Arabic Lexicography

Actualités, p. 1
Obituaire, p. 1
nCmY, p. 3
Yémen, p. 3
Épigraphie, p. 37
Abou Dhabi, p. 38
Arabie, p. 38
Arabie p. 38
Émirats Arabes Unis p. 40
Sharjah p. 41
Revue de presse p. 42
ENCART :
Julian Jansen van Rensburg (Heritage Researcher Royal Botanical Garden
Edinburgh) The threatened cultural heritage of Soqotra: reports of subversion, looting and theft of antiquities and ancient manuscripts .p. 53

Articles
Carl Davila (The College at Brockport, SUNY, NY) & Anne Regourd (CNRS,UMR 7192)
Données sur les papiers à timbres secs des manuscrits d’al-āla p. 64

Alessandro Gori (Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies,
University of Copenhagen)
Yemenite mystic poetry among Ethiopian Muslims: a note on the case of
ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Buraʿī p. 82

Appel à contribution Lexicographie de la péninsule Arabique p. 107

Abdelhamid Drira (Doctorant en histoire contemporaine, Sorbonne Université) Lexicographie de la péninsule Arabique. 1.Genèse et sources du Dictionnaire arabe-français d’Albert de Biberstein Kazimirski (20 novembre 1808 Korchów-22 Juin 1887 Paris) : la question de la part des dictionnaires « yéménites » p. 115

"Like all multi-lingual computing, Arabic computing is now firmly in the domain of Unicode. Unicode is an industrial protocol with the status of international agreement. It is designed to encode the elements of all known script systems in such a way that they become interchangeable between programs and operating systems. Its implementation is well underway.

Unicode eliminates the need to tamper with fonts to get special characters, but it is not a font. For legible text on screen and paper, Unicode depends on compatible fonts with the required characters, where necessary with additional dedicated font technology."

Buku ini memuat sejarah dan perjalanan hidup Prof. Dr. H. Imam Suprayogo (Mantan Rektor Pertama UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang) dari masa lahirnya hingga perjuangannnya meniti karier dari nol hingga berhasil mengembangkan kampus 'Ulul Albab" dari status Cabang Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Surabaya menjadi STAIN Malang, lalu berubah menjadi UIIS (Universitas Islam Indonesia Sudan) hingga menjadi UIN Malang dalam waktu relatif singkat. Semua ditulis dengan bahasa sastrawi, termasuk pemikiran Prof. Imam, gaya bahasa dan kepimpinannya dan metaforanya yang sarat nilai untuk membentuk karaktrer.

本论文讨论数据库的概念、类型以及如何运用数据库开发、编纂词典等问题。文章通过分析几种基于电子数据库的辞典，从科技角度探讨了电子数据库在编纂双语术语词典中的运用，以及在不同阶段如何采用数据库来解决词典编纂的各种问题。本文还使用关系数据库来介绍如何解决术语词典的不同问题，如：语言的种类，数据量、数据排序、检测，以及展示数据的媒体多样化等几种困扰词典编纂的传统问题。此外，论文还展望了电子数据库在词典编纂中的应用前景，认为它将大大提高词典编纂的精度和速度 ，从而满足适合新世纪学科飞速变化的双语术语词典开发的迫切需要。

In this presentation, we will illustrate the process of making our brand-new Arabic-English/English-Arabic dictionary, which is due for publication in print and online in August 2014. It is intended for speakers of both English and Arabic. It contains over 26,000 entries on each side, including many up-to-the-minute words and expressions. Collocations and examples are an important feature. The dictionary has been compiled using dictionary writing software that enables editors to work and communicate with one another regardless of their location.
We show the entire process of making an Arabic dictionary, from finding a reliable framework in both languages, to developing a unique online functionality. We show the difficulties lexicographers face when compiling an Arabic dictionary, and the ways in which we dealt with those. In addition, the Oxford Arabic Dictionary has quite a few features that are entirely new to Arabic dictionaries, and we illustrate how we went about developing those.

This article is part of a study aiming to disambiguate Arabic verb-noun collocation in Machine Translation (MT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). This article investigates verb noun collocation in the Arabic language from a linguistic point of view. It reviews the main theoretical studies on collocation including early indications, concept, terminology and classification of collocation in the Arabic language. In addition to that, it also reviews contemporary collocation dictionaries and verb-noun collocation patterns and the possibility of using both traditional and current lexicography resources in sense disambiguation for NLP and MT. The final part of this article is dedicated to a suggested eclectic model of verb-noun collocation patterns in Arabic.

Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq (1805/1806–1887), one of the most important Arab intellectuals in the nineteenth-century, published his masterpiece Al-Sāq ʿalā al-sāq fī mā huwa al-Fāriyāq (Leg Over Leg or The Turtle in the Tree, Concerning the Fāriyāq, What Manner of Creature Might He Be) in 1855 in Paris. This landmark of modern Arabic literature confronts the reader with numerous word lists.
From the perspective of Literary and Cultural Studies, this book approaches al-Shidyāq’s lists as a fundamental social and cultural critique of his time. It develops a set of analytical tools to describe the epistemic and aesthetic dimensions of ‘exposing words’, and to make sense of the plentiful word lists found throughout Arabic literature and unveil their social and cultural relevance. In the framework of the ‘return to philology’ (Edward Said), the book discovers in al-Shidyāq’s language thinking an intellectual radicalism and artistic experimentation, which sheds new light on the Nahḍa, the Arab renewal movement on the eve of modernity

Nazarii A. Nazarov. The Ukrainian etymological lexicography: theory, history, and practice. – Manuscript.
Dissertation for obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of philology, specialty 10.02.01 – the Ukrainian language. – Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University of Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, 2016.

The present study explores factors that influenced Ukrainian practice of
compiling etymological dictionaries in diachronic and synchronic aspects, its
connection with the wider cultural context. Regularity of the consequence of the stages
of lexicography, etymological lexicography included, is demonstrated and its
connection with establishing national state is showed.
The present study is aimed at metalinguistic analysis of Ukrainian and
European etymological lexicography methodological basis. Its main goal is to
explicate interdependencies between ideology (cultural, religious or scientific

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narrative) and etymologizing patterns in etymological dictionaries, to reveal
reflexes of different scientific epochs in the present state of Ukrainian etymology.
Before etymological dictionary as distinctive genre of linguistic research
appeared, both lexicography and etymology have passed through several
evolutionary stages that coincided with changing of epistemes (according to
Michel Foucault), both having their origins in mythological view on the word as
magical force. Especially strong ties tied Byzantine and Byzantine-oriented
countries’ (such as Ukraine before XIX c.) lexicography and etymology with sacral
sphere. Both first Byzantine (e.g. Suda) and Ukrainian (e.g. that of P. Berynda)
dictionaries bore catechetical functions as well as first etymologizing practices of
these areas belonged to folklore rooted figura etymologica or ‘folk etymology’.
Ukrainian etymology in XIX c. combined results of comparative method
with focus on the inner form of a word (elaborated by O.O. Potebnya), that was
possible due to special attention to the language awareness immanent to folklore
(both O.O. Potebnya and P.Ya. Lukashevych were both linguists and folklorists).
Classical Indo-European etymological dictionaries did not succeed in
handling problem of heterogeneity of the languages they studied because of
methodological biases against material beyond Indo-European range. The
etymologists from the Slavic countries (S. Mladenov, V. Machek, O. Trubachev)
developed their own methodological approach concentrated on the heterogeneity of
the lexicon. Ukrainian school of etymological research (O.S. Melnychuk,
V.T. Kolomiyets, O.B. Tkachenko, A.P. Nepokupnyi etc.) elaborated these
problematic issues mainly ignored in other spheres of Indo-European studies, so
their results have meaning beyond the range of the Ukrainian studies.

In the context of etymological dictionaries of Slavic and other Indo-
European languages, compiled in XVII-XXI c., characteristic features of Ukrainian

etymological dictionaries is showed. Ukrainian etymological lexicography
(especially its monumental work ‘Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian
language’ directed by acad. O.S. Melnychuk) combined positive aspects of the
methodological approaches developed in the classical Indo-European studies (keen
attention to phonetic correspondences) with innovations of the Slavic and
Ukrainian etymological schools (attention to pre- and non-Indo-European elements
in the lexicon). Also cultural role of the Ukrainian etymological lexicography
cannot be denied: the ‘Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language’
received world-wide appraisal of the linguists and augmented cultural prestige of
the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian studies.
Key words: Ukrainian lexicography, etymology, etymological dictionary,
etymologically unclear lexicon, vocabulary

المعجم الأمازيغي المخطوط :"كتاب الأسماء" لابن تونارت أنموذجا
In : Colloque : « Les dictionnaires amazighes entre hier et aujourd’hui » (Nador, Maroc)

Le 20 septembre 2019
Faculté Pluridisciplinaire Nador Maroc
« Les dictionnaires amazighes entre hier et aujourd’hui »
(En  Hommage à Monsieur le Professeur Abdelali SABIA)
Les 10-11 décembre  2019
• AXE : La lexicographie manuscrite amazighe.

Dafʿ al-iṣr ʿan kalām ahl Miṣr, “Removing the burden from the speech of the Egyptians”, was written in 1606 by Yūsuf al-Maġribī (d. 1611), and provides its readers with valuable information about the Egyptian dialect used in the 17th century. The work is unique because it was one of the earliest attempts to study colloquial Arabic. It is a list of Egyptian Arabic words, which al-Maġribī checked for consistency with Classical Arabic. His aim was to prove that many Egyptiandialect terms, which were considered to be “incorrect”Arabic, in fact had their roots in the Classical Arabic language. Al-Maġribī focused on the words used in daily Egyptian life, such as the names of tools and utensils and food and drink, as well as the speech of traders and artisans. These entries are often adorned by anecdotes and lines of colloquial poetry and therefore, provide the reader with insight into the culture and daily life of Egypt in this period. This volume consists of two parts: the first is a study of aspects of daily life, the colloquial poetry, the linguistic characteristics of the dialect of this period, and a glossary of the words which are mentioned byal-Maġribī and the second includes an edition of the Arabic text, based on the autograph.

ENGLISH:  Andalusí Place-Name Lexemes I
This paper presents around seven hundred Andalusi lexemes the use of which is documented in the toponymy of the Iberian Peninsula. They are transcribed in Latin characters and listed in European alphabetical order to facilitate access for non-Arabists. Each lexeme is given in the form in which it is documented in Andalusi sources, together with its meaning, the pro-nunciation according to Pedro de Alcalá, some examples of its use in Spanish and Portuguese Place Names and the corresponding bibliographical references. A considerable number of new etymologies are included.
Kew words: Spanish and Portuguese Place Names, Andalusi Arabic, lexicology, Pedro de Alcalá.

ESPAÑOL
Se reúnen en este trabajo unos setecientos lexemas andalusíes cuyo empleo está atestiguado en la toponimia de la Península Ibérica. Estos se presentan en su transcripción latina, y van listados por orden alfabético europeo para facilitar su manejo al investigador no arabista. Para cada lexema se indica la forma encontrada en las fuentes andalusíes, su significado, su pronunciación según Pedro de Alcalá, unos pocos ejemplos de su uso en la toponimia peninsular y las pertinentes referencias bibliográficas. El conjunto incluye un buen número de etimologías nuevas.
Palabras clave: toponimia hispánica, árabe andalusí, lexicología, Pedro de Alcalá

عربية
يضم هذا العمل ما يقارب الـ 700 جذراً لغوياً أندلسياً تم استخدامه في أسماء الأماكن  في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية. وقد جاءت هذه الأسماء بالأحرف اللاتينية، وفق الترتيب الأبجدي الأوروبي لتسهيل وصول وتعامل غير المستعربين لها. وقد تم ذكر الصيغة التي وُجد فيها كل جذر لغوي في المصادر الأندلسية ومعنى هذا الجذر وطريقة لفظه وفقاً لبيدرو دي ألكالا Pedro de Alcalá، إضافة إلى بعض الأمثلة لطريقة استخدامها في أسماء الأماكن في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية مع المراجع البيبليوغرافية المتصلة بها. يضم العمل كذلك عدداً لا بأس به من الأصول اللفظية الجديدة.
الكلمات المفاتيح: أسماء الأماكن في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية، العربي الأندلسي،
علم المعاني، بيدرو دي ألكالا.

Tez, klasik Arapça sözlükler ve tefsirler arasındaki ilişkiyi hicrî ilk dört asır zaman sınırlandırması çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Bu konunun incelenmesi, tefsir tarihine iki açıdan katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu, tefsir ilminin himayesinde gelişen filolojik disiplinlerin keşfedilmesine imkân tanıdığı kadar dilbilimin bir alt dalı kabul edilen sözlükbilimle tefsirin yoğun temasını ortaya koyması bakımından önemlidir.
Çalışmada takip edilen yöntem, metin incelemesidir. Hicrî ilk dört asrın temsil değeri yüksek Arapça sözlüklerinde tespit edilen tefsir malzemesi, tefsir ilminin konuları merkeze alınmak suretiyle tasnif edilmiştir.
Bu araştırmanın ilk dört asır şeklinde zaman hududuna tabi tutulmasının müspet yönü, sözlükbilimde ve tefsirde güçlü metinlerin telif edildiği teşekkül dönemine ait eser muhtevasını yansıtmasıdır. Söz konusu sınırlandırmanın menfi tarafı ise tefsir telifinin hicrî ilk dört asrın başında yoğunlaşırken sözlüklerin dördüncü asrın sonunda telif edilişidir. Menfilik, telif sürecinde eser türlerinin zamansal dağılımından kaynaklanmamaktadır. Esas olumsuzluk, bu dağılımın türler arasındaki ilişkiye etkisinin tespit edilmesiyle alakalıdır. Çünkü sözlüklerin ve tefsirlerin teşekkül ettiği bu kronolojik seyirde, tefsirlerin sözlükler üzerindeki etkisini incelemek gayet mümkünken, sözlüklerin tefsirler üzerindeki etkisini incelemek zorlaşmaktadır.
Hazırlanan bu incelemenin temel iddiası, hicrî ilk dört asra ait klasik Arapça sözlükler ve tefsirler arasında etkileşim olduğudur. Bu iddianın ispatlanması suretiyle tefsir ilminin sözlükbilimle yoğun irtibat içerisinde şekillendiği açığa çıkmaktadır. Aynı zamanda tefsir ilminin salt dilden ibaret gibi algılanan sözlükbilimi yönlendirdiği de
anlaşılmaktadır. Zira ayetlerin istişhad malzemesi olarak kullanılması onların tefsir edilmesini de gerektirmiştir.
Çalışmamız öncelikle Arapça sözlükçülüğün doğuşu ve gelişimine odaklanarak tarihî arka planı kendine zemin edinmektedir. Ardından sözlüklerdeki tefsir malzemesi, dil ve Kur’an ilimleri temalı tasnif edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu tasnife kelâmî ve fıkhî içeriklerin sözlüklere yansıması da eklenmiştir. Bu verilerin bir sağlaması ve tefsir – sözlük ilişkisinin diğer kutbunu yoklama amacına matuf olarak tefsirlerdeki sözlük mirası da aynı başlıklar üzerinden incelenmiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: tefsir, klasik Arapça sözlükler, ilişki, yorum, tefsir tarihi

In the Arabic eleventh-century, scholars were intensely preoccupied with the way that language generated truth and beauty. Their work in poetics, logic, theology, and lexicography defined the intellectual space between God and the poets. In Language Between God and the Poets, Alexander Key argues that ar-Raghib al-Isfahani, Ibn Furak, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani shared a conceptual vocabulary based on the words ma‘na and haqiqah. They used this vocabulary to build theories of language, mind, and reality that answered perennial questions: how to structure language and reference, how to describe God, how to construct logical arguments, and how to explain poetic affect. This book is open access at https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.54.

Des peuples arabes qui ont précédé l'Islam nous connaissons peu de choses. Les historiens arabes les désignent par « les peuples disparus » et les seules sources sur le monde arabe antique restent les récits rapportés par les historiens de la première période de l'Islam. Ces récits sont demeurés souvent sans preuve directe par manque de matériel archéologique. Il a fallu attendre plus de 70 ans, obtenir un corpus épigraphique important et des témoignages archéologiques significatifs, pour qu'on puisse étudier l'histoire ancienne des Arabes directement et non par le biais des civilisations périphériques. Les inscriptions découvertes à la fin du XIXe siècle, dans l'actuelle Arabie Saoudite, enrichies de trouvailles plus récentes, commencent seulement aujourd'hui à être bien comprises. Le corpus épigraphique actuel permet une ébauche de l'histoire sociale, de la langue et des pratiques cultuelles des Arabes durant le millénaire qui a précédé l'Islam. Ces inscriptions sont non seulement importantes pour l'étude de la langue arabe à son origine, mais aussi pour les cultes dont l'Islam a gardé certaines pratiques. Ce livre est une analyse de l'ensemble des inscriptions dédano-liḥyānites connues à ce jour. Elles ont été découvertes sur les stèles provenant des temples antiques ou sur la paroi des montagnes, dans les oasis d'al-ʻUlâ et Madâ'in Sâlih (nord du Hijâz, Arabie Saoudite). Elles remontent à la seconde moitié du Ier millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne. Elles sont qualifiées de dédano-liḥyānites en référence au titre que portent les rois dans les inscriptions, le nom de la montagne Dédan, cité dans les inscriptions, ou le nom ethnique Liḥyān.

In this paper, we investigate prepositional verbs in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) with a focus on verbs collocating with the preposition /fi:/ 'in'. We extract the candidates from tagged text corpora of more than 106 million words. We analyze the extracted candidates according to the valency of the construction and the faithfulness of the English translation to the original entries. Results show that the majority of entries require one argument while others require extra optional argument. While most of the translated candidates retain the original preposition, the remaining ones either collocate with a different preposition or do not collocate with prepositions at all. Furthermore, results show that active and passive mismatch is inevitable in translating prepositional verbs. We conclude with proposing a typical entry of prepositional verbs to be followed by Arabic-English learners' dictionaries. At the end of the paper, we share our gold data for further use by teachers, translators and lexicographers who are interested in Arabic. 1

This thesis investigates the Arabic grammatical terms that belong to the classes of noun, verb and particle. In order to propose a harmonization of these Arabic terms in Portuguese, we have tried to find equivalent terms in both languages and for this, three different possibilities have been generated: a) direct equivalence, which occurs when the terminological definition characteristics of the Arabic and Portuguese grammatical terms were coincidental; b) very nearly equivalence, that happens when not every characteristics were coincidental, in this case, we have investigated the description of use of more than one Portuguese grammatical term as an attempt to find a most appropriate equivalent to the Arabic term; c) non-equivalence, when a Portuguese equivalent has not been verified for the Arabic grammatical term, so we propose a terminological neologism or a paraphrase. The aim of this research is to set up the theoretical and methodological basis for the elaboration of an Arabic grammatical terms bilingual dictionary (Arabic-Portuguese).

توطئة
جرت العادة الأكاديميّة في الغرب أن تُجمع مقالات كبار العلماء في كتب مختصّة كلّما نظمها ناظم. إذ غالبًا ما يتتبّع هؤلاء العلماء ثيمات وموضوعات في مقالاتهم المحكّمة دون أن يعيدوا نشرها في كتب أوسع إمّا لضيق وقتهم أو لتواضعهم. تسهّل عمليةُ جمع المقالات هذه تحقيقَ الباحثين مرادَهم منها والعودة إليها بعد تنقيحها وتبويبها وفهرستها. وغالبًا ما يضيء بعضُ هذه المقالات بعضَها الآخر عند جمعها في مجلّدٍ واحد فينكشف للقارئ جمعًا ما لا يتأتّى عند قراءة المقالات فرقًا. من هنا وُلدت فكرة هذا الكتاب.
وكثيرًا ما أُسأل في مؤتمرات دوليّة عن مسائل وقضايا في النحو وفقه اللغة المقارن والمعاجم لقلّة عدد الباحثين المختصّين في هذه المجالات في الغرب، وكنت أحيل دومًا إلى كتابات أستاذنا الدكتور رمزي بعلبكي. وعادةً ما يستغرب سائلي أنّ الدكتور رمزي يكتب بالعربية، وهو المشهور في الغرب بفتوحاته العلميّة خاصّة في تاريخ النحو العربيّ والمعجم. وغالبًا ما يروح سائلي يقدّم الأعذار عن صعوبة الحصول على المقالات العربيّة التي تبقى في الغالب غير مفهرَسة وغير مُدْرَجة في محرّكات البحث أو المواقع والمدوّنات المختصّة بالمقالات العلميّة، وكثيرًا ما يحدث أن تتوقّف الدوريّات العربيّة عن الصدور بعد سنوات من بدئها.
ولعلّ هذا النقص في الاهتمام بالمقالات العربية هو ما دعا كثيرًا من علماء العربيّة إلى الكتابة بالإنكليزيّة أو غيرها من اللغات الأوروبيّة. وهكذا يتمّ عن غير قصد تغريب العربيّة في البحث الأكاديميّ حتّى عن أبنائها وأهلها. وقد تنبّه أستاذنا الدكتور رمزي بعلبكي إلى عواقب هذا الأمر باكرًا في مسيرته العلميّة فأصرّ دومًا على الكتابة بالعربيّة إلى جانب الإنكليزيّة، ونبّهَنا — نحن مريديه وطلاّبه — على أهميّة النشر بالعربيّة خدمةً لها واعتزازًا بها لغةً بحثيّة عصريّة.
وكنتُ قد اقترحت على أستاذنا أن يجمع مقالاته العربيّة في مجلّد واحد تسهيلاً على الباحثين، غير أنّه بتواضعه المعهود كان يتحجّج بأنّه لا يجنح إلى زيارة ما كتب أو بأنّه منشغل بأبحاث وقضايا جديدة تستحوذ جلّ وقته وجهده، ومنها عمله على معجم الدوحة التاريخيّ للّغة العربيّة الذي طَرَحَ مشروعَه على المركز العربيّ للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات وكُلِّف بتولّي رئاسة مجلسه العلميّ. فكان أن أخذتُ على عاتقي مهمّة جمع المقالات وتبويبها وفهرستها خدمةً لقرّاء العربيّة وتكريمًا لمرشدي. وكان مَدْخلي إلى إقناعه أخيرًا الاحتجاج بأن دار Variorum العالميّة — التي تُعنى بجمع مقالات كبار الأكاديميّين الذين لهم أثر بارز في حقول دراساتهم — كانت قد سبقتنا إلى إقناعه بأمرٍ مُشابه حين بادرت إلى تكريمه بأنْ يكون أوّل باحث عربيّ يُجمع عدد من مقالاته بالإنكليزيّة في مجلّد تكريميّ صدر العام 2004 بعنوان Grammarians and Grammatical Theory in the Medieval Arabic Tradition وفيه ثمانية عشر بحثًا في ثلاثة محاور. وكان لاهتدائي إلى هذه الحجّة أثرٌ طيّب في نَفْس أستاذي فبارك لي جهدي فأثمر.
ولم أجد خيرًا من مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلاميّة لأعرض عليه نشر هذه المجموعة، فكان أن وجدتُ عند القيّمين عليه كل الترحاب والتشجيع، كما لمستُ منهم كبير التقدير للدكتور بعلبكي الذي سبق له أن حظي بشرف نيل جائزة الملك الفيصل العالميّة عن العام 2010 عن جهوده في دراسة النظريّة النحويّة العربيّة. فللمركز وللقيّمين عليه أصفى العرفان وأعظم التقدير.
ويشتمل الكتاب على سبع عشرة مقالة مختارة أدرجناها في أربعة محاور: اللغة والنحو والمعجم والساميّات.
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أمّا عنوان الكتاب، هذه اللغة الشريفة، فمستوحًى من عبارة ترد في "الخصائص" لابن جنّي  كان الدكتور بعلبكي يردّدها على مسامع طلاّبه كلّما عرضتْ لطيفةٌ لغويّة يَخْلص منها إلى روعة العربيّة وقدرتها الفائقة على التوليد والتفرقة بين المعاني الدقيقة. وهذه العبارة تكاد تختصر مسيرة رجلٍ وهب العربيّة سني عمره، لذا ارتأيناها عنوانًا لكتابه هذا الذي نضعه في متناول قرّاء العربيّة ومحبّيها عسانا بجهدنا المتواضع هذا نفي أستاذنا ولو يسيرًا من حقّه علينا.

Ibn Ǧanāḥ’s book on the nomenclature of medicinal drugs (Kitāb al-Talḫīṣ).

In the early 5th (A.H.)/11th (A.D.) century, the eminent Jewish scholar and philologist Abū l-Walīd Marwān ibn Ǧanāḥ (Rabbi Jonah) wrote in Zaragoza a glossary with the title Kitāb at-Talḫīṣ, listing in almost 1100 entries the Arabic and foreign-language names of simple drugs, weights and measures, and other medical terms. Until recently, that glossary was considered lost. Even the discovery of a manuscript of the original text by Sezgin was ignored by most scholars, although the importance of this glossary for the subsequent synonym literature of the Arabs has become more and more clear since the studies realized by Max Meyerhof. Today, it is possible to prove that most of the ensuing compilations of the Arabs on synonyms for the simple drugs are directly or indirectly reliant on the Talḫīṣ. The current state of research leads us to assume, among others, that many Old Ibero-Romance plant names, found in the Arabic literature, have first been recorded by Ibn Ǧanāḥ. The Talḫīṣ is also significant from a cultural point of view as it shows how deeply the Jews living in al-Andalus were rooted in the Arabic culture. The primary goal of the book is to edit this fundamental work, extant in the manuscript Ayasofya 3603, Istanbul, thus making it available to the scientific public for the first time. This goal also encompasses an English translation of the work. The edition and translation is accompanied by an extensive commentary, whose purpose is, firstly, to outline both the sources and the scholarly reception of the Talḫīṣ. Secondly, the commentary envisages identifying the names of the simple drugs contained in this work, with a special focus on the Ibero-Romance names of plants.

This study presents a lexical semantic investigation of the dialectal verb dašš – one of the most common verbs in the dialects of eastern Arabia – on the basis of its usage in conversational circumstances. I analyse the polysemy of dašš and its uses by native speakers in Kuwait City with the aim of establishing whether and to what extent linguistic and social factors condition and constrain the emergence and development of new senses. The paper is based on the results of an analysis of audio-recorded conversational data gathered from local social gatherings in more than ten locations and in four different governorates in Kuwait between 2012 and 2013. Most of the speakers were educated men aged 24 and above who have received formal education and enjoy white-collar occupations. The results of the semantic analysis indicate that meaning is both contextually and collocationally bound, and that verbs’ different meanings are activated according to the context in which they are used.

This paper investigates the meaning of two pairs of synonyms taken from the glorious Qur'an, and how the compilers of bilingual dictionaries treat them while giving their meaning. The amount of information given under each word will also be investigated. The two pairs of synonyms under investigation are: (Al gaiØ ‫/اﻟﻐﯿﺚ‬ Al matar‫)اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬ and (Al khawf ‫/اﻟﺨﻮف‬ Al khashyah‫.)اﻟﺨﺸﯿﺔ‬ The three bilingual Arabic-English dictionaries concerned in the present study are AL MAWRID: A modern Arabic English Dictionary (1997) by Dr. Rohi Baalbaki, A Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic (1979) by Hans Wehr, and A Learner's Arabic-English Dictionary (1984) by F. Steingass. The results show that the three selected dictionaries equally treated the two pairs as complete synonyms, while they varied in the amount of information they provided for each item.

Cet article est la traduction en français  d’une série de trois articles courts publiés originellement en anglais, puis traduits en arabe et en indonésien sur LinkedIn. Ces essais dressent le bilan du travail des informaticiens, après 25 ans, dans le domaine de la morphologie computationnelle arabe. Nous avons divisé notre exposé en répondant aux questions suivantes:
1. Pourquoi les informaticiens n'arrivent-ils pas à produire des ressources linguistiques arabes précises?
2. Les informaticiens comprennent-ils en profondeur la morphologie arabe traditionnelle?
3. Les informaticiens peuvent-ils repenser la morphologie arabe en sortant des sentiers battus?

Language and Style Based Approach in the Commentary of the Qur’an: A Look at Karamânî’s Tafsîr in the Context of the Surat al-Baqara
Summary:
The most prominent feature of the tradition of Turkish commentary - especially the tradition of Ottoman commentary - is that much commentary and interpretation centered on language and style are given. Although the tradition is not completely isolated from the narrative method, it aims to understand and interpret the Qur’an in its own style in general. In this context, using all the possibilities and established rules of Arabic language and belief as a means, it adds richness to the Qur’anic interpretation.
The most common products of the tradition of Turkish commentary in the Ottoman period are the inscriptions (hâşiye). The inscriptions are mostly written on al-Kashshaf and Envāru’t-Tenzîl. One of the commentators and muhashis who stood out in this period is Ahmad b. Mahmoud al-Asam al-Karamânî (dated 981/1574). He is also known as Deaf Ahmad. He draws attention with his work known as Tafsîr al-Karamânî. This work, which presents a total view of exegesis, is the most comprehensive syllabus in Al- Zamakhshari’s literature around al-Kashshaf and has a volume that is more than twice that of his work in al-Kashshaf. Karamânî reads al-Kashshaf and Envāru’t-Tenzîl comparatively. These two works trace the products belonging to the traditions which are formed around them carefully. He criticizes some interpretations and also tries to solve issues by bringing together important ideas and presenting their own choices and assessments. He is found in oral transcriptions made from the first time as a living witness of the language debates in the period that lived. Presenting the controversies about the affairs, they reveal their historical narrative. In short, he tries to compile the accumulation of language, style and meaning around the al-Kashshaf and Envāru’t-Tenzîl by inserting it into the title of Tafsîr al-Karamânî.
This research examines the part of Tafsîr al-Karamânî that covers the Surat al-Bakara. It points to the basic features of language and style centered approach in Qur’anic interpretation. It analyzes the relevant part of the work in this context. To try to determine the contributions of Arabic language possibilities and the use of the basic stylistic features of the Qur’an as a means of meaning production to the Qur’anic interpretation. In this context, it makes extensive explanations of language, style and meaning relation.
Key words: İnscriptions, language, style, meaning, linguistic tafsir.

النهج اللغوي والأسلوبي في تفسير القرآن الكريم: نظرة إلى تفسير الْقَرَمَانِي على نموذج سورة البقرة
الملخص:
الميزة الأبرز لتقاليد التفسير والتعليق التركي - ولا سيما تقاليد التفسير والتعليق العثماني - هي أن الكثير من التعليقات والتفسيرات تتمحور حول اللغة والأسلوب. على الرغم من أنّ هذا التقليد ليس معزولًا تمامًا عن المنهج الروائي، إلا أنه يهدف إلى فهم القرآن وتفسيره خلال أسلوبه الخاص بشكل عام. وفي هذا السياق، هو باستخدام كلّ إمكانات اللغة العربية وقواعدها الراسخة يضيف الثراء إلى التفسير القرآني.
من أكثر الأمثلة شيوعاً لتقاليد التفسير التركي في العهد العثماني هي الحواشي التي تتمثل أحيانا كتفاسير مكتوبة على الكشّاف وأنوار التنزيل. واحد من المعلّقين والمحشّين الذين برزوا في هذه الفترة هو أحمد بن محمود القرماني الشهير بلقب أحمد الأصم (تاريخ ٩٨١/١٥٧٤). وهو يلفت الانتباه مع عمله المعروف باسم "تفسير القرماني". هذا العمل الذي يقدم رؤية موحدة كتفسير كامل ولكنه حاشية على الكشّاف. وحجمه  أكثر من ضعفي حاشية الطيبي على الكشاف. يقرأ القرماني الكشّاف وأنوار التنزيل بقراءة مقابلة. يهتم بالمنتجات التي تكونت حولهما.  ينقد القرماني بعض التفسيرات، كما يحاول حلّ القضايا عن طريق الجمع بين الأفكار المهمة وتقديم خياراته وتقييماته. وهو كشاهد حيّ ينقل بعض المناظرات الشفهية اللغوية خلال عهده في إستانبول. يقوم القرماني بمحاولة لتجميع التراكم اللغوي في تفسيره.
هذه الدراسة تتركز على توصيف الأساليب اللغوية في تفسير القرآن الكريم في الفترة العثمانية. خصوصا مناهج تطبيق الخصائص اللغوية للغة العربية على نموذج تفسير القرماني وعلى حدود تفسير سورة البقرة. وتسأل كيف يوظفون إمكانات اللغة العربية في إيضاح المعاني؟ علاوة إلى ذلك تشير إلى السمات الأساسية للغة والأسلوب المتمحور في التفسير القرآني. يقوم بتحليل القسم ذي الصلة من العمل أي سورة البقرة. وفي هذا السياق تقدم تفسيرات موسعة للغة والأسلوب والمعنى.  وتحاول تحديد إسهامات إمكانيات اللغة العربية واستخدام السمات الأسلوبية في تفسير القرآن كوسيلة لإنتاج المعنى في التفسير القرآني.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الحاشية، اللغة، الأسلوب، المعنى، المنج اللغوي، التفسير اللغوي

Kur’ân Yorumunda Dil ve Üslup Merkezli Yaklaşım: Bakara Suresi Bağlamında Karamânî Tefsiri’ne Bir Bakış
Özet:
Türk tefsir geleneğinin –özellikle Osmanlı tefsir geleneği- en belirgin özelliği, dil ve üslup merkezli açıklama ve yorumlara çok yer vermesidir. Söz konusu gelenek, rivayet metodundan tamamen yalıtılmış olmamakla beraber, Kur’ân’ı genel olarak kendi üslubu içinde anlama ve yorumlamayı hedefler. Bu bağlamda Arap dili ve belâgatinin tüm imkan ve yerleşik kurallarını bir araç olarak kullanarak Kur’ân yorumuna zenginlik katar.
Osmanlı dönemi Türk tefsir geleneğinin en yaygın ürünleri hâşiyelerdir. Söz konusu hâşiyeler daha çok el-Keşşâf ve Envâru’t-Tenzîl üzerine yazılır. Bu dönemde öne çıkan müfessir ve muhaşşîlerinden biri Sağır Ahmed lakaplı Ahmed b. Mahmûd el-Esam el-Karamânî’dir (ö. 981/1574). Yazar Tefsîru’l-Karamânî adlı eseri ile dikkat çeker. Bütünlüklü bir tefsir görünümü arz eden bu eser, Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf’ı etrafında gelişen literatürdeki en kapsamlı hâşiye mahiyetinde olup Tîbî’ye ait hâşiyenin iki mislinden büyük bir hacme sahiptir. Karamânî el-Keşşâf ve Envâru’t-Tenzîl’i karşılaştırmalı olarak okur. Bu iki eser etrafında oluşan geleneklere ait ürünleri titiz bir şekilde inceler. Bazı yorumları tenkit bazılarını ise ıslâh eder. Ayrıca önemli görüşleri bir araya getirerek meseleleri kendi tercih ve tahkiklerini sunarak çözmeye çalışır. Yaşadığı döneme ait dil tartışmalarının canlı bir tanığı olarak ilk elden sözlü nakillerde bulunur. Meseleler hakkındaki tartışmaların hâsılasını sunarak, onların tarihi serencamını ortaya koyar. Kısaca, el-Keşşâf ve Envâru’t-Tenzîl etrafında öbeklenen dil, üslûp ve anlam birikimini Tefsîru’l-Karamânî adlı hâşiyesine derç ederek derlemeye çalışır.
Bu araştırma Tefsîru’l-Karamânî adlı eserin Bakara suresini kapsayan kısmını inceler. Kur’ân yorumunda dil ve üslup merkezli yaklaşımın temel özelliklerine işaret eder. Söz konusu eserin ilgili kısmını bu bağlamda tahlil eder. Arap dilinin imkanlarını ve Kur’ân’ın temel üslup özelliklerini bir anlam üretim aracı olarak kullanma hususiyetlerinin Kur’ân yorumuna sağladığı katkıları belirlemeye çalışır. Bu bağlamda dil, üslup ve anlam ilişkisine yönelik geniş açıklamalar yapar.
Anahtar kelimeler: Hâşiye, dil, üslup, anlam, dilbilimsel metot

Abstract
This article examines various types of evidence that might corroborate or confound a direct influence of Qaraite Arabic translations of the Pentateuch on Arabic translations of the Samaritan Pentateuch. This question has barely been addressed in previous research. In a first step I will summarise the little we now about the emergence of the earliest Arabic translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch and adduce four reasons to explain why the influence of Qaraite translations has not been considered so far and why some scholars argued for a strong, even though well-camouflaged influence of Saʿadyah Gaon’s Tafsīr on the earliest versions of the Samaritan translation. In a second step I will highlight a few instances of literary contacts between Qaraites and Samaritans during the 11th through 13th centuries which might strengthen the case for a Qaraite influence on Samaritan translations. Thirdly, I will pick out some distinguishing
features of the Old Arabic Translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch (OATSP) as laid down in previous studies and compare them with the primary features of Qaraite Arabic translations. A synoptic presentation of Gen 24:1–34 and some other texts in Samaritan and Qaraite translations and Saʿadyah’s Tafsīr will help to illustrate the relationship between these translation traditions and to reach some preliminary and tentative
conclusions.

Būlos Ibn al-Za‘īm (al-Halabiyy), mieux connu comme Paul d’Alep, nota dans un journal  minutieux les événements vécus et les informations recueillies pendant son voyage à Constantinople, en Valachie, Moldavie, Ukraine, Russie et l’Anatolie, de 1652 à 1658.  Pour une description claire des choses « étrangères » Paul fait parfois appel aux dérivés de la racine f-r-n-ğ, que je me propose de discuter dans cette contribution, pour aider à préciser son contenu sémantique en langue arabe et pour illustrer sa richesse de sens. Car mis à part les sens usuels du mot Firanğ = « Franc» > « Européen», un autre sens me semble certain dans plusieurs passages du journal de Paul d’Alep: « catholique », « de rite latin », parfois « protestant». Le but primordial de ma démarche, dans cette analyse lexicale, est de démontrer que le contenu sémantique du mot Firanğ (ou Ifranğ) et de ses dérivés est beaucoup plus riche qu’on le pense, comportant des nuances rarement remarquées. À partir du texte de Paul d’Alep, qui est la source fondamentale de cette recherche, je vais présenter des arguments en faveur de l’inclusion d’un sème attaché à la notion de religion ou confession – « catholique », « protestante », « non-orthodoxe ».

L’arabe marocain a fait l’objet de plusieurs études et les riches bibliographies du présent volume en donnent un large aperçu. Mais malgré la pléthore d’écrits et d’études, cette variété de l’arabe a encore besoin de plus d’études scientifiques pour accompagner son irruption massive et, il faut bien le dire, bruyante dans le paysage linguistique marocain. L’arabe marocain vit en effet une transition dans son statut et passe de langue confinée dans l’oralité à une langue écrite qui s’affiche allégrement dans le paysage urbain, sur les affiches et annonces publicitaires et dans les réseaux sociaux. Une dynamique qui mérite une approche sereine et scientifique et à laquelle les différentes contributions présentées ici apportent de précieux éclairages. Bien que la question de la lexicographie soit le cœur de cette publication, les aspects, linguistique, sociolinguistique et didactique n’ont pas manqué d’être soulevées. C’est le cas du lien qu’entretien cette variété avec l’arabe standard.

This article discusses the performative function of enumeration in Arabic prose. Bringing together a great variety of word lists from classical to modern prose (including the 1001 Nights, al-Tawḥīdī, al-Suyūṭī, al-Shidyāq, and Darwīsh), it unveils their often neglected importance to literature by drawing from an emerging scholarship on enumeration. Focusing on “enumerative games” (Mainberger), the article does not ask what the enumerated elements mean, but how the act of enumerating produces meaning. In the first part, the article discusses elements central to the poetics of the enumerative (including items, length, arrangement, and frame). In the second part it deals with the politics of enumeration in the example of al-Shidyāq’s al-Sāq ʿalā al-sāq fī mā huwa al-Fāriyāq (1855). The article seeks to provide a basic approach to enumeration and argues that enumerative games in literature perform acts of cultural politics.

L’article présente des arguments en faveur de l’ajout d’un trait linguistique  ceux déjà formulés comme caractéristiques d’une variété de la langue employée par les chrétiens arabes, notamment la capacité, voire la disposition de transférer en arabe des mots étrangers et de les adapter aux normes de l’arabe classique. Ces arguments sont fondés sur la recherche de plusieurs textes arabes chrétiens du 17e siècle, en principal le Journal du voyage de Paul d’Alep, archidiacre de l’Église Antiochienne, en Moldavie, Valachie, Pays des Cosaques et Russie (1652-1658).