I am a professor of prehistoric archaeology, a senior researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, in the years 2007-2009 a professor at the Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava and at the same time in the years 2011-2019 the head of the Department of Archaeology, an academician of the Learned Society of Slovakia and a corresponding member of the German Institute of Archeology in Berlin. I specialize in research on the Eneolithic and Bronze Age periods in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Caucasus and the Eurasian region. As a visiting professor, I lectured at several foreign universities for a long time (University of Vienna, Ruhr University of Bochum, Masaryk University of Brno). As a scholarship recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, I worked in the Institute of Prehistoric Archeology at the Free University of Berlin in the years 1990-1992.
External Governance as Security Community Building, 2016
This chapter explores the processes related to the externalization of European Union (EU) rules a... more This chapter explores the processes related to the externalization of European Union (EU) rules and norms in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) framework in Ukraine—a country torn by deep conflict. Using empirical data the chapter analyses the level of integration of Ukraine into the EU’s security community along four dimensions proposed by Rieker: scope of agreements, level of adaptation, level of participation, and level of attractiveness. In each of these areas, the chapter examines the dynamics of externalization in three key policy fields: energy, trade, and visa issues. The dynamics in these dimensions have implications for the level of attractiveness of the EU in Ukraine. We argue that conflict—ongoing in Ukraine at the time of writing—renders parts of the established social structure defunct and opens up possibilities for radical and swift change of governance structures. This may bring about more rapid adaptations and change than would otherwise be the case.
Surface find distribution analysis is a standard tool within the archaeological prospection arsen... more Surface find distribution analysis is a standard tool within the archaeological prospection arsenal. Nevertheless, the results are often met with a certain degree of scepticism and disapproval. The most common objection revolves around the idea that recent agricultural impact causes too much ‘noise’. The early Bronze age (EBA) settlement of Vráble has been subjugated to intensive agricultural use over the past decades meaning that thousands of archaeological finds are scattered over the surface of the site. The richness of these finds and the availability of multi-layered information offers exceptional preconditions with which to evaluate the potential of surface distributions. In order to investigate the possibilities and limitations of this phenomena, we focussed on making a detailed analysis of the spatial pattern of ceramic finds within different scales and layers. The excavation data from two key areas were used to analyse the correlation of archaeological features with the occurrence of sherds in different layers in order to understand and reconstruct the taphonomic processes involved. Our starting point took the form of a large-scale surface collection which covered the settlement and delivered detailed information regarding its internal structure. Subsequent steps analysed higher resolution data from collections in a 2 x 2 m grid as well as from topsoil sampling from 1 x 1 m squares. This data was juxtaposed with that from excavations which took place in the very same area at a later date. What was crucial here was the question of the transformation of the upper settlement layer to the recent arable topsoil and the traceability of EBA houses, paths or pits in terms of sherd distribution. The sum of these results have enabled us to evaluate both the possibilities and limitations of the spatial analysis of ceramic finds. Specifically, this example illustrates the potential of revealing more general structures in a given settlement through analysis of ceramic distributions.
The early Neolithic settlements at Vrable-Veľke Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in t... more The early Neolithic settlements at Vrable-Veľke Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in the years 2010 and 2012. Three extraordinarily large settlements are located directly beside each other in an area of more than 50 ha. Through geomagnetic investigations a minimum number of 316 houses and an enclosure could be identified. In 2012, the first systematic surveys, sediment cores and small-scale excavations were carried out on one of the settlements and showed preservation conditions that hold great potential for the study of palaeoeconomy, material culture and patterns of local and regional social interactions. Botanical and zoological data have been preliminarily investigated and are presented here, as is the ceramic material from surveys and excavations. The latter enables us to date the site to the late Linear Pottery culture and Želiezovce group. The enclosure consists of two parallel ditches, enclosing an area of 14.7 ha with six gaps indicating entrances. The excavation of the outer ditch revealed a complex history of fills and at least one re-cutiing incident. A preliminary interpretation of the inner ditch as the remnants of a palisade could not be verified; rather we are dealing with a double ditch enclosure. The excavation of house 39 within the enclosure revealed a single-phase post-built house of the late Linear Pottery culture. The two parallel long-pits along its side showed different re-filling processes and larger events of refuse deposition. The excavations confirmed the interpretation of the magnetometer plan, thereby qualifying the geomagnetic data, which enables us to use the geomagnetic plan as a basis for models of intra-site chronological developments. Different variants of possible organisational principles discussed within the Linear Pottery research community are presented. These are dependent on the validity of different possible chronological models for the development within and between the three sites in Vrable. These models have to be tested by further excavations in order to identify the structures of internal settlement organisation, which have far-reaching connotations for our understanding of early Neolithic societies in southern Central Europe.
Archaeological excavation of fortified settlements from the Early Bronze Age is after hundred yea... more Archaeological excavation of fortified settlements from the Early Bronze Age is after hundred years of research still very current topic. From such a long time was collected a huge amount of data which is being evaluated in the light of the newest results of archaeological excavations in Rybník (district Levice), Santovka (district Levice) and Vráble (district Nitra) each located in different environment. In connection with modern methods of field work and geographical information systems we can closely examine how the environment influenced the function and importance of fortified settlements and what was the relationship among fortified and open settlements through space and time. This allows us to think of new factors which (directly or indirectly) influenced foundation, duration and abandonment/destruction of sites from the second half of the Early Bronze Age in Slovakia (climate change, migration, warfare).
Kořeny socialně stratifikovane spolecnosti rozvinute doby bronzove středni Evropy vychazi z turbu... more Kořeny socialně stratifikovane spolecnosti rozvinute doby bronzove středni Evropy vychazi z turbulentniho vývoje zavěru eneolitu a casne doby bronzove. Nitranska kultura je významným elementem v tomto procesu. Význam kamenne stipane industrie je v těchto mimořadných obdobich poněkud nepravem zastiněn rozvijejicim se uplatněnim nejprve měděných a vzapěti bronzových výrobků a jejich apriorniho potencialu reflektovat spolecenske postaveni svých nositelů. Kamenna industrie pochazejici z rozsahlých pohřebisť nitranske kultury zkoumaných v minulem stoleti je nyni re-analyzovana pomoci kombinace modernich metod a přistupů. Nove vyhodnoceni přinasi nove informace o operovani s kamennou surovinou v různých fazich jejiho životniho cyklu, v souvislostech s věkovými skupinami i pohlavim zemřelých. Jsou identifikovany dřive nerozpoznane typy nastrojů i cele toolkity, stejně jako řada polotovarů, ktere svědci o výrobnich postupech i rozsiřeni těchto znalosti a zkusenosti v populaci. Soucasti komplexniho výzkumu je i nove studium nejatraktivnějsiho morfotypu kamenne industrie nitranske kultury – kamenneho projektilu a jeho praktickeho uplatněni. Komparovany jsou dva nejrozsahlejsi soubory z pohřebisť nitranske kultury, tj. Mýtna Nova Ves a Holesov – Zdražilovska. Tato komparace skýta dalsi informace o regionalnich odlisnostech odrazů socialni struktury, tradic i výrobnich praxi.
Germania: Anzeiger der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 2009
EnglishThe Eneolithic-Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvar (Foldvar) near Vrable on the northwes... more EnglishThe Eneolithic-Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvar (Foldvar) near Vrable on the northwest border of the Pannonian Basin in southwest Slovakia has been investigated since 2007 by the Archaeological Institute of the Slovakian Academy of Science, The Roman-Germanic Commission, the Geographical Institute of Heidelberg University and the Professorship for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology of Bamberg University. Field walking, geophysical survey, topographical photography and auguring, together with rich find-material and clearly emerging house structures, already make possible precise observations concerning the strusture of the almost 10 ha settlement area. On the basis of this evidence, the fortified settlement of Fidvar can be counted among the largest Early Bronze Age complexes in the Pannonian Basin. francaisDepuis 2007, le site de Fidvar (Foldvar), situe pres de Vrable a la limite nord-ouest du bassin pannonien dans le sud-ouest de la Slovaquie et detant de l'Eneolithique/Bronze ancien, fait l'objet d'investigations menees conjointement par L'Institut archeologique de l'Academie des sciences slovaque, la Romisch-Germanische Komission, le Geographisches Institut de l'Universite de Heidelberg et la chaire de Ur- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaologie de l'Universite de Bamberg. Les prospections en surface et prospections geophysiques, les releves topographiques ainsi que les forages, doubles d'un materiel archeologique abondant et de strusctures d'habitations bien marquess, permettent actuellement de cerner avec precision la structure de l'habitat s'etendant sur pres de 10 ha. L'habitat fortifie de Fidvar compte ainsi parmi les plus grands etablissements du bassin pannonien au Bronze ancient. DeutschDie aneolithisch-Fruhbronzezeitliche Siedlung Fidvar (Foldvar) bei Vrable am Nordewestarand des Pannonischen Beckens in der Sudwes-Slowakei wir seit 2007 von Archaologischen Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission, dem Geographischen Institut der Universitat Bamberg untersucht. Oberflachenbegenhunden, geophysikalische Prospektionen, topografische Aufnahme und Broruntersuchungen ermoglichen mit reichem Fundmaterial und deutlich hervortretenden Hausstrukuren bereits jetzt prazise Aussangen zur Struktur des nazeu 10 ha groben Siedlungsareals. Damit zahlt die Befestigte Siedlung von Fidvar zu den grobten fruhbronzezeitlichen. Analagen im Pannonischen Becken.
The early Neolithic settlements at Vráble-Veľké Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in t... more The early Neolithic settlements at Vráble-Veľké Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in the years 2010 and 2012. Three extraordinarily large settlements are located directly beside each other in an area of more than 50 ha. Through geomagnetic investigations a minimum number of 316 houses and an enclosure could be identified. In 2012, the first systematic surveys, sediment cores and small-scale excavations were carried out on one of the settlements and showed preservation conditions that hold great potential for the study of palaeoeconomy, material culture and patterns of local and regional social interactions. Botanical and zoological data have been preliminarily investigated and are presented here, as is the ceramic material from surveys and excavations. The latter enables us to date the site to the late Linearkeramik and Želiezovce group. The enclosure consists of two parallel ditches, enclosing an area of 14,7 ha with six gaps indicating entrances. The excavation of the outer ditch revealed a complex history of fills and at least one re-cutting incident. A preliminary interpretation of the inner ditch as the remnants of a palisade could not be verified; rather we are dealing with a double ditch enclosure. The excavation of house 39 within the enclosure revealed a single-phase post-built house of the late Linearkeramik. The two parallel long-pits along its side showed different re-filling processes and larger events of refuse deposition. The excavations confirmed the interpretation of the magnetometer plan, thereby qualifying the geomagnetic data, which enables us to use the geomagnetic plan as a basis for models of intra-site chronological developments. Different variants of possible organisational principles discussed within the Linearkeramik research community are presented. These are dependent on the validity of different possible chronological models for the development within and between the three sites in Vráble. These models have to be tested by further excavations in order to identify the structures of internal settlement organisation, which have far-reaching connotations for our understanding of early Neolithic societies in southern Central Europe.
Přehled nových nalezů kovových nakrcniků v hrobech starsi až mladsi doby bronzove na Moravě a osv... more Přehled nových nalezů kovových nakrcniků v hrobech starsi až mladsi doby bronzove na Moravě a osvětleni jejich významu
Der Beitrag ist der Problematik der Bestattungen unter Hugeln im Gebiet der mittleren Donau seit ... more Der Beitrag ist der Problematik der Bestattungen unter Hugeln im Gebiet der mittleren Donau seit dem Ende des Aneolithikums bis zum Beginn der mittleren Bronzezeit gewidmet. Die spataneolithischen Graber unter Hugeln wurden nicht in die Erde eingetieft, sondern die Toten wurden auf dem Niveau der ursprunglichen Erdoberflache bestattet. Ein ahnliche Sitte kann man zum grosen Teil auch bei den Grabern unter Hugeln in der Fruhbronzezeit feststellen. Offensichtlich dauerte hier in der Bestattungsweise eine langere Tradition an. Am Ende der alteren und am Anfang der mittleren Bronzezeit anderte sich die Bestattungsweise und die Verstorbenen wurden in eingetieften Grabgruben bestattet. Zu den altesten Hugelkonstruktionen gehoren diejenigen, in welchen das Zentralgrab mit Kreisgraben umgeben ist. Wie die neuesten Ergebnisse von Ausgrabungen aus der Sudwest-Slowakei (or better Sudwest-Slowakei) (Jelsovce), Sudmahren (Borovice) und Niederosterreich (Franzhausen II) gezeigt haben, hat der Brauch, in den Kulturen der mittleren Bronzezeit im mittleren Donauraum, d. h. in der Karpatischen-und Mitteldanubischen Hugelgraberkultur und offensichtlich auch in der Vorlausitzer Kultur, die Graber mit Hugeln zu versehen, seinen Ursprung in den Kulturen des jungeren Abschnittes der alteren Bronzezeit, d. h. in der Maďarovce-, Věteřov-Kultur und in der Boheimkirchner Gruppe der Věteřov-Kultur. Diese Bestattungsweise entwickelte sich von der alteren Bronzezeit kontinuierlich in die mittlere Bronzezeit, als ein naturlicher Bestandteil der genetischen Entwicklung der einzelnen Hugelgraberkulturen.
Les fouilles de sauvetage systematiques realisees ces dernieres decennies en Slovaquie ont mis au... more Les fouilles de sauvetage systematiques realisees ces dernieres decennies en Slovaquie ont mis au jour quelques grandes necropoles du debut de l'âge du Bronze. A cette occasion, on put constater pour la premiere fois des maisons mortuaires dans la partie nord du bassin des Carpathes. Leur construction comprenait quatre poteaux places a proximite des angles externes de la fosse funeraire. Il est fort probable que ces poteaux soutenaient une construction en bois, imitant par la les habitations contemporaines. Les hommes enterres dans ces tombes (la plupart a l'âge adultus I) devaient certainement occuper une position particuliere au sein de la communaute -guides, chefs de tribu ou eventuellement chamans. Le rite funeraire ainsi que les objets recueillis dans les tombes a maison mortuaire etablissent clairement des influences, respectivement des contacts culturels entre la region slovaque et deux zones culturelles distinctes de l'Europe: 1. la zone ouest et nord-ouest, marquee par les traditions megalithiques; 2. la zone est, influencee par les traditions des steppes et steppes arborees.
External Governance as Security Community Building, 2016
This chapter explores the processes related to the externalization of European Union (EU) rules a... more This chapter explores the processes related to the externalization of European Union (EU) rules and norms in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) framework in Ukraine—a country torn by deep conflict. Using empirical data the chapter analyses the level of integration of Ukraine into the EU’s security community along four dimensions proposed by Rieker: scope of agreements, level of adaptation, level of participation, and level of attractiveness. In each of these areas, the chapter examines the dynamics of externalization in three key policy fields: energy, trade, and visa issues. The dynamics in these dimensions have implications for the level of attractiveness of the EU in Ukraine. We argue that conflict—ongoing in Ukraine at the time of writing—renders parts of the established social structure defunct and opens up possibilities for radical and swift change of governance structures. This may bring about more rapid adaptations and change than would otherwise be the case.
Surface find distribution analysis is a standard tool within the archaeological prospection arsen... more Surface find distribution analysis is a standard tool within the archaeological prospection arsenal. Nevertheless, the results are often met with a certain degree of scepticism and disapproval. The most common objection revolves around the idea that recent agricultural impact causes too much ‘noise’. The early Bronze age (EBA) settlement of Vráble has been subjugated to intensive agricultural use over the past decades meaning that thousands of archaeological finds are scattered over the surface of the site. The richness of these finds and the availability of multi-layered information offers exceptional preconditions with which to evaluate the potential of surface distributions. In order to investigate the possibilities and limitations of this phenomena, we focussed on making a detailed analysis of the spatial pattern of ceramic finds within different scales and layers. The excavation data from two key areas were used to analyse the correlation of archaeological features with the occurrence of sherds in different layers in order to understand and reconstruct the taphonomic processes involved. Our starting point took the form of a large-scale surface collection which covered the settlement and delivered detailed information regarding its internal structure. Subsequent steps analysed higher resolution data from collections in a 2 x 2 m grid as well as from topsoil sampling from 1 x 1 m squares. This data was juxtaposed with that from excavations which took place in the very same area at a later date. What was crucial here was the question of the transformation of the upper settlement layer to the recent arable topsoil and the traceability of EBA houses, paths or pits in terms of sherd distribution. The sum of these results have enabled us to evaluate both the possibilities and limitations of the spatial analysis of ceramic finds. Specifically, this example illustrates the potential of revealing more general structures in a given settlement through analysis of ceramic distributions.
The early Neolithic settlements at Vrable-Veľke Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in t... more The early Neolithic settlements at Vrable-Veľke Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in the years 2010 and 2012. Three extraordinarily large settlements are located directly beside each other in an area of more than 50 ha. Through geomagnetic investigations a minimum number of 316 houses and an enclosure could be identified. In 2012, the first systematic surveys, sediment cores and small-scale excavations were carried out on one of the settlements and showed preservation conditions that hold great potential for the study of palaeoeconomy, material culture and patterns of local and regional social interactions. Botanical and zoological data have been preliminarily investigated and are presented here, as is the ceramic material from surveys and excavations. The latter enables us to date the site to the late Linear Pottery culture and Želiezovce group. The enclosure consists of two parallel ditches, enclosing an area of 14.7 ha with six gaps indicating entrances. The excavation of the outer ditch revealed a complex history of fills and at least one re-cutiing incident. A preliminary interpretation of the inner ditch as the remnants of a palisade could not be verified; rather we are dealing with a double ditch enclosure. The excavation of house 39 within the enclosure revealed a single-phase post-built house of the late Linear Pottery culture. The two parallel long-pits along its side showed different re-filling processes and larger events of refuse deposition. The excavations confirmed the interpretation of the magnetometer plan, thereby qualifying the geomagnetic data, which enables us to use the geomagnetic plan as a basis for models of intra-site chronological developments. Different variants of possible organisational principles discussed within the Linear Pottery research community are presented. These are dependent on the validity of different possible chronological models for the development within and between the three sites in Vrable. These models have to be tested by further excavations in order to identify the structures of internal settlement organisation, which have far-reaching connotations for our understanding of early Neolithic societies in southern Central Europe.
Archaeological excavation of fortified settlements from the Early Bronze Age is after hundred yea... more Archaeological excavation of fortified settlements from the Early Bronze Age is after hundred years of research still very current topic. From such a long time was collected a huge amount of data which is being evaluated in the light of the newest results of archaeological excavations in Rybník (district Levice), Santovka (district Levice) and Vráble (district Nitra) each located in different environment. In connection with modern methods of field work and geographical information systems we can closely examine how the environment influenced the function and importance of fortified settlements and what was the relationship among fortified and open settlements through space and time. This allows us to think of new factors which (directly or indirectly) influenced foundation, duration and abandonment/destruction of sites from the second half of the Early Bronze Age in Slovakia (climate change, migration, warfare).
Kořeny socialně stratifikovane spolecnosti rozvinute doby bronzove středni Evropy vychazi z turbu... more Kořeny socialně stratifikovane spolecnosti rozvinute doby bronzove středni Evropy vychazi z turbulentniho vývoje zavěru eneolitu a casne doby bronzove. Nitranska kultura je významným elementem v tomto procesu. Význam kamenne stipane industrie je v těchto mimořadných obdobich poněkud nepravem zastiněn rozvijejicim se uplatněnim nejprve měděných a vzapěti bronzových výrobků a jejich apriorniho potencialu reflektovat spolecenske postaveni svých nositelů. Kamenna industrie pochazejici z rozsahlých pohřebisť nitranske kultury zkoumaných v minulem stoleti je nyni re-analyzovana pomoci kombinace modernich metod a přistupů. Nove vyhodnoceni přinasi nove informace o operovani s kamennou surovinou v různých fazich jejiho životniho cyklu, v souvislostech s věkovými skupinami i pohlavim zemřelých. Jsou identifikovany dřive nerozpoznane typy nastrojů i cele toolkity, stejně jako řada polotovarů, ktere svědci o výrobnich postupech i rozsiřeni těchto znalosti a zkusenosti v populaci. Soucasti komplexniho výzkumu je i nove studium nejatraktivnějsiho morfotypu kamenne industrie nitranske kultury – kamenneho projektilu a jeho praktickeho uplatněni. Komparovany jsou dva nejrozsahlejsi soubory z pohřebisť nitranske kultury, tj. Mýtna Nova Ves a Holesov – Zdražilovska. Tato komparace skýta dalsi informace o regionalnich odlisnostech odrazů socialni struktury, tradic i výrobnich praxi.
Germania: Anzeiger der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 2009
EnglishThe Eneolithic-Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvar (Foldvar) near Vrable on the northwes... more EnglishThe Eneolithic-Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvar (Foldvar) near Vrable on the northwest border of the Pannonian Basin in southwest Slovakia has been investigated since 2007 by the Archaeological Institute of the Slovakian Academy of Science, The Roman-Germanic Commission, the Geographical Institute of Heidelberg University and the Professorship for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology of Bamberg University. Field walking, geophysical survey, topographical photography and auguring, together with rich find-material and clearly emerging house structures, already make possible precise observations concerning the strusture of the almost 10 ha settlement area. On the basis of this evidence, the fortified settlement of Fidvar can be counted among the largest Early Bronze Age complexes in the Pannonian Basin. francaisDepuis 2007, le site de Fidvar (Foldvar), situe pres de Vrable a la limite nord-ouest du bassin pannonien dans le sud-ouest de la Slovaquie et detant de l'Eneolithique/Bronze ancien, fait l'objet d'investigations menees conjointement par L'Institut archeologique de l'Academie des sciences slovaque, la Romisch-Germanische Komission, le Geographisches Institut de l'Universite de Heidelberg et la chaire de Ur- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaologie de l'Universite de Bamberg. Les prospections en surface et prospections geophysiques, les releves topographiques ainsi que les forages, doubles d'un materiel archeologique abondant et de strusctures d'habitations bien marquess, permettent actuellement de cerner avec precision la structure de l'habitat s'etendant sur pres de 10 ha. L'habitat fortifie de Fidvar compte ainsi parmi les plus grands etablissements du bassin pannonien au Bronze ancient. DeutschDie aneolithisch-Fruhbronzezeitliche Siedlung Fidvar (Foldvar) bei Vrable am Nordewestarand des Pannonischen Beckens in der Sudwes-Slowakei wir seit 2007 von Archaologischen Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission, dem Geographischen Institut der Universitat Bamberg untersucht. Oberflachenbegenhunden, geophysikalische Prospektionen, topografische Aufnahme und Broruntersuchungen ermoglichen mit reichem Fundmaterial und deutlich hervortretenden Hausstrukuren bereits jetzt prazise Aussangen zur Struktur des nazeu 10 ha groben Siedlungsareals. Damit zahlt die Befestigte Siedlung von Fidvar zu den grobten fruhbronzezeitlichen. Analagen im Pannonischen Becken.
The early Neolithic settlements at Vráble-Veľké Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in t... more The early Neolithic settlements at Vráble-Veľké Lehemby were discovered in 2009 and surveyed in the years 2010 and 2012. Three extraordinarily large settlements are located directly beside each other in an area of more than 50 ha. Through geomagnetic investigations a minimum number of 316 houses and an enclosure could be identified. In 2012, the first systematic surveys, sediment cores and small-scale excavations were carried out on one of the settlements and showed preservation conditions that hold great potential for the study of palaeoeconomy, material culture and patterns of local and regional social interactions. Botanical and zoological data have been preliminarily investigated and are presented here, as is the ceramic material from surveys and excavations. The latter enables us to date the site to the late Linearkeramik and Želiezovce group. The enclosure consists of two parallel ditches, enclosing an area of 14,7 ha with six gaps indicating entrances. The excavation of the outer ditch revealed a complex history of fills and at least one re-cutting incident. A preliminary interpretation of the inner ditch as the remnants of a palisade could not be verified; rather we are dealing with a double ditch enclosure. The excavation of house 39 within the enclosure revealed a single-phase post-built house of the late Linearkeramik. The two parallel long-pits along its side showed different re-filling processes and larger events of refuse deposition. The excavations confirmed the interpretation of the magnetometer plan, thereby qualifying the geomagnetic data, which enables us to use the geomagnetic plan as a basis for models of intra-site chronological developments. Different variants of possible organisational principles discussed within the Linearkeramik research community are presented. These are dependent on the validity of different possible chronological models for the development within and between the three sites in Vráble. These models have to be tested by further excavations in order to identify the structures of internal settlement organisation, which have far-reaching connotations for our understanding of early Neolithic societies in southern Central Europe.
Přehled nových nalezů kovových nakrcniků v hrobech starsi až mladsi doby bronzove na Moravě a osv... more Přehled nových nalezů kovových nakrcniků v hrobech starsi až mladsi doby bronzove na Moravě a osvětleni jejich významu
Der Beitrag ist der Problematik der Bestattungen unter Hugeln im Gebiet der mittleren Donau seit ... more Der Beitrag ist der Problematik der Bestattungen unter Hugeln im Gebiet der mittleren Donau seit dem Ende des Aneolithikums bis zum Beginn der mittleren Bronzezeit gewidmet. Die spataneolithischen Graber unter Hugeln wurden nicht in die Erde eingetieft, sondern die Toten wurden auf dem Niveau der ursprunglichen Erdoberflache bestattet. Ein ahnliche Sitte kann man zum grosen Teil auch bei den Grabern unter Hugeln in der Fruhbronzezeit feststellen. Offensichtlich dauerte hier in der Bestattungsweise eine langere Tradition an. Am Ende der alteren und am Anfang der mittleren Bronzezeit anderte sich die Bestattungsweise und die Verstorbenen wurden in eingetieften Grabgruben bestattet. Zu den altesten Hugelkonstruktionen gehoren diejenigen, in welchen das Zentralgrab mit Kreisgraben umgeben ist. Wie die neuesten Ergebnisse von Ausgrabungen aus der Sudwest-Slowakei (or better Sudwest-Slowakei) (Jelsovce), Sudmahren (Borovice) und Niederosterreich (Franzhausen II) gezeigt haben, hat der Brauch, in den Kulturen der mittleren Bronzezeit im mittleren Donauraum, d. h. in der Karpatischen-und Mitteldanubischen Hugelgraberkultur und offensichtlich auch in der Vorlausitzer Kultur, die Graber mit Hugeln zu versehen, seinen Ursprung in den Kulturen des jungeren Abschnittes der alteren Bronzezeit, d. h. in der Maďarovce-, Věteřov-Kultur und in der Boheimkirchner Gruppe der Věteřov-Kultur. Diese Bestattungsweise entwickelte sich von der alteren Bronzezeit kontinuierlich in die mittlere Bronzezeit, als ein naturlicher Bestandteil der genetischen Entwicklung der einzelnen Hugelgraberkulturen.
Les fouilles de sauvetage systematiques realisees ces dernieres decennies en Slovaquie ont mis au... more Les fouilles de sauvetage systematiques realisees ces dernieres decennies en Slovaquie ont mis au jour quelques grandes necropoles du debut de l'âge du Bronze. A cette occasion, on put constater pour la premiere fois des maisons mortuaires dans la partie nord du bassin des Carpathes. Leur construction comprenait quatre poteaux places a proximite des angles externes de la fosse funeraire. Il est fort probable que ces poteaux soutenaient une construction en bois, imitant par la les habitations contemporaines. Les hommes enterres dans ces tombes (la plupart a l'âge adultus I) devaient certainement occuper une position particuliere au sein de la communaute -guides, chefs de tribu ou eventuellement chamans. Le rite funeraire ainsi que les objets recueillis dans les tombes a maison mortuaire etablissent clairement des influences, respectivement des contacts culturels entre la region slovaque et deux zones culturelles distinctes de l'Europe: 1. la zone ouest et nord-ouest, marquee par les traditions megalithiques; 2. la zone est, influencee par les traditions des steppes et steppes arborees.
Since 1541, the territory of Upper Hungary was continually threatened by Ottoman armies. The risi... more Since 1541, the territory of Upper Hungary was continually threatened by Ottoman armies. The rising power of the new European-Asian Empire was clearly demonstrated by the establishment of Ottoman administration in Buda at the same year. Henceforth, Hungary was divided into 3 parts – Buda Eyalet, Principality of Transylvania and the rest of the Kingdom of Hungary. Of great interest were Upper Hungarian Mining towns – thence they continually attracted the attention of Ottomans. Since Zsitvatorok Peace (1606), the new status quo in Hungarian-Ottoman relations came to life. From this time on, no more marauding raids were allowed. Despite this, Ottomans used to occasionally loot far beyond the border line.
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