Its implementation is well underway.

Unicode eliminates the need to tamper with fonts to get special characters, but it is not a font. For legible text on screen and paper, Unicode depends on compatible fonts with the required characters, where necessary with additional dedicated font technology."

This chapter focuses on the Iraqi Kurdish response to the rapid and devastating advance of ISIS. Of course, the Iraqi Kurdish response to the ISIS advance has been a multifaceted, complex, and evolving one that includes military strategy, pragmatic politics, and aspirations of independence. Leaving aside the fact that the ISIS advance has granted the Iraqi Kurds unprecedented access to Iraq’s rich oil reserves and the fact that the initial Kurdish reaction was to ramp up their rhetoric toward complete secession from Iraq, this chapter focuses on two further dimensions of the Iraqi Kurdish response. Firstly, it documents the Iraqi Kurdish seizure of the so-called “disputed territories,” especially
Kirkuk, and their stated intent to hold a referendum on the future of these
regions (effectively to force a resolution to Article 140 of the constitution). Secondly, the chapter documents the Iraqi Kurdish use of the ISIS advance as leverage to enhance Kurdish relations dramatically with the US and Europe via direct military support (including airstrikes and weapons supply) and to become the key launchpad
in the fight against ISIS planned for 2015. The chapter concludes by briefly assessing the efficacy and wisdom of the Kurdish strategy of leveraging the ISIS onslaught to advance their own interests.

Abstract

Classical Gorani literature is believed to be the oldest Kurdish literary tradition which under the patronage of the Ardalans developed into a “literary koinè” in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. However, despite its antiquity and significance in the history of Kurdish literature, it has remained largely under-studied. It is against this backdrop that I offer an overview of Gorani literature, its history of development, and main literary characteristics in this article. Through extensive text analysis I examine the classical Gorani poetry for its major genres and forms and predominant themes and images. I study Gorani oral and written literature and their interactions, and the role it played in Kurdish poetic modernisation in the twentieth century.

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KURDISH BELONGS to the Western Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The two principal branches of modern literary Kurdish are (1) Kurmanji, the language of the vast majority of Kurds in Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, the area designated by Kurdish nationalists as “North Kurdistan,” with an estimated fifteen to seventeen million speakers, and (2) Sorani, the language of most Kurds in Iraq (four to six million speakers) and Iran (five to six million speakers), the area designated as “South Kurdistan.” Although the two are closely related, Kurmanji and Sorani are not mutually intelligible and differ at the basic structural level as well as in vocabulary and idiom. Since Kurdish is fairly closely related to and has been massively influenced by Persian, the dominant literary and cultural language of the area for the last millennium, Kurdish is best approached with a basic knowledge of Persian.

Szósty numer naszego czasopisma jest poświęcony współczesnej poezji kurdyjskiej. Przedstawiamy w nim wybór wierszy pięciu poetów i pięciu poetek pochodzących z czterech części Kurdystanu i piszących zarówno w dialekcie kurmandżi, jak też sorani języka kurdyjskiego: Şêrko Bêkesa, Abdullaha Pêşewa, Kemala Burkaya, Mehmeda Uzuna, Rojena Barnasa, Jîlî Huseynî, Nahîd Huseynî, Bahar Huseynî, Jany Seydy i Mahabad Qaradagî. Część z nich, jak Mehmed Uzun czy Mahabad Qaradagî to, to także znani pisarze. Wiersze zostały przetłumaczone przez Joannę Bocheńską i Hatifa Janabiego oraz przez pracujący wspólnie zespół tłumaczy: Joannę Bocheńską, Ferhanga Muhamada, Majida Raoofa i Andrzeja Bartczaka. We wstępie przedstawiono zarys historii poezji kurdyjskiej z uwzględnieniem wybranych wątków kontynuacji i przemian, jakie przeszła na przestrzeni wieków.

Rêbera Rastnivîsînê, ji 229 rûpelan pêk tê. Navê wê li ser bergê “Rêbera Rastnivîsînê Komxebata Kurmancîyê” hatîye nivîsîn. Çapa yekem, Kanûna Paşîn ya sala 2019an li Stenbolê û çapa duyem jî dîsa li Stenbolê Gulana heman salê pêk hatîye. Berhem, ji alîyê Bahoz Baran, Mîkaîl Bilbil û Mistefa Aydoganî ve hatîye redaktekirin. Piştî rûpelên jenerîkê pirtûk bi rêzê van sernavan dihewîne: “Naverok”, “Komxebata Kurmancîyê”, “Ji bo rastnivîsîneka standart”.

Comma Press, the UK's leading publisher of short-fiction,  is looking for new short stories written by Iraqi writers and set in Iraq to be published in both Arabic (eBook) and English translation (book and eBook) in 2015. The anthology will be edited by Hassan Blasim, who won the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize 2014 for his collection The Iraqi Christ.  Submissions can be made in Arabic, Kurdish or English to christine.gilmore@commapress.co.uk or  hassanblasim@gmail.com

تبحث  دار النشر البريطانية ( كوما بريس  ) عن قصص قصيرة جديدة  تدور أحداثها في العراق من تأليف كتاب عراقيين  .ستنشر المجموعة القصصية باللغة  العربية (رقمياً)  المجموعة القصصية . بالإضافة إلى الترجمة الانكليزية ( رقميا و ورقيا ). سيشرف حسن بلاسم على اصدارهذه  ايرجى من الكتاب الراغبين بالمشاركة التواصل معنا عبر هذه العناوين للبريد الألكتروني
  hassanblasim@gmail.com و      christine.gilmore@commapress.co.uk

Western modernity with its colonial application has created an identity trauma and patriarchal domination of the memory of colonized and oppressed peoples. Critiques from colonized territories encourage us to reread the colonial epistemes of modernity, whether or not centered on the West. The Kurdish political movement thus defines a new interpretation of modernity based on the critique of colonialism and global capitalism: "democratic modernity." This chapter problematizes the relations between modernity, the nation state, the destruction of ecology, social confinement, the relationship of the forces of these relations, but above all the modalities by which it becomes possible to act on them to break the "stalemate" of the modernity of thought in the twenty-first century.

Among the literary traditions, one of the issues most difficult to negotiate on is “genre”. The reason for this is that a clear distinction cannot be made between the concepts form and genre. What some researchers call genre may be considered as form by another or vice versa. This situation can easily turn in to a problem. Another reason is making evaluations without bringing similar literary products together.
The genre and form problem in the dengbêji tradition constitutes a
basic is suet hat cannot be agreed upon. Although it was mentioned
briefly in a few studies, a detailed genre and form study has not
been done so far. That the works performed in the dengbêji tradition
are mostly verbal, in other words, that are not written generally,
prevents the genre and form studies to be done in a healthy way. In
this study, after explaining the characteristics of genres and forms,
it will be tried to determine the genres in the dengbêji tradition.
Besides, a classification proposal will be put forward based on the
dengbêji products compiled within the scope of the study.

The mother tongue has a very strong relationship with mind, psychology and "mother archetype". It is assumed that the individuals who have a strong relationship with their mother tongue in their personal and social lives have a strong psychological disposition. Especially in the context of Jung's mother archetype theory, it is observed that people who face fear and similar traumatic situations take shelter in the archetype. In this study, we will focus on six different cases related to mother tongue in the context of Jung's theory. As will be manifested in the six cases, the mother tongue has great impact on human psychology. The results point to mythological archetypes. It is observed that there is a desire to return to the mother's womb as a symptom in people who have detached from their mother tongue. Concordantly, this study focuses on the trauma behind it and the returning process of those individuals who have severed their ties with their mother tongue.

The effect of missionary activities on societies, which have been maintained for centuries in the Middle East has continued not only politically and religiously but also culturally. Missionaries initially focused on regional Christian groups whom they see close to themselves, but in progressing times they were interested in Kurds in the region. Since they could speak Kurdish in order to communicate with regional groups like Armenians and Assyrians, they prepared a grammar book to edit a Kurdish Bible. Soon, these grammar studies became the basic to themselves for their works with Kurds. However, this Kurdish grammar studies prepared in Latin letters were accepted in following times by Kurds and these works made up the cultural basic for present day Latin alphabet and therefore the Kurdish nationalism.

Özet
Ortadoğu'da yüzyıllar boyunca sürdürülen misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin topluluklar üzerindeki etkisi siyasi ve dini olduğu kadar aynı zamanda kültürel olarak da sürmüştür. Misyonerler ilk başlarda kendilerine yakın gördükleri Hıristiyan yerel unsurlar üzerinde yoğunlaşırken ilerleyen zamanlarda bölgedeki Kürtler de dikkatini çekmiştir. Ermeniler, Süryaniler gibi yerel unsurlara ulaşabilmek için onların Kürtçe konuşmalarından dolayı İncillerini Kürtçe basmak için gramer hazırlamışlardır. Bu gramer çalışmaları ilerleyen dönemlerde Kürtlerle ilgili çalışmalarında kendilerine temel teşkil etmiştir. Ancak misyonerlerin bu Latin harfli Kürtçe gramer çalışmaları daha sonraki dönemlerde Kürtler tarafından kabul görerek bugünkü Kürt Latin alfabesinin ve dolayısıyla milliyetçiliğinin de kültürel temelini oluşturmuştur.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, gerek kuruluşunda ve gerekse günümüzde yaşadığı önemli çözülüş sürecinde, çeteleşme biçiminde kuruluşlara gitmekte ve içindeki engelleri olduğu kadar karşısındaki hedeflerini de düşürmek için bu yöntemi kullan-makta da epey ustalaştığı görülmektedir. Mustafa Kemal hareketinin kendisi, dönemin Osmanlı nizamında bir çete ha-reketi olarak ortaya çıkar ve bu o zaman açıkça da söylenir. İttihat Terakkicilik ta-mamen bir çete sistemi altında çalışır. Hele oluşturduğu TeĢkilatı Mahsusa yani o dönemin MĠT‟i, dünyada örneği az görülen ve hatta belki de ilk örneği sayıla-bilecek bir Ģekilde, devletin içinde ama gizli bir çete olarak kendisini örgütlen-dirir. Özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu‟nu dağılış sürecinde ayakta tutmanın temel yöntemi, Teşkilatı Mahsusa‟nın çeteleşme tarzıdır. İmparatorluğun kurtulamayacağı anlaşılınca, aynı çeteler Anadolu‟ya yayılırlar. Kuva-i Milliye adı altındaki teşkilat-lanmalarda oldukça etkilidirler. Mustafa Kemal başlangıçta bunları oldukça kullanır. Örneğin Çerkez Ethem‟in hareketi de, Teşkilatı Mahsusa‟nın bir üyesi olması itiba-rıyla son tahlilde çetedir. Ama eğilimi padişah yanlısı isyancılardan değil, özellikle Bolşevik etkilenmeden ötürü Anadolu İhtilali yönündedir. Ve buna benzer Efeler hareketi de tipik bir çete hareketi olarak anlaşılır. Zaten o zaman ismi de odur.

This dissertation is an analytic study aims at investigating Arabic lexical
borrowings in Badhini Kurdish dialect from morphosyntactic perspectives. It is confined to borrowings from Arabic in spoken Badhini Kurdish only. The fact that spoken Badhini Kurdish carries a heavy load of Arabic borrowings, which have greatly influenced its linguistic structure, and the lack of literature on this phenomenon motivated the researcher to categorize and describe the morphosyntactic processes in
which Arabic borrowings found their way into Badhini Kurdish, and to find out the possible grammatical functions that they do in Badhini Kurdish.
The data of this study has been culled from 50 TV interviews (40 hours in total) from 5 local Kurdish TVs namely; Badinan Sat, Spêde, Dohuk, Waar, and Delal, related to 12 different domains of knowledge. The obtained data was analyzed under the light of Haugen’s (1950) notions of borrowing; importation and substitution. The findings show that there is indeed a substantial number of words borrowed from Arabic through
16 different morphosyntactic processes that occur to their structures; 10 of which by pure morphemic importation called loanwords, 4 by morphemic importation and substitution or loan-blends, and 2 by morphemic substitution or loan-shifts. Among the outlined processes, Orthographically Assimilated Loanwords come at the highest
percentage 44.01% followed by; Nuclear Loan-Blends 35.03%; Unassimilated Loanwords 13.82%; and Compound Loan-Blends 10.91%.
Findings also demonstrate that Arabic lexical borrowings in this study can noticeably function as nouns (76.05%); followed by adjective (8.27%); adverbs (5.36%); as well as functional words (1.23%) and prepositions (0.61%). Besides, Arabic verbs are never seen directly borrowed from Arabic. However, Badhini Kurdish makes use of Arabic borrowings in forming verb loans, only, by combining Arabic nouns with native verb particles; more often with -ke ‘do’. Verbal usage of borrowings has the second largest percentage (8.45%) in this study.
It is hoped that this study will positively contribute to the void of knowledge and raise our awareness and understanding of borrowing phenomenon in Badhini Kurdish. It will also be beneficial, especially, to students of linguistics and Kurdish speakers, in general, to understand better about the manner of Arabic lexical borrowings in Badhini
Kurdish. Moreover, it might be insightful to policy makers and language reformers in standardizing Badhini Kurdish.
Key Words: loanwords adaptation, lexical borrowings, morphosyntax, morphology,
Badhini Kurdish, Arabic.

This paper explores English-Kurdish translations produced by the Kurdish section of the Voice of America (VOA). It is hypothesized that such translations are marked by unnaturalness and foreignness both in terms of linguistic and cultural aspects. This feature seems to be a peculiar characteristic that sets the VOA Kurdish apart from other media outlets producing Kurdish translations. Applying Venuti's (1995/2008) theory of foreignization and domestication and taking a translation-oriented textual analysis approach, the paper sets out to qualitatively examine a set of 15 English journalistic texts translated into Kurdish by the VOA Kurdish. The study encompasses both linguistic and cultural matrices to identify unnatural or foreignized translation occurrences, which are expected to be otherwise rendered naturally in other media outlets. The results of the study show that Kurdish translations produced by the VOA are peculiarly outlandish and orientated towards foreignization. For journalistic translations to be comprehensible by the target audience, media players ought to present their outputs, translation or otherwise, as naturally as possible. Therefore, the paper recommends that the VOA Kurdish change its tendency from foreignization to domestication.

Osmanli Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Resûl Mestî’nin (1823-1908) Hayati ve Eserleri ÖZ
Kürt edebiyatı tarihinde birçok yazar ve şair halen birer isimden ibaret olup onların hayat ve eserlerine dair kayda değer bulgular elde edilememiştir. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinin incelenmesi sayesinde Kürt edebiyatçı, eğitimci, alim ve fizikçi Resûl Mestî’nin hayatının kimi yönlerine ışık tutulmuştur. Osmanlıca belgelere istinaden ilk defa onun hayatının karanlıkta kalan kimi yönleri aydınlığa kavuşturulmuş ve tümüyle belge ve kaynaklara bağlı kalınarak onun basılı ve kayıp eserleri gün yüzüne çıkarılmış ve benzer şekilde onun şiir denemeleri, Şeyh Rızâ Tâlabânî ile olan edebî münasebetleri ve derlenen birkaç şiiri vasıtasıyla bir şair olarak oynadığı rol gösterilmiştir. Öte yandan onun bilimsel mucitlik çabaları ve hayatının eğitim sahasını alakadar eden önemli aşamaları incelenmiş ve bu yolla Kürt toplumu içerisinde eğitim tarihinin ne suretle şekillendiği betimlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Resûl Mestî, Şiir, Fizik, Eğitim, Osmanlı Belgeleri.

Rasul Masti (1823-1908) His Life and Works in Ottoman Archives ABSTRACT
In the history of Kurdish Literature, there are so many authors and writers who are still known by their names, that is, not so much information of their lives and works can be obtained. In this paper, based on the searches in Ottoman Archives, some aspects of Rasul Masti's life are described. Rasul Masti was a Kurdish tutor, educator, scientist, and physicist. The paper attempts to shed a light on his life and works relying on Ottoman Archive documents and references. Also, according to these references and documents, the paper demonstrates his published books and lost works. It also shows his poetic experience, his relation with the poet, Sheikh Razay Talabani through collecting some of his poems. Despite of all that, the paper studies his creative scientific efforts and various stages of his life in education, in this way, it depicts in writing style, the history of education in Kurdish society.
Keywords: Rasul Masti, Poetry, Physics, Education, Ottoman Documents

توخمەکانی زاری کرمانجیی ناوەڕاستە تێئاخنراو و لکاوە کە بە شێوەیەکی سەرەکیی مۆڕفێمە ناسەربەخۆ و مۆڕفێمە لە وشە‌ـ‌چووەکانن، ئەوجا ئەوانەی وشە فرە‌ـ‌چەشنەکان لە دروستە جۆراوجۆرەکاندا. ئەمە و تێکەڵ‌بوونی پێکهاتەکانی ڕێزمانەکەی هەبوونی ڕستەی بە وشە و فرێزی تەواوە و کرداری ئاڵۆز و پێکهاتووی ئاڵۆزی تری لە جۆری جیاواز مسۆگەر کردووە. لەگەڵ ئەوەیشدا ئەو دوو پێکهاتەیەی مۆڕفۆلۆژیی و سینتاکسی تێکەڵ بە یەکتر بوون، بنەما و ڕێساکان هێشتا هەر جیاوازیی لە دروستە، توخم و پێکهاتووەکانیاندا دەکەن. لەم جیاکارییە دایە کە ڕێسای دابەشبوونی تەواوکەرانە و ڕێسای هەمبەریی (بەرامبەر بەیەک ‌وەستانەوە) تەحەکوم بە دەربڕینی فۆنێمەکان (بڕگەییەکانی سەرەوە و نابڕگەییە دەنگدار و کپەکان)ەوە دەکات. نووسینی ستاندارد فۆنێمییە، بەڵام دەرکردەی پێواژۆ فۆنۆلۆژییەکان و دیاردە فرە‌ـ‌چەشنەکانیش بۆ نووسین وەردەگیردرێن. لەبەر ئەم ڕاستیانە و هۆکاری تریشە، کە ئۆرسۆگرافیی ستانداری کوردی وێنەدانەوەی ڕێزمانەکەیەتی. واتا، ئەو کەسەی دەیەوێت بە ستانداردی کوردی بنووسێت، پێویستە لە مۆدێلی زمانەکەی بگات و شارەزای ڕێزمانەکەی بێت.

Joanna Bocheńska Kilka słów o współczesnej literaturze kurdyjskiej

Selahattin Bulut, Droga (Rê)

Jana Seyda, Mahabad

Hesenê Metê, Szepal (Şepal)

Jana Seyda, Przed drzwiami snu – Halabdża (Li ber deriyê xewnekê - Helebçe)

Helîm Yûsîv, Trzynasty miesiąc (Meha sêzdehan)

Jana Seyda, Mamo (Dayê)

Jan Dost, Słodka twarz (Rûyekî şêrîn)

Jana Seyda, Kurdowie (Kurd)

This study analyses the Kurdish children' literature in the North. The goal is to show works which about kurdish children's literature in the North.
First, the definitions of child, childhood and children's literature have been explained. Then about history of Kurdish children's literature some
informations are given. Kurdish children's literature when started and who has written for the children is also mentioned. Kurdish writers, poet and intellectuals who work for children in the North are introduced. Kurdish children' magazines and publishers that publish Kurdish children's books in the North also been the subject of this article.


Di vê lêkolînê de behsa edebiyata zarokan a kurdî ya li Bakur hatiye kirin. Armanc ew e ku di edebiyata zarokan a kurdî de xebatên ji bo zarokan li Bakur hatine kirin bi kurtasî bên nîşandan. Di destpêkê de têgehên zarok, zarokatî û edebiyata zarokan hatine ravekirin. Paşê behsa dîroka edebiyata zarokan a kurdî hatiye kirin.

Bokens syfte är att ge läsaren en inblick i de ordspråk som finns inom Feyli dialekten av kurdiskan. Vidare är det ett sätt att bevara och propagera Feyli dialekten.
Boken börjar med en förklaring av hur de latinska bokstäverna används för att hjälpa läsaren att snabbt ta sig an ordspråken.

Varje ord är skriven precis som de låter, detta för att bevara rätt uttal samt förhindra missförstånd då det förekommer ord som låter väldigt likt varandra men har olika betydelsen.
Ordspråken börjar alltid med det latinska alfabetet för att sedan övergå till det arameiska. Detta för att oavsett vilken alfabete man än lärt sig ska man kunna dra nytta av ordspråken.
För att säkerställa att ordspråkens andemening inte går förlorade så är översättningen inte alltid ord för ord.
Där det behövs har ytterligare kommentarer angetts för att ordspråken ska förstås rätt. Kommentarerna återfinns nedanför den svenska översättningen inom [ ].
Boken avslutas med en ordlista bestående av “svåra” ord.

(Sydkurdiska)

The connotation of hair flattop in Jaziri poetry is the title of this research based on the meaning of gnosis of hair flattop word as a member of human's face, and put it to the content of gnostic poetry. This knowledge gives a poetry field as a text of gnosis. All classic poems have been well known as gnostic users and taken good benefits from Islamic gnosis for their poetries, and particularly

وتاری بەردەست، پەرژاوەتە سەر پرسی زمان لە نێو کوردەکان لە تورکیا و باندۆری ئایدیۆلۆجی لەسەر پێڤاژۆی بەسووژەبوونی تاکی کورد لە هەمبەر زمانی دایکدا. بەم پێیە، ڕۆمانی پێشبازیا چیرۆکێن نەقەدیایی نووسینی شەنەر ئۆزمەن، بەگوێرەی کۆمەڵێ چەمک وەک «ئایدیۆلۆجی»، «دەزگای سەرکوت و دەزگا ئایدیۆلۆجیکەکانی دەوڵەت» و «سووژە و پێڤاژۆی بەسووژەبوون» لە تیۆریی ڕەخنەیی لویی ئاڵتوسێر، خوێندراوەتەوە. لێکۆڵینەوەکە دەری‌دەخات دەسەڵاتی تورکیا هاوکات لەگەڵ سەرکوتی فیزیکی، لە ڕێگەی دەزگا ئایدیۆلۆجیکەکانەوە، پێڤاژۆی پاکتاوکاری و پەراوێزخستنی زمانی کوردیی پێش‌خستووە. چوار دەزگای چالاکی هاودەستی دەوڵەت لەم پەیوەندییەدا بریتین لە دەزگای ئایینی، خێزان، خوێندنگە و میدیا، کە توانیویانە لە چێ‌کردنی سووژەی ملکەچدا بە تەواوی سەربکەون. ئەم سووژانە، هاوکات لەگەڵ کردەی ئایدیۆلۆجیک، لە ڕێگەی بەکارهێنانی سەرکوتەوە، زۆرترین ئاستەنگیان بۆ سووژە سەربزێو و بەرەنگارەکان ناوەتەوە. پاڵەوانی سەرەکیی ڕۆمانەکە، لە پێگەی سووژەیەکی زمانپارێزدا، ملکەچی ئایدیۆلۆجیی زاڵ نابێت؛ بۆیەش دەکەوێتە بەر هەڕەشە و لە کۆتاییدا بە دەستی سووژەیەکی فریودراوی دەزگای ئایینی دەکوژرێت. سووژە گوێڕایەڵەکان، لە ژێر کاریگەریی هەر دوو جۆر دەزگای سەرکوت و ئایدیۆلۆجیکدا هەڵسازراون؛ بەڵام دەزگا ئایدیۆلۆجیکەکان باڵادەستترن و توانیویانە سووژەی دەستاژۆی زمانی بە سەرکەوتوویی بنیات‌بنێن؛ بە جۆرێ کە، سووژەکان بۆخۆیان، «ئازادانە» ڕەوشی داسەپاو بەرهەم دەهێننەوە. سەرکوتی ڕاستەوخۆ و ناڕاستەوخۆ، سەرکەوتنی ئایدیۆلۆجیی زاڵ، بەرخۆدانی بێ‌ئاکام، هیوابڕاوی و دۆڕان کەشی زاڵی ڕۆمانەکە پێک‌دەهێنن. سەرەڕای ئەمانەش، پەشیمانیی بکوژ لە کوشتنی سەرلەهەنگ (پاڵەوانی سەرەکی) و گەیشتن لە ڕاستیی ڕوانگەکانی ئەو لە کۆتایی دەقەکەدا، ئاماژەن بۆ بەردەوام‌بوونی ڕەوتی بەرەنگاری و بەرخوەدان.

Handan Çağlayan’ın Diyarbekir’den başlayıp farklı Kürt ailelerin gündelik hayatlarında dil kullanımının peşine düşerek yaptığı alan araştırmasına dayalı Aynı Evde Ayrı Diller çalışması, bize Kürtçe’nin farklı kuşaklar arasında hangi durumlarda aktarılabilmiş olduğunu, fakat daha çok da nasıl aktarılamamış olduğunu göstermektedir.Çalışma, birçok bakımdan hem güncel siyasi tartışmalara hem de bu alandaki akademik literatüre önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Aynı Evde Ayrı Diller çalışması, Türkiye bağlamında ve Kürtçe özelinde genellikle eğitim ile ilgili tartışmalara konu olmuş anadili meselesini hem daha geniş bir çerçeveye oturtarak gündelik hayatın diğer alanlarında tartıştığı için hem de sadece anadilinin yasaklanmasından kaynaklanan sonuçlara odaklanmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda kuşaklar arasında dil aktarımının kesintiye uğramasının hangi sosyal, psikolojik ve siyasi etkiler sonucu gerçekleştiğini de gösterdiği için literatüre oldukça önemli bir katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Handan Çağlayan, bu kitapta Kürt hareketinin uzun süreli mücadelesinin dil alanına nasıl yansıdığını, bunun Kürtçe için ne gibi kazanımlar sağladığını kitap boyunca ele alarak anadili etrafında dönen tartışmaları siyasal ve tarihsel olarak da hakikatleri gören ve hakkaniyetli bir bağlama oturtmaktadır. Bununla beraber, çalışmanın saha araştırması devam ederken cereyan eden siyasi gelişmelerin ele alınması, anadili ile ilgili tartışmalarının nasıl bir ortamda cereyan ettiğini göstermesi bakımından oldukça önemli.